Time In Women Research Articles

Peasant Women's Time Allocation in the Beef Cattle Gaduhan Partnership, Baluran National Park

Peasant Women's Time Allocation in the Beef Cattle Gaduhan Partnership, Baluran National Park

Peran Tenaga Kerja Perempuan Dalam Kegiatan Usahatani Jagung Di Desa Mopolo Kecamatan Ranoyapo Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan

The aim of this study is to know the role of women farmers in corn farming in Mopolo Village, Ranoyapo District, South Minahasa Regency. The study was conducted for 3 months from April 2022 to May 2022. Sampling used purposive sampling. This study uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through direct interviews with female farmers who work in corn farming and are married. Interviews using a list of questions that have been prepared in the form of a questionnaire. Secondary data was obtained from the Mopolo Village office and other related references. The results of this study showed that the role of female workers that seen from women's working time in corn farming activities in Mopolo Village namely 106 hours for tillage activities, 44 hours for planting activities, 15 hours for weeding activities, 4 hours for pest and disease control, 32 hours for fertilizing activities and 89 hours for harvesting activies. The results of this study also indicate that female workers have less role in decision-making about planting activities, weeding activities, pest and disease control, fertilization activities, however those activities are dominated by men.

Women's time and the cinema of Marleen Gorris

This article examines the cinema of Dutch feminist filmmaker Marleen Gorris in the light of Julia Kristeva's concept of ‘Women's Time’ and of more recent attempts to conceptualise a temporality that is lived ‘in the feminine’ but is not, as Kristeva's is, either outside historical time – as cyclic and/or monumental – or aligned to the repetitive drudgery of domestic labour. Drawing on Lisa Baraitser's concept of ‘unbecoming time’, a time that ‘will not unfold’ but is lived as endurance, as ‘staying beside others’, and as care, it argues that Gorris's films seek to depict such a temporality. The article first explores the shifting engagements of feminist theory with concepts of time and the relationship of these to ideas of subjectivity and narrative, in particular cinematic narrative. It then examines the cinema of Marleen Gorris in the light of these concepts, focusing on three of her films that span a twenty-five-year period: her second film, Broken Mirrors (1984) ; Antonia’s Line (1995) , her fourth film and winner of the 1996 Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film; and her most recent and possibly last film, Within the Whirlwind (2009). It gives most attention to Within the Whirlwind. In many ways, Gorris's most ambitious film, it is also her least discussed, and of her films, the one that focuses most directly on historical time.

Parenthood and the gender division of labour across the income distribution:: the relative importance of relative earnings.

This study employs a gendered relative resource approach to examine whether the importance of relative resources in shaping changes in the gender division of labor after first birth varies by couples' household income. A substantial body of scholarship has argued that the gender division of labor within different-sex couples is influenced by partners' relative resources. However, couples face class-based constraints that may alter the relevance of relative resources in shaping changes in gender divisions of labor following the transition to parenthood. This study compares couples' divisions of paid work and housework before and up to four years after first birth, using 28 waves of the British Household Panel Survey and the UK Household Longitudinal Study (N = 1,606 couples). I find that the effect of relative resources on changes in couple's paid work and housework behavior after first birth varies substantially by household income. Among higher-income couples, women's paid work and housework time changes less among those with high relative earnings and more among those with low relative earnings, while men's time allocation varies little after first birth. By contrast, among low-income couples, after first birth women's paid work time and share decreases most among female breadwinners while their male partners' paid work time increases substantially. These findings reflect the greater constraints that low-income couples face in making decisions about the division of household labor after first birth and highlight the need for greater attention to class interactions in the process of gender specialization in both research and work-family policy.

