Time-space Configuration Research Articles

Against the promethean: Energy throughput and the far-right politics of degrowth

While criticism of growth by a diverse but overall left-leaning degrowth spectrum has become increasingly prominent, less is known about degrowth stances by far-right actors. While the far right is regularly viewed as ‘productivist’ and tied to fossil fuels, we point to a more complex relationship, taking the German New Right eco-magazine Die Kehre as a case study. Drawing on Bakhtin's concept of chronotope (time–space configuration), we identify two chronotopes, the promethean and the idyllic, with their interaction giving rise to a far-right degrowth stance. The promethean (rejected) signifies environmental destruction and consumerist ways of living. The idyllic (affirmed) posits a reduction in energy throughput, small-scale production/exchange, limits and the building of ‘rooted’ communities. Our analysis provides original conceptualization and one of the first comprehensive accounts of the far-right politics of degrowth. Thus, we raise awareness of how particularistic and non-universal criticisms of growth and capitalism can partly overlap with better known degrowth positions.

Carrying the cross for justice: Digital traces of victimhood in Sri Lanka

Victimhood claims in the digital space are often affectively and morally negotiated based on the extent of sharedness of those sentiments and values. However, media-centric and populist political interpretations based on ‘mobilization’ often curtail the exploration of ‘sharedness’ and ‘belonging’ in digital discourses of victimhood. Therefore, this article explores the nature of digital victimhood discourses, their constitution, and how those victimhoods are negotiated in digital collectives. The article combines affective victimhood with chronotope to analyze digital discourses on ‘public acts’ carried out by members of the public seeking justice for the Easter attack victims of 2019. Accordingly, the article focuses on Facebook posts and comment sequences on “Jehan Appuhamy carrying the cross” to mark the third anniversary of the attacks in April 2022. Data is gathered from four Facebook posts containing a collection of videos and images combined with a selected 3142 post-comment sequences. The article finds that affective and moral understandings of victimhood are negotiated in interaction with right-wing populist undertones and resistance discourses of the people’s protest. The narratives of justice, threat, empathy, and solidarity constitute a multifaceted expression of discontent, representing both a struggle against those in power and a quest to connect with like-minded individuals, irrespective of the specific cause for such sentiments. Additionally, it involves rallying support from friends, sharing feelings of discontent, and motivating them to take action. Thus, digital belonging is fractally nested in specific timespace configurations.

Chronotopic identities of learners of Korean as a heritage language in Finland

The noticeable growth of the number of immigrant pupils has led to the growing needs for heritage language education in Finland. However, language studies have tended to be mainly focused on the national languages and English at regular schools. In this article, I attempt to explore the identities of the young heritage language learners based on the learners’ personal multilingualism and lived experience. Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope, the time-space configuration manifested in the learners’ utterances, has served as a key resource for analysing the data of learners’ discourses on their language identities. Four distinctive chronotopes have been detected and implicated to frame various identities as language learners; the contemporaneous, the biographical, the social-historical chronotope and the ‘adventure time of everyday life.’ The findings show how the exploration of these chronotopes about the learners’ language repertoires and practices make visible the young learners’ playful sense-making process of constructing their identities. It has further led to an implication for language classrooms, where the learners’ agency to make sense of the identities from their own lives needs to be respected and encouraged.

Challenging Behavior in Context: A Case Study on How People, Space, and Activities Interact.

We aim to gain insight into the interaction between challenging behavior as shown by individuals with an intellectual impairment, and space, and to explore the possibilities of using routinely collected data to this end. Research on challenging behavior shown by intellectually impaired individuals links their behavior to context, which includes space. Unfortunately, research about this link is hard to conduct, since these individuals may have difficulties expressing themselves verbally and react extremely to sensory stimuli. We conducted a single-case study, focusing on a Dutch very-intensive care facility. We analyzed data routinely collected by the healthcare organization in search of time-space configurations that provide insights into the resident-space interaction. As sensitizing concepts, we used three different contexts the residents interact with-space, people, and activities. The study exemplified reported interactions that were direct, for example, between the residents and the spatial context, and indirect, for example, through other contexts (people and activities). Space impacts on residents' senses intensely and acts as a lightning rod for their perceived stress. People also influence residents substantially. Caregivers may both have positive or adverse effects, for example, absenteeism or schedule change. Co-residents may trigger challenging behavior directly by a mere presence or transfer of their stress. Transitions between activities cause unpredictability and are triggers for residents, which interact with space. Living environments providing choice in nearness to the caregiver and distance to co-residents "high in tension," lowering thresholds for transitions, and facilitating predictability would be beneficial for intellectually impaired individuals showing challenging behavior.

