Time Research Articles

Effects of time interval and request modality on driver takeover responses: Identifying the optimal time interval for two-stage warning system.

Effects of time interval and request modality on driver takeover responses: Identifying the optimal time interval for two-stage warning system.

Post-COVID-19: Hematological Factors Changes in Patients at Three-- time Intervals.

Hematological parameters are crucial factors in disease severity and chronic condition pathogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the hematological factors in different severity stages of COVID-19 at different time intervals. Serum samples were collected from 470 patients (235 men and 235 women) with a confirmed RT-qPCR COVID-19 test exhibiting moderate, severe, and critical symptoms based on WHO criteria. Samples were collected at three-time intervals, including the first: the 1st days of infection, 2nd: the one month after, and 3rd: the three months after disease onset. Total WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, RBC counting, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, hsCRP levels, G6PD deficiency, and hemoglobinopathies were determined in all patients. Total WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, RBC counting, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, and hsCRP levels were significantly changed with different disease severity (p&#60;0.0001). Also, there were significant differences between different time intervals for WBC and RBC parameters (p&#60;0.0001) except for monocytes and eosinophils. At all time intervals, there are significant changes in levels of hematological and hsCRP based on gender. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between disease severity, age, and BMI (p&#60;0.0001). Significant differences in hematological parameter and inflammatory parameter levels based on disease severity, time intervals, and gender revealed the importance of evaluating these factors in the management of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, in patients during and post-disease times.</p>.

Comparative Evaluation of Oral Melatonin versus Oral Alprazolam as Premedication in Patients Undergoing Tympanoplasty: A Randomised Control Study

Introduction: Preoperative anxiety is commonly experienced by patients who are admitted to hospital for any surgery and the role of premedication becomes important from an anaesthetist’s point of view, to relieve anxiety, provide sedation and ensure adequate analgesia. Aim: To compare the effects of oral melatonin versus oral alprazolam as premedication and their impact on postoperative recovery characteristics in patients undergoing tympanoplasty. Materials and Methods: In this randomised controlled study which was conducted from August 2022 to March 2024 at the Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, a total of 70 adult patients were randomly allocated into two groups. Group M (n=35) received oral melatonin 6 mg and group A (n=35) received oral alprazolam 0.50 mg 120 minutes before surgery. The objectives of the study were to compare anxiety, sedation, cognition and pain using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) score and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), respectively. The Shapiro-Wilk test, Independent t-test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s-exact test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The age distribution, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) status and mean duration of surgery were comparable between the two groups. Mean VAS scores were significantly lower in group M at 60 minutes (3.03±1.29 vs 3.77±1.21) and at 120 minutes (2.17±1.12 vs 2.91±1.12). Even in the postoperative period, compared to group A, the VAS score was lower in group M after extubation at various time intervals. RSS scores were lower in group M compared to group A at 60 minutes and at 120 minutes of drug administration. In the postoperative period, compared to group A, group M had lower sedation scores after extubation at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes (p-value &lt;0.0001). Compared to group A, group M had statistically significantly higher DSST scores at various time intervals in both the preoperative and postoperative periods (p-value &lt;0.0001). group M had significantly lower NRS scores after extubation at various time intervals (p-value &lt;0.0001) compared to group A, indicating that pain was significantly lower in the postoperative period with the use of melatonin. Conclusion: Oral melatonin (6 mg) is shown to be an effective alternative to alprazolam (0.5 mg) as a premedication. Oral melatonin offered superior anxiolysis while inducing less sedation compared to alprazolam. In addition, there was better preservation of cognitive function with melatonin compared to alprazolam.

Impact of neuroradiologists’ input on peer review meetings for CNS radiotherapy treatment planning.