Nuclear family and social capital of refugees in Austria

AbstractThis article provides insights into the role of the nuclear family for refugees' social capital in Austria, with a focus on gender‐specific differences. We use a multimethod approach, based on quantitative data from a survey with 548 refugees from Syria and Afghanistan and semi‐structured group discussions (N = 17 informants). In our analysis, we study frequency of contacts in first language and in German, as proxies for the bonding and bridging social capital. Marital status, childlessness and family work were identified as important factors: Frequency of contact substantially varied by gender and family context. Of all surveyed groups, married childless women and married men with children had the least contacts in both languages. Although an unequal distribution of childcare may limit women's time resources, we observed a positive association between motherhood and frequency of contact in German.

Gender differences in time allocation to paid and unpaid work: evidence from urban households in Guatemala, 2000–2014

ABSTRACT This paper examines the effects of individual and household characteristics on time allocation decisions for both women and men, and how these effects have evolved in Urban Guatemala using data from the National Survey of Living Conditions (2000 and 2014). We built a multivariate Tobit to model the decision of individuals to allocate time, distinguishing between three different types of time uses: housework, childcare and paid work. The results suggest that time allocation is strongly determined by gender. For both periods, on average, women devote more time to housework and childcare than men, while men spent more hours in paid work than their counterparts. However, men that report themselves as spouses tend to allocate significantly more hours to housework and childcare in 2014. Moreover, women's time allocation is more responsive to individuals and household characteristics than men in both periods. Finally, we find that educational attainment plays a central role in shaping how individuals allocate their time between market and non-market activities, especially for women. For instance, while housework time is negatively associated with education level, time devoted to childcare increases with instruction.

Labour Market Integration of Refugee Women in Times of Crises: An Events System Theory Perspective

Even without the impact of a global pandemic, refugees face obstacles to their integration into the labour market. Complex labour market integration challenges are situated across different, yet interwoven, levels. These include restrictive policies at the institutional level, limited funding for support measures at the organisational level and a lack of skills at the individual level. Many of these challenges are gendered and specifically affect women. Some might be further exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the pandemic’s effect on the labour market integration of refugee women has yet to be explored. Based on the events systems theory and drawing on the phenomenon of a canvas ceiling for refugees, this paper examines specific challenges support organisations and refugee women have faced during the pandemic. We utilise a qualitative methods approach with semi-structured interviews. As a European country that hosts many refugees with an elaborated network of support organisations, our data was collected in Austria. Results show that the pandemic as a major and unexpected event has exacerbated ongoing challenges for refugee women and support organisations. We identify implications predominantly in relation to the development of necessary digital skills to support post-pandemic labour market integration. Finally, we provide avenues for further research and practical suggestions.

Contribution of Women’s Working Time on Vegetable Crops to Family Income in Ogan Komering Ulu District

The purpose of this study was to analyze the income of female farmers on family income in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. The method used in this study is the survey method. The sampling method in this study was carried out in proportion randomly with a sample of 180 female farmers. The results obtained explained that the outpouring of women's work time <0.40 Perso with the number of respondents as many as 28 people (15.56%), 0.41-0.50 HOK (labor working day) as many as 38 people (21.11%), 0.61-0.70 HOK as many as 88 people (48.89%) and 0.71-0.80 HOK as many as 26 people (14.44%). Based on the outpouring of women's working time in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency is 0.61-0.70 HOK with a total of 88 respondents (48.89%). The contribution of women farmers to family income in Semidang Aji District is 25.94%. The contribution of women farmers to family income in Sosoh Buay Rayap District was 25.67% and the contribution of female farmers to family income in Lubuk Raja District was 26.62%. Then the contribution of women farmers to family income is the highest contribution of women's income in Lubuk Raja District at 26.62%. The contribution of women farming vegetable crops to family income in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency was 26.08%. this shows that more than a quarter of the income of peasant families comes from female farmers. So women farmers contribute quite a lot to the total income of the farmer's family. The income is used to meet the needs of the family such as daily food expenses, school fees for children, and so on.