Promoting and Curating US Experimental Cinema in Europe: "The Western American Experimental Film" Tour in 1963 and the New American Cinema

Promoting and Curating US Experimental Cinema in Europe:"The Western American Experimental Film" Tour in 1963 and the New American Cinema Miguel Fernández Labayen (bio) and John Sundholm (bio) Introduction This article is born out of the finding of the program poster of "The Western American Experimental Film" tours in Stockholm (Fig. 1). We found the poster in the archive of Moderna Museet, Stockholm's Museum of Modern Art, when researching the New American Cinema screenings in Europe. Not having ever heard of this program before, we began to trace its origins and history. Somehow, we were confronted by an object, an event, and a past, which had not been written about and had left no trace in the narratives about the presence of US experimental cinema in Europe in the 1960s. Later on, when trying to revisit the program for "'The Gatekeepers exist to be overthrown.' Amos Vogel—Reprisen und Repliken (II)," a film series devoted to Amos Vogel that ran from November 8 to 15, 2021, at Arsenal in Berlin, it turned out to be very difficult and, in some cases, impossible to get hold of the prints. It looked as if the films had also disappeared. The aim of this article is two-fold: on the one hand, we map "The Western American Experimental Film" tour of 1963 in Europe; on the other, we question why some films and filmmakers have vanished from the circulation and the reproduction of American experimental film culture. Hence, even if not being completely omitted from history (or otherwise the remains of the tour would not exist), many of the films and filmmakers within the tour have hardly left any traces in a history, that of the New American Cinema, that we think we know. As such, we approach the Western Experimental Film tour as one of the deviations of the history of the circulation of the New American Cinema in Europe, [End Page 183] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. The poster of "The Western American Experimental Film" at Moderna Museet, Stockholm. Courtesy of Moderna Museet. [End Page 184] a deviation that opens the historiography constructed around the so-called New American Cinema Expositions of 1963–64 and 1967–68 both spatially and temporally, and brings into the fore what have become invisible objects overshadowed by the tours organized by Jonas Mekas and P. Adams Sitney. In order to address the question of why certain films seem to have disappeared from circulation and thus have also been omitted from history, we will look in particular at "The Western American Experimental Film" tour in 1963 as an example of the branding and dissemination of US experimental film culture in the making in Europe in the 1960s. Through a look at promotion, programming, curating, and reception, we will explore the creation of discourses and ways of conceptualizing a set of films. This strategy would become the basis for the New American Cinema apparatus and its aspirations to control the interpretation of the films, which culminated in the 1967–68 film exposition and the publication of P. Adams Sitney's highly influential book Visionary Film in 1974, based on Sitney's experience of travelling with and curating the second grand tour.1 In this way we will also challenge the transcendental historiography of Visionary Film by establishing different histories, written from the perspective of each specific place and its own time-space configuration. That is, contrary to a vision that creates a common denominator for a set of films—establishing an object and following it through time and space—we ground the films in the specific venues where they were/are being screened. These places have their own specific history of screenings, and they are connected by personal and professional affinities to other localities (which do not necessarily have to be situated within the same national boundaries). The organization of the tour The first chronological trace that we have found about the organization of "The Western American Experimental Film" takes us back to the spring of 1963. In March of that year, Bruce Baillie contacted the cine club at Stockholm's Moderna Museet.2 In the letter, Baillie announced that...

A graph-based semi-supervised approach to classification learning in digital geographies

As the distinction between online and physical spaces rapidly degrades, social media have now become an integral component of how many people's everyday experiences are mediated. As such, increasing interest has emerged in exploring how the content shared through those online platforms comes to contribute to the collaborative creation of places in physical space at the urban scale. Exploring digital geographies of social media data using methods such as qualitative coding (i.e., content labelling) is a flexible but complex task, commonly limited to small samples due to its impracticality over large datasets. In this paper, we propose a new tool for studies in digital geographies, bridging qualitative and quantitative approaches, able to learn a set of arbitrary labels (qualitative codes) on a small, manually-created sample and apply the same labels on a larger set. We introduce a semi-supervised, deep neural network approach to classify geo-located social media posts based on their textual and image content, as well as geographical and temporal aspects. Our innovative approach is rooted in our understanding of social media posts as augmentations of the time-space configurations that places are, and it comprises a stacked multi-modal autoencoder neural network to create joint representations of text and images, and a spatio-temporal graph convolution neural network for semi-supervised classification. The results presented in this paper show that our approach performs the classification of social media content with higher accuracy than traditional machine learning models as well as two state-of-art deep learning frameworks.