2043 Background: Evidence shows radiologists’ involvement improves planning accuracy, especially in complex anatomical areas. However, their participation remains limited. This prospective observational study evaluates the impact of neuroradiologists' input on changes to radiotherapy (RT) plans during peer review meetings. Methods: Data were collected from 205 patients with CNS tumours planned for radiotherapy between May 2022 and October 2023. We recorded demographics, diagnostic and RT planning scans, and therapy received. All images were reviewed by a neuroradiologist, with RT changes classified as major (affecting cure or disease control) or minor (affecting target volumes or organs at risk). Summary statistics were calculated, and Pearson chi-squared tests assessed whether changes in RT plans varied by tumour type, time since diagnosis, and neuroradiologist findings. Data were analyzed using STATA SE v.17. Results: Of 205 patients, 81 (40%) had gliomas, 77 (38%) had brain metastases, 23 (11%) had meningiomas, 17 (8%) had schwannomas, and 7 (3%) had pituitary tumours. The mean age was 60 years (SD 14), 56% were male, and 36% were treatment-naïve. All but one had MRI scans, 128 (62%) had CT scans, and 9 (4.4%) had PET scans. The median number of diagnostic scans per patient was 2 (IQR 2-3), and all had two planning scans. The median interval between diagnosis and RT planning scans was 35 days (IQR 21-61). Disease progression was observed in 67 (33%) patients. Major and minor changes to RT plans were reported in 35 (17%) and 78 (38%) patients, respectively. A higher proportion of RT plans changed for brain metastasis (26% &amp; 40%) and glioma (11% &amp; 43%). Changes were not associated with tumour type (p = 0.07) or time since diagnosis (p = 0.12), but were significantly associated with neuroradiologist findings (p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: Neuroradiologists' assessments led to major and minor changes in RT plans, regardless of tumour classification or interval since diagnosis. This expertise can enhance RT plan accuracy, improving patient outcomes. Changes to radiotherapy treatments as per RCR categories and by tumour type, time interval, and neuroradiologist findings. Changes to radiotherapy plan Major change(N= 35) Minor change(N= 78) No change(N=92) P value* Total 17 % 38% 45% Tumour classification 0.07 Glioma 9 (11.1) 35 (43.2) 37 (45.7) Meningioma 3 (13.0) 7 (30.4) 13 (56.5) Schwannoma 2 (11.8) 3 (17.7) 4 (57.1) Pituitary tumour 1 (14.3) 2 (28.6) 4 (70.6) Metastasis 20 (26.0) 31 (40.3) 26 (33.8) Time interval, weeks 0.12 Less than 8 27 (77.2) 61 (78.2) 59 (64.1) 8- 4 (11.4) 10 (12.8) 20 (21.7) 16- 1 (2.9) 3 (3.9) 7 (7.6) 24- - 2 (2.6) 1 (1.1) 30- - 2 (2.6) 3 (3.3) 38- 3 (8.6) - 2 (2.2) Neuroradiologist findings &lt;0.0001 Stable disease 17 (48.6) 35 (44.9) 71 (77.2) Residual disease 3 (8.6) 6 (7.7) 6 (6.5) Disease progression 15 (42.8) 37 (47.4) 15 (16.3) *Pearson chi-squared test .

Quantifying dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase activity in marine environments using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry.

Quantifying dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase activity in marine environments using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry.

Simultaneous versus sequential transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective propensity score-matched analysis.

Simultaneous versus sequential transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective propensity score-matched analysis.

Imaging-based surveillance in patients with initially detected pancreatic cystic lesions.

Imaging-based surveillance in patients with initially detected pancreatic cystic lesions.

Opinions of real-world clinicians on endocrine resistance in HR+/HER2- mBC: Results from the RETRACT survey of US oncologists.