Women's overload during the pandemic

This research examines the relationship between unpaid care work, financial well-being, and stress levels among women during the COVID 19 pandemic. The pandemic caused downturns in the economies of countries around the world and led to uncertainties and changes that created conditions for increased stress levels and consequently impaired well-being. In addition to social distancing and lock-down as measures to cope with the virus, working from home, home schooling, caring for sick and older family members, and financial problems have added burdens and have proven to be additional personal and family stressors. The findings are based on an online survey conducted among women during the second lock-down in Croatia. Additional unpaid care work and lower financial well-being affect the increased stress felt by women during the pandemic. This is especially pronounced among women who are more involved in paid work. During the pandemic, additional unpaid care work, increased involvement in paid work, and jeopardized financial well-being were found to be stressors for women. Our results clearly indicate the importance of women's free time for their own and their families' well-being.

PEREMPUAN-PEREMPUAN DI PASAR ANGSO DUO 1974-2018

Angso Duo Market is one of the largest Traditional Markets in Jambi City, the buildings in this market have been revitalized or renovated. Merchants at the Angso Duo Market distribute goods to earn income, the income received by traders every day is uncertain. This study aims to, one how the existence of women in the Angso Duo market and, two how female traders carry out their activities as traders and as housewives. exercise his or her own judgment in selecting traders to participate in this study. This research was conducted at the Angso Duo Baru Market, Jambi City in August 2021 to October 2021. The results of this study indicate that simultaneously knowing the development of the number of traders from year to year, the comparison between female and male traders, education level, types of merchandise , the role of women traders, the contribution of women traders to family income, the role of women traders in socio-economic life, the allocation of women's working time.

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Telehealth on Antenatal Screening and Services, Including for Mental Health and Domestic Violence: An Australian Mixed-Methods Study.

IntroductionAustralian antenatal care includes specific screening and service provision for domestic and family violence (DFV) and mental health. However, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in major care changes, including greatly expanded telehealth. Given difficulties in a safe assessment and management of disclosures via telehealth, DFV and mental health service provision might be substantially impacted. This study therefore aimed to assess COVID-19 effects on DFV and mental health screening, as well as broader service provision from the perspective of local maternity service providers.MethodsMixed-methods study of staff surveys and interviews of staff directly involved in pregnancy care (doctors, midwives, and allied health) in three Sydney (Australia) maternity units, from October 2020 to March 2021. Surveys and interviews interrogated perceived effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on delivery (ensuring required services occurred), timeliness, and quality of (a) overall maternity care and (b) DFV and mental health screening and care; and also advantages and disadvantages of telehealth. Surveys were descriptively analyzed. Interviews were conducted online, recorded, and transcribed verbatim prior to thematic analysis.ResultsIn total, 17 interviews were conducted and 109 survey responses were received. Breakdown of survey respondents was 67% of midwives, 21% of doctors, and 10% of allied health. Over half of survey respondents felt the pandemic had a negative effect on delivery, timeliness, and quality of overall pregnancy care, and DFV and mental health screening and management. Perceived telehealth positives included convenience for women (73%) and reducing women's travel times (69%). Negative features included no physical examination (90%), difficulty regarding non-verbal cues (84%), difficulty if interpreter required (71%), and unsure if safe to ask some questions (62%). About 50% felt telehealth should continue post-pandemic, but for <25% of visits. Those perceived suitable for telehealth were low-risk and multiparous women, whereas those unsuited were high-risk pregnancy, non-English speaking, and/or mental health/psychosocial/DFV concerns. “Change to delivery of care” was the central interview theme, with subthemes of impact on mental health/DFV screening, telehealth (both positive and negative), staff impact (e.g., continuity of care disruption), and perceived impact on women and partners.DiscussionWhile telehealth may have an ongoing, post-pandemic role in Australian maternity care, staff believe that this should be limited in scope, mostly for low-risk pregnancies. Women with high risk due to physical health or mental health, DFV, and/or other social concerns were considered unsuited to telehealth.