Time, the Written Record, and Professional Practice: The Case of Contemporary Social Work

Drawing on a three-year ethnographically oriented study exploring contemporary professional social work writing, this article focuses on a key concern: the amount of time taken up with writing, or “paperwork.” We explore the relationship between time and professional social work writing in three key ways: (a) as a discrete, measurable phenomenon—how much time is spent on writing? (b) as a textual dimension to social work writing—how do institutional documents drive particular entextualizations of time and how do social worker texts entextualize time? (c) as a particular timespace configuration of lived experience—how is time experienced by professional social workers? Findings indicate that a dominant institutional chronotope is governing social work textual practice underpinned by an ideology of writing that is at odds with social workers’ desired practice and professional goals. Methodologically, this article illustrates the value of combining a range of data and analytic tools, using textual and contextual data as well as qualitative and quantitative frames of analysis.

Discursive scaling: Moral stability and neoliberal dominance in the narratives of transnational migrant women

In this article I apply the notion of scaling as agentive discursive practice to analyze the construction of moral positionings by migrant women. I draw from semi-structured interviews with Uzbek women in the United States and use discourse analytic methods to focus on the relationship between linguistic choices and existing power structures. I show that although these women are caught between multiple moral orders, by linking behaviors associated with these orders to different time–space configurations and different scopes of generalizability, they are able to justify their choices and highlight the stability of their own morality. I further demonstrate that while these acts of scaling are agentive, they may also be used to reinforce rather than dismantle existing hierarchies, pointing to the need for further investigation of the relationship between agency, discourse and power in contemporary globalization.

Time in the experience of agency and emotion in English language learning in rural Vietnam

ABSTRACTWhile time and context have been found to have both synergistic and cumulative effects on language learners’ cognitive and socio-affective development, time itself remains under-conceptualised in those processes. Drawing on the Bakhtinian construct of chronotope Bakhtin [(1981). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Translated by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press], and Blommaert’s [(2015). “Chronotopes, Scales, and Complexity in the Study of Language in Society.” Annual Review of Anthropology 44: 105–116. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-014035] emphasis on its essential connection to historical and momentary agency, we analyse narrative accounts of three high school students learning English in rural Vietnam from a dialogical perspective. Specifically, we identify how different chronotopes are implied and expressed involving a range of settings, social actors, artefacts, actions and timescales as the students author themselves as English language learners. Importantly, we examine how these chronotopes function as frames in which time, settings, agency and emotion are entwined, assuming different significance and generating meanings which can merge, collide and conflict with other chronotopes. We reveal how chronotopes are implicated in the ways in which learners construct their agency at specific moments within particular settings, and argue that emotion is a central component in those processes. To conclude, we suggest that the construct of chronotope is a valuable tool for developing more complex, fine-grained understandings of how students construct meaning within and across multiple time-space configurations as they author their lifeworlds.

Imagens de uma outra modernidade: Gilberto Freyre e o espaço-tempo latino-americano

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7984.2016v15n34p196Tempo e espaço são duas categorias fundamentais no programa intelectual de Gilberto Freyre.Sem perder de vista sua produção mais conhecida e celebrada voltada à compreensão da formação brasileira, o presente artigo almeja identificar os sentidos e conotações que o autor confere a ambas as noções em suas reflexões a respeito do lugar e importância da América Latina no concerto da modernidade. Conforme pretendo mostrar, a seu ver, o tempo-espaço latino-americano não poderia de modo algum ser reduzido ao das chamadas sociedades modernas centrais, seja no plano conceitual, seja em sua dimensão de experiência prática, o que em boa medida ajudaria a explicar formas de sociabilidade marcadamente distintas num e noutro contextos. Por fim, pretendo investigar a existência de eventuais convergências entre essas preocupações de Freyre e algumas abordagens contemporâneas no seio da teoria sociológica.