e13064 Background: Endocrine therapy (ET) is the treatment of choice in patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC), but the benefit is limited by the inevitable development of endocrine resistance. There are few published studies evaluating the opinions of real-world clinicians concerning endocrine resistance in HR+/HER2- mBC; the RETRACT (REal-world TReatment patterns And Considerations of Toxicity in HR+/HER2- mBC) survey assessed this topic. Methods: The RETRACT survey was distributed to clinical oncologists identified using an internal database and was accessible via an online digital platform using an invitation link and individualized credentials. Responses were collected from December 2023 through April 2024. This sub-analysis descriptively summarizes the responses to 3 survey questions concerning the proper definition for endocrine resistance and whether the time intervals used in the current definition are appropriate following the introduction of CDK4/6 inhibitors. Results: Overall, 146 clinical oncologists from the USA completed the survey. Most respondents (134/144; 95%) agreed with the definition of primary endocrine resistance used in the ABC 5 international consensus guidelines, “relapse while on the first 2 years of adjuvant ET, or disease progression (PD) within the first 6 months of first-line ET for advanced BC, while on ET.” Similarly, 124/135 respondents (92%) “usually tried to exhaust all possible ET-based treatment options (with or without targeted agents) before transitioning patients to chemotherapy or antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs),” although a patient with PD in less than 6 months on CDK4/6i and ET might be best treated with chemotherapy or ADC instead. Of 133 respondents, 74 (56%) reported prescribing ET-based therapy in subsequent-line therapy after a patient has already received chemotherapy or ADC, while 32 (24%) reported prescribing ET as maintenance therapy after achieving a response to chemotherapy. Conclusions: Although most respondents agreed with the ABC 5 definition of endocrine resistance, several noted that the time intervals cited are arbitrary, and it may be worth reconsidering their current clinical relevance. Most respondents followed the recommended practice of exhausting all ET options before initiating chemotherapy or ADC. Among respondents who considered prescribing ET after chemotherapy or an ADC, circumstances frequently cited included visceral crisis post chemo response, new ET-based drug approval, or a patient who is no longer able/willing to tolerate chemotherapy. The number of respondents indicating they use ET as maintenance therapy after chemotherapy is notable, given there is no US approval for maintenance ET.

Transitioning from microballs to microrods via time interval: Shaping cobalt vanadium oxide for use in energy storage devices

Transitioning from microballs to microrods via time interval: Shaping cobalt vanadium oxide for use in energy storage devices

Study of the reduction in the time of counting in spectrometric analysis using HPGe detector for samples of fresh organic foods.

Study of the reduction in the time of counting in spectrometric analysis using HPGe detector for samples of fresh organic foods.

The occurrence and impact of time to presentation for oral squamous cell carcinoma with curative surgery.

The occurrence and impact of time to presentation for oral squamous cell carcinoma with curative surgery.

Analysis of a pre-screening platform for clinical trials in patients with prostate cancer.

e17103 Background: The clinical development process is often delayed by slow patient enrollment. Currently, &lt;5% of oncology patients participate in clinical trials, with significant underrepresentation of diverse populations compared to the general patient demographic. N-Power Medicine (NPM) has developed a systematic, unbiased pre-screening platform aimed at enhancing the efficiency and diversity of clinical trial enrollment. We provide results from a pilot study in prostate cancer in a single community oncology site. Methods: The NPM pre-screening platform consists of 3 components: (1) a patient registry (Kaleido); (2) onsite and remote staff to consent patients and ensure data completeness and standardization; and (3) technology to enable real-time data abstraction and workflow management. The platform reduces site burden and utilizes routine care data captured in electronic medical records (EMR) combined with the standardized abstraction of select clinical trial-relevant variables for prostate cancer patients. Data was abstracted prior to each visit in order to capture potential clinical trial candidates in a timely fashion. Results: 781 patients had a visit from March to December 2024. Median age was 75 years (range 46-98). 75% of patients were aged below 80. 31% were metastatic, 62% had early stage disease, 6.3% were completing staging studies or had unknown or missing status for stage/metastatic status. In patients with metastatic disease (249), the distribution of ECOG PS was (0/1/2/3/4): 46%/18%/14%/3%, and not available in 18% of patients. In the time interval, among pts with metastatic disease, 28 pts were identified when treatment-naive, 14 transitioning to 2nd line of therapy, 9 to 3rd line of therapy and 42 to 4th or later line of therapy. Conclusions: The NPM platform enabled systematic and unbiased pre-screening identifying patients at transition points of care when they are potential candidates for clinical trials in a timely fashion. The platform has the potential to improve the recruitment process without adding burdens to oncology sites as the process can be automated so as to select the subset of patients most likely to be trial eligible, thereby improving the efficiency of research and physician staff in final review of these selected patients for trial participation. This approach is a critical step toward enhancing trial execution efficiency and enabling greater participant diversity.

Comparison of neural responses to whisker and ultrasound stimulation using a novel dual-stimulation protocol.

Comparison of neural responses to whisker and ultrasound stimulation using a novel dual-stimulation protocol.

Efficacy of locally infiltrated tramadol compared to bupivacaine during elective ovariohysterectomy procedures in canine patients: A double-blinded randomized parallel study.

Efficacy of locally infiltrated tramadol compared to bupivacaine during elective ovariohysterectomy procedures in canine patients: A double-blinded randomized parallel study.

Later eating timing in relation to an individual internal clock is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and affected by genetic factors.

Later eating timing in relation to an individual internal clock is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and affected by genetic factors.

Stereotactic radiotherapy plus immunotherapy and influence on prognosis in driver-gene–negative non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain oligo-metastases.

2614 Background: This study seeks to elucidate the therapeutic benefits of integrating stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with immunotherapy for treating brain oligo-metastases (BMs) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: In this retrospective real-world study, patients with driver-gene-negative NSCLC and 1-3 BMs were enrolled to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of combining SRT with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included intracranial progression-free survival (iPFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and the response of intracranial lesions. Results: Based on chemotherapy (CT), 65 patients underwent SRT+ICIs therapy, 47 patients underwent SRT, and 44 patients underwent ICIs. For patients with with &gt; 500 mm 3 BMs, SRT + ICIs + CT significantly improved the OS (22.1 vs. 13.5 vs. 18.5 months, p = 0.012), iPFS (17.5 vs. 7.8 vs. 11.8 months, p &lt; 0.001), PFS (11.3 vs. 7.6 vs. 5.3 months, p = 0.019), and iORR (56.3% vs. 20.3% vs 28.9%, p = 0.001) compared to SRT+CT or ICIs + CT therapy. In the sub-group of patients of symptomatic BMs, SRT + ICIs + CT significantly improved the OS (24.7 vs. 14.7 vs. 17.5 months, p = 0.012), iPFS (13.7 vs. 9.8 vs. 11.8 months, p = 0.046), and iORR (34.5% vs. 13.8% vs 23.7%, p = 0.027) compared to SRT + CT or ICIs + CT therapy as well. Concurrent SRT with ICIs (time interval &lt; 2 weeks) significantly improved the OS (28.2 vs. 15.4 months, p = 0.01), iPFS (25.8 vs. 12.1 months, p = 0.014), and iORR (63.2% vs. 37.0%, p = 0.017) when compared to sequential SRT with ICIs. Combined therapy did not increase the incidence of any grade of central nervous system and immune-related adverse events. Conclusions: Based on chemotherapy, the combination of concurrent SRT and ICIs improve the prognosis of driver-gene-negative NSCLC with BMs without increasing the occurrence of adverse events. Furthermore, it demonstrates increased effectiveness for treating larger and symptomatic intracranial lesions, specifically those &gt; 500 mm 3 in volume. Data on patient outcomes. All Patients Sub-Group in Lesions &gt; 500 mm 3 Sub-Group in Symptomatic Brain Metastases SRT+ICIs+CT Sub-Group Median, months SRT+ICIs+CT (n=65) SRT+CT (n=47) ICIs+CT (n=44) p-Value SRT+ICIs+CT (n=44) SRT+CT (n=28) ICIs+CT (n=17) p-Value SRT+ICIs+CT (n=38) SRT+CT (n=38) ICIs+CT (n=21) p-Value Concurrent (n=31) Sequential (n=34) p-Value OS 23.0 14.2 18.7 0.033 22.1 13.5 18.5 0.012 24.7 14.7 17.5 0.012 28.5 15.4 0.01 iPFS 15.3 8.5 13.0 0.002 17.5 7.8 11.8 &lt; 0.001 13.7 9.8 11.8 0.046 25.8 12.1 0.014 PFS 9.8 6.7 8.0 0.072 11.3 7.6 5.3 0.019 8.9 6.7 5.7 0.13 12.2 9.0 0.009 iORR 48.8% 24.5% 49.0% 0.01 56.3% 20.3% 28.9% 0.001 34.5% 13.8% 23.7% 0.027 63.2% 37.0% 0.017 iDCR 83.3% 75.5% 76.5% 0.46 85.4% 62.1% 72.2% 0.063 22.2% 17.2% 12.7% 0.61 92.1% 76.1% 0.05 SRT, stereotactic radiotherapy; ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors; CT, chemotherapy; OS, overall survival; iPFS, intracranial progression free survival; PFS, progression free survival; iORR, intracranial overall response rate; iDCR, intracranial disease control rate.