Play types, geologic characteristics and exploration domains of lithological reservoirs in China

Abstract By dissecting thirty-six representative oil-gas reservoirs and analyzing accumulation conditions of giant oil and gas provinces in four prototype basins, including the Songliao Rift and Depression Basin, the Mesozoic Ordos Depression Basin, the Bohai Bay Rift and Depression Basin, the Mesozoic Junggar Depression Basin, the West Sichuan Foreland Basin and the Tarim Craton Basin, the hydrocarbon plays classification scheme of lithologic reservoirs is established and improved from the perspective of oil-gas accumulation zone and exploration target. The results reveal the accumulation characteristics and controlling factors of lithologic reservoirs including three kinds of slopes, three kinds of sag centers, three kinds of hydrocarbon accumulation assemblages and multiple genetic types. Based on the understandings on reservoir formation mechanisms and enrichment regularities of different hydrocarbon provinces, six major assessment indexes, parameter system and grading standard of lithologic plays are established, including hydrocarbon source rock condition, transportation pathway, reservoir condition, reservoir-cap assemblage, fluid property, and time-space configuration etc. Through comprehensive analysis of burial history, hydrocarbon-generation history, digenesis history, tectonic history, trap-forming history and accumulation history, plays of lithologic reservoirs are evaluated and optimized. The results show that the middle-shallow layers in the slope zones of the Songliao and Bohai Bay Basins oil-rich sags, the Mesozoic in the Ordos Basin, the Permian-Jurassic in the Junggar Basin, etc. are the major oil exploration areas in the future, with oil resources of about 42×10 8 t–67×10 8 t; the deep volcanic rocks of the Songliao Basin, the Carboniferous of the Junggar Basin, the Cambrian of the Tarim and Sichuan Basins, the Permian-Triassic reefs and shoals within the platform and on the platform margin of the Sichuan Basin are the major gas exploration areas in the future, with gas resources of about 1.5×10 12 m 3 −2.0×10 12 m 3 .

Negotiating time-space contexts in students’ technology-mediated interaction during a collaborative learning activity

In this article, we build on the notion of the chronotope to investigate how students create and manage time-space contexts in their technology-mediated interactions during a collaborative learning activity. Drawing on a dialogic approach, the study defines chronotopes as socially constructed time-space configurations with a specific narrative character that represent cultural practices and values, and that operationalize the framing of the interactional situation and its actors. The empirical data derive from a case study of students’ technology-mediated interactions while collaborating in writing a school musical script. The findings show how chronotopes offer a useful conceptual heuristic for researching the creation and management of often contradictory time-space contexts in students’ technology-mediated interactions intertwined with institutional, relational, and personal spheres of activity.

Collaborative imaginaries and multi-sited ethnography: space-time dimensions of engagement in an afterschool science programme for girls

Temporal and spatial configurations that constitute learning and identity work across practices have been little explored in studies of science literacy development. Grounded in multi-sited ethnography, this paper explores diverse girls' engagement with and identity work in science locally, inside a newsletter activity in an afterschool programme and globally, by exploring two girls' trajectories of identification and cultural repertoires of science over time and across space. This study illustrates the ways diverse space-time configurations marked the girls' local meaning making of science. The study also speaks to the importance of recognising the diversity of girls' trajectories and positioning in science and the difficulty in understanding their layers of contradictions. Essentially, the collaborative imaginary is a partial account and co-construction of researcher and researched that unpacks the many time-space configurations that mark diverse girls' science literacy development in a world characterised by globalisation.

A blognovela de Gerald Thomas, possível tensionamento do gênero dramático

O parágrafo inicial de caráter é propositalmente falsificador ou suspeito, efeito este alinhado com o exame traçado nesse artigo em torno de possíveis sinais de tensionamento do gênero teatral na blognovela de Gerald Thomas. O referido encenador elaborou um acontecimento cênico especificamente para difusão em seu blog. Nos tempos atuais, a internet assume função dupla e auto-reflexiva: parte integrante do real e sua representação, simultaneamente. Ao tempo progressivo e ao lugar inerte somam-se as complexidades da temporalidade aleatória-simultânea e da espacialidade instável. As concepções atuais de espaço e lugar, elementos organizadores da natureza teatral tornam difícil (e ineficaz) a tarefa de estabelecer ou delimitar o gênero dramático. De certa maneira, o tensionamento enquanto eixo de análise para o espetáculo destaca seu potencial de ato criativo: de manifestação estética isolada a um programa estético-teatral marcado pela desinstitucionalização da Arte. Por esse viés, a diversificação de níveis de tensão constitui linhas de fuga em relação às categorias pré-existentes. Essas trajetórias propõem-se temporárias e em diálogo com certos resquícios de valores tradicionais, ainda que para o questionamento. A opção pelo termo blognovela exerce ação sobre o gênero teatro: se recusa a especificidade, paradoxalmente, recorre à forma diálogo e apresentação diante de uma plateia em tempo real ao menos uma vez. Destaca-se uma possível elaboração espetacular em que os relacionamentos entre as configurações tempo-espaço atuais e o gênero teatral dão-se em meio a camadas de tensão deliberadas e necessárias.