Huntington’s disease as a protective factor for non-melanoma skin cancer: A retrospective case-control study using the TriNetX dataset.

e21585 Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the encoded protein huntingtin (HTT). Patients exhibit cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms, and distinctive movement patterns. Previous studies, such as Sørensen et al. and Hamshere et al. have found a reduced incidence of certain cancers in this patient population; data from Murmann et al. show that the mutated HTT molecules are toxic to cancer cells but not healthy cells. However, the association with non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has not been specifically studied. We aimed to investigate HD’s association with such skin cancers. Methods: The TriNetX (Cambridge, MA) US network was utilized to conduct a retrospective case-control study. The case group was defined using the ICD-10 code for individuals diagnosed with HD. All diagnoses of NMSC were identified in the time interval after HD diagnosis. The controls included patients who had undergone at least one general outpatient annual physical examination and had no documented history of HD, as identified using ICD-10 codes. We performed adjusted analyses with 1:1 propensity score matching between cohorts for age at index, sex, black and white race, and ethnicity. Results: Of 114,457,565 individuals in the US network, 11,203 met HD diagnosis criteria. 10,326 were included after matching to controls. Individuals with HD were less likely to have a diagnosis of SCC compared to those without (OR: 0.178, 95% CI: 0.111,0.287, p&lt;0.0001). There was also a statistically significant decrease in having a diagnosis of BCC (OR: 0.219, 95% CI: 0.156,0.308, p&lt;0.0001). Conclusions: Our study results suggest that patients with HD may have a significantly reduced risk of subsequent NMSC diagnosis. These conclusions support the previous findings of reduced cancer incidence in this subpopulation and the potential protective effects of the mutated huntingtin protein. Given our conclusions, further studies into the associations of HD with various subtypes of cancers and subgroups of patients should be explored and better characterized. In addition, our study supports the emerging idea of leveraging HD insight for neoplastic therapeutic discovery.

Early prediction of prognosis in advanced solid tumor patients using tumor growth rates with g score in early phase clinical trials.

3149 Background: The primary objective of early phase clinical trials is to evaluate the safety of investigational drugs, which requires participants to have sufficient expected survival durations. Tumor growth rate using g scores, calculated using radiographic measurements and timing after treatment, is gaining attention as a potential tool for treatment efficacy assessment. This study aims to assess the utility of g scores before and after treatment in predicting prognosis, and explore suitable trial candidates for accelerating drug development in early phase clinical trials. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who participated in early phase clinical trials after standard treatment at the Department of Advanced Medical Development, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research between January 2020 to December 2023. A mathematical exponential growth model was applied to estimate tumor growth rates ( g ) based on radiographic tumor measurements and interval time: f( t ) = exp ( g ⋅ t) , with pre- g scores derived from measurements before the clinical trial and post- g scores from measurements after trial initiation. Pre- g scores were calculated using trial baseline computed tomography (CT)s and the most recent CTs before trial enrollment, while post- g scores were calculated using baseline CTs and the first evaluated CTs after treatment. We defined dichotomized g score levels (high/low) using the time-dependent ROC curve procedure. We evaluated independent predictors for survival outcomes according to each g score and patient characteristics. Results: Of the 173 cases who participated in early phase clinical trials after standard treatment, 162 cases with evaluable CT scans before and after the clinical trial were included in this study. Median time to pre-trial CT was 29 days (range, 5–202), and median time to first post-treatment evaluation was 49.5 days (range, 16–87). Log-rank testing showed both high pre-. and post-. scores correlated to shorter overall survival (OS) compared to low-score groups (HR 2.16; 95% CI 1.22‐3.81; P = 0.0067, HR 2.68; 95%CI 1.84-3.90; P &lt; 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed both high pre- g and post- g scores were independent predictors of shorter OS (HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.13-3.75; P = 0.019, HR 3.80, 95% CI 2.44-5.90; P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: This study is the first to incorporate pre-. scores as an independent prognostic factor and may serve as a valuable reference for patient enrollment in early phase clinical trials under late-line settings. Additionally, post-. scores were also identified as an independent prognostic factor across multiple cancer types in early phase clinical trials. These results indicate their potential use as surrogate endpoints to, which may help facilitate drug development.

Comparative efficacy and safety of novel androgen receptor inhibitors in nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.

e17042 Background: Nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) progresses despite androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), necessitating additional therapeutic strategies. Novel non-steroidal anti-androgens (NSAAs), including enzalutamide, apalutamide, and darolutamide, have demonstrated improved metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS) when combined with ADT compared to ADT alone. However, direct head-to-head comparisons among these agents are limited, complicating treatment selection. This study employs a Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare the efficacy and safety of NSAAs combined with ADT, providing clinicians with an evidence-based ranking of treatment options for nmCRPC. Methods: A Bayesian NMA was conducted using data from 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) encompassing 7,429 patients with nmCRPC. The comparative efficacy and safety of apalutamide, enzalutamide, and darolutamide in combination with ADT were assessed using mean differences (MDs) with 95% credible intervals (CrIs) for key outcomes, including OS, progression-free survival (PFS), MFS, and time to prostate-specific antigen progression (TTPP). Treatment rankings were determined using Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA) values. Results: In this analysis, apalutamide demonstrated the highest efficacy for overall survival (OS) (SUCRA: 75.7%, MD: 42.99 months, 95% CrI: -18.78 to 104.82), followed by darolutamide (SUCRA: 62.53%) and enzalutamide (SUCRA: 42.67%). For progression-free survival (PFS), darolutamide ranked highest (SUCRA: 76.22%, MD: 21.99 months, 95% CrI: -6.51 to 50.43), followed by apalutamide (SUCRA: 70.6%). Enzalutamide showed the greatest efficacy for metastasis-free survival (MFS) (SUCRA: 84.22%, MD: 57.28 months, 95% CrI: -0.36 to 114.86), followed by darolutamide (SUCRA: 73.45%). For time to prostate-specific antigen progression (TTPP), apalutamide ranked highest (SUCRA: 69.93%, MD: 57.92 months, 95% CrI: -39.94 to 155.68), followed by enzalutamide (SUCRA: 62.77%). These findings suggest that novel androgen receptor inhibitors, particularly apalutamide and darolutamide, significantly improve outcomes in nmCRPC. Conclusions: This study provides a comparative assessment of NSAAs in nmCRPC, highlighting their variable efficacy across different survival outcomes. Apalutamide demonstrated the greatest benefit in OS and TTPP, while darolutamide was most effective for PFS. Enzalutamide showed superior efficacy in improving MFS. All three NSAAs significantly outperformed ADT alone, underscoring their role in nmCRPC management. These findings offer critical insights into the relative benefits of NSAAs, aiding clinicians in personalized treatment selection for nmCRPC patients.

Permanent Contraception: Epidemiology and Access.

Permanent Contraception: Epidemiology and Access.