The jidaigeki television series: myth, iteration and the domestication of the samurai hero

2011, forty-two years since the popular jidaigeki (period drama) television series Mito Kōmon was first broadcast on Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS), would seem an appropriate historical juncture to reassess the cultural significance of the jidaigeki television series in post-war Japan. Many factors influence and determine the production and reception of cultural texts. This article, therefore, focuses on the two aspects of structure and ‘place’, and their relationship to content in the Japanese jidaigeki television series: at the structural level in terms of ‘iteration’ as a defining narrative pattern, and ‘place’ on two levels – first, the consideration of Edo as a time-space configuration of social relations and, second, the location of the television set in the home. Therefore, in this article, the Japanese jidaigeki television genre is being utilized as a methodological tool, to begin an introductory exploration into television's political role in reaffirming and perpetuating basic cultural beliefs and a sense of shared experience through pleasure. This article is also concerned with television's role in the domestic as a medium that reflects an expression of domesticity. Furthermore, through an analysis of the dominant ‘gendered reading formations’ of examples from the genre, I shall demonstrate how social problems related to patriarchal institutions raised by feminism and the changing expectations of women in Japanese society are ritualized in the formulaic structure of the jidaigeki television series.

Rhetorical unit analysis and Bakhtin’s chronotype

Bakhtin introduced the concept of chronotope (chronos = time; topos = space) to facilitate his exploration of the ways in which space-time intersections occur in literary texts. However, he also suggests that chronotopes characterise non-literary texts — indeed, that “every entry into the sphere of meaning is accomplished only through the gates of the chronotope” (1981: 258) — this historical, biographical and social time-space configuration. This formulation immediately suggests that these categories should be accessible via the categories of language and indeed, in English, they are most generally expressed via the Mood categories Subject and Finite. These same Mood categories of English are crucially involved in the identification of a unit of discourse — the rhetorical unit (Cloran 1994). Thus, this discourse unit provides a useful means of concretising, from a linguistic perspective, Bakhtin’s concept of chronotope and investigating the presence of such chronotopes in the everyday mundane discourse of mother-child interaction. Selections from such interaction are illustrations of authentic cultural chronotopes, and provide exempla of a (sub)cultural chronotopic motif within the broader culture, i.e. social positioning at a particular historical point in time (the late 20th century Australian culture).

Exploring the New International-Informational Division of Labor, Collision between Time-Space Configuration, and Engendered Work Organization: Reflections Lorn Argentina

The debate on the nature and dynamics of late 20th century capitalism, and the crucial role Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) play in these dynamics, has centered on the transition towards a Third Industrial (Informational) Revolution. Little attention has so far been paid to the changes taking place in work organizations and engendered skills thnt sustain informational economic growth. This, in turn, has meant that the simultaneous construction of the New International-Informational Division of Labor (NIIDL) and the role that the new time-space configuration plays in the emergence and consolidation of that division has also tended to be overlooked. This article examines this debate, particularly in terms of the relationship between NIIDL and the global organization of production, skills and the control of women and men workers. This is doile on the basis of field research in the so-called artisan sector of an inland province of Argentina in thepast I5years. The theoretical and empirical exercise reveals serious structural obstacles that prevent any easy solution to the problem depending on the time-space configuration in which women artisans in particular arc inserted, the type of piece produced, work organization, technologies and sources of energy used, among others. There is pressing need to implement a number of active public policies promoting knowledge-based industry, alternative sources of energy, education, science and technology, socialization of information and democratization of communication to be carried out at international, regional, national and local levels with a view to ensuring the creation of an autonomous and humane intensified time-space configuration and to implement a new gender aware informational development agenda based on the defense of women’s (and men’s) human rights.

A MODEL OF RELATIVE EVALUATION OF THE TRANSPORTATION CONDITION IN THE CHUGOKU AND SHIKOKU DISTRICT

In this paper, a method of evaluating a transportation condition in a given area is proposed from the viewpoint that a transportation system as one of the conditions of industrial location should be relatively evaluated. In other words a given small area should be treated not as an independent entity but as a relative part of the whole area. When the local transportation system is improved more slowly than the average of the whole area, its relative condition degrades in the whole area in spite of a certain amount of actual improvement. Employing the graph theory and the MDS technique, we obtain both the gain and loss ratio of accessibility and the time-space configuration of the respective cities of the Chugoku and Shikoku District. This district constitutes the whole area in this study. With the aid of these ratio and configuration, we evaluate the expected change of the transportation condition caused by the realization of some important projects in this area. The results are as follows. 1. The gain and loss ratio of accessibility. When a region is treated as a relative part of the whole area, the gain and loss ratio of accessibility is an useful index to evaluate the change of its transportation condition. According to the gain and loss ratio of accessibility the construction of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge (this level of transportation system being termed stage II) gives only four percent of gain to the region near the approach to the bridge in Shikoku. In contrast with this stage the construction of the Chugoku Jukan Expressway (stage III) greatly expand the accessibility in the surrounding areas, the highest gain ratio reaching more than 20 percent. Provided that both of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge and Chugoku Jukan Expressway are built (stage IV), the entire Shikoku district shows a loss ratio of accessibility in spite of the construction of the bridge. The building of the Shikoku Jukan-Odan Expressways, the Chugoku Odan Expressway, and the Sanyo Jidosha Expressway together with the construction of the bridge and the Chugoku Jukan Expressway (stage V) still brings a loss ratio in the entire Shikoku district except for the small area adjacent to the approach to the bridge. 2. The time-space configuration. The time-space configuration of cities by the MDS method is an useful geographical device because the area with a gain ratio of accessibility is reduced and the area with a loss ratio enlarged on the same map. The results obtained from the maps drawn by this method are as follows. The time-space configuration of stage I, representing the state of the area before the construction of the expressways and the bridge, bears a striking resemblance to the real geographi cal map. This shows a similarity between the physical and the time space in the Chugoku and Shikoku district before their construction. The bridge construction hardly changes the time-space configuration of stage I in spite of the big project. There are two reasons for this. One is that the well-developed ferry boat network has been already organized in the Inland Sea of Seto and the other is that the bridge construction is geographically a mere local improvement in the whole transportation system. On the other hand, the construction of the Chugoku Jukan Expressway extremely reduces the time-space configuration in the Chugoku district in the east and west directions, while relatively speaking this turns out to enlarge the time-space configuration in the Shikoku district. The time-space configuration of stage IV bears another striking resemblance to that of stage III. The construction of the bridge together with the Chugoku Jukan Expressway scarcely changes the time-space configuration of stage III.

Surface Feature Interpolation on Two-Dimensional Time-Space Maps

A procedure is described for interpolating surface features on a map based on a two-dimensional time-space configuration of points. Initially an objective procedure is used to give a best fit of a previously obtained time-space configuration of points to the physical configuration of the same points. The resultant set of vectors, each of which shows the residual displacement between a point in time space and physical space, is used as the basis of a fast, objective procedure for interpolating any other points or lines in the time space. This enables such things to be shown as the time-space distortion of an urban street network or of a square graticule from physical space. The process can also be reversed so that, for example, the solution points of a facility location problem solved in time space can be converted to their equivalent locations in physical space.

Time-Space Clustering Among Cases of Acute Leukemia in Two Georgia Counties

Abstract Statistical analyses were made of the time-space configuration of 406 acute leukemia cases in DeKalb and Fulton Counties, Georgia, over the 13-yr period 1956-1968. Separate analyses were performed for each of three age groups, 0-14 yr, 15-49 yr, and 50 yr-plus, cases being assigned to 2- and 3-yr time segments and to census tract units according to date of onset and place of residence at diagnosis. Pearson chi-square statistics and Haldane’s moments were used as a measure of homogeneity in case configurations. All calculations took into account age-specific populations for each census tract unit corrected for shifting population density. Evidence of inhomogeneity of time-space configurations, based on case clustering, was found among cases in the 0-14 age group but not at older ages. Clustering was present in both counties whether examined separately or combined, and it was more clearly seen in case distributions in DeKalb County. Analyses done for various periods of time showed that degree of clustering depended greatly on placement of time boundaries.