Accounting for the Value of Unpaid Domestic Work: A Cross-National Study of Variation across Household Types

Abstract This article estimates the value of extended earnings—market earnings plus the imputed value of unpaid work—and assesses how this alternative measure affects the level and distribution of economic wellbeing within households of differing compositions. Prior research finds that excluding the value of unpaid work distorts conclusions about women’s contributions to household income and inequality more generally. Variation across household types has been understudied. The authors use data from the Harmonized European and American Time Use Surveys, combined with income data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database, to assess outcomes in six European countries and the United States. The study compares market to extended earnings to assess inequality within and across household types: single adults with and without children, and cohabiting adults with and without children. Key findings include: (i) women's time in unpaid work exceeds men's in all study countries; (ii) shifting from market earnings to extended earnings narrows gender disparities in all countries; and (iii) moving to extended earnings reduces inequality among both women and men, but more so among women. On all outcomes, we find that household composition shapes women's outcomes more than men's, and, overall, parenting status plays a larger role than partnership status.

Unencumbered and still unequal? Work hour - Health tipping points and gender inequality among older, employed Australian couples

Could working into older age offer women an opportunity to ‘catch up’ their careers and redress their financial disadvantage in retirement? This is a period of relative ‘unencumbrance’ from childrearing, potentially freeing women's time for more paid work. Here, we examine whether women aged 50 to 70 are able to increase their workhours, and what happens to their mental health, vitality and wealth. We used a representative household-based panel of employed older Australians (the HILDA survey). The longitudinal bootstrapped 3SLS estimation technique adjusted for reciprocal relationships between wages, workhours, and health, modelled in the context of domestic work time. We found that, relative to their same-aged male counterparts, older women spent 10 h more each week on domestic work, and 9 h less on work that earned income. When women sought to add more paid hours on top of their unpaid hours, their mental health and vitality were impaired. Men were typically able to maintain their workhours and health advantage by spending fewer hours each week on domestic work. Unable to work longer without trading-off their health, and paid less per hour if they did so, our analysis questions whether working into older age offers women a road out of inequality and disadvantage.

Job Satisfaction and Women's Timing of Return to Work after Childbirth in the UK

This article examines to what extent multiple facets of pre-childbirth job satisfaction affect women's labor market outcomes after first childbirth in the UK. Using the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) we find that higher levels of overall job satisfaction increase the probability of returning to work sooner, and to the same job, during the sample period. Satisfaction with job security, work hours and the work content - but not with pay – are important determinants of mothers’ employment choices. We discuss the role of job satisfaction on women's ability to combine work and family responsibilities, and related aspects of job quality.

Women farm what they can manage: How time constraints affect the quantity and quality of labor for married women's agricultural production in southwestern Nigeria.

Across sub-Saharan Africa smallholder farmers depend heavily on manual labor supplied by their households, families, and communities. Gender differences in the ability of farm managers to acquire needed labor has been linked with women's disadvantage in agricultural productivity. This in-depth qualitative research in southwestern Nigeria builds on studies that document gender gaps by examining how men and women make sense of the allocation of labor within their households. Insights from observation over the course of one year and interviews with 93 participants are combined with evidence from existing literature to develop a framework that illustrates the conceptual links between constraints on women's time use and the quantity and quality of labor available for their agricultural activities. We find that women's time and labor constraints are rooted in common social expectations that men's farm plots take priority and that a woman should only farm what she can manage without interfering with the agricultural production managed by her husband. Practically, this means that women's household responsibilities and off-farm work limit their own farm labor and their ability to supervise hired labor. The prioritization of men's plots also means that labor is allocated to men's plots first in the day, which results in less labor and potentially less productive labor available for women's farms. Also, women's access to labor is especially constrained by seasonal fluctuations in labor demand because of the precedence given to men's agricultural production. The conceptual framework is meant as a tool to be used in future research on time use, agricultural labor, and gender differences in agricultural productivity. It highlights the ways in which intrahousehold negotiations over labor and time use are not just about maximizing efficiency or productivity, but also about maintaining social hierarchies, roles, and responsibilities.

Female Off-Farm Employment and Fertility Timing in Rural China

BackgroundAdvanced maternal age is associated with fetal outcomes such as higher risks of birth defects and very low birth weight. Off-farm employment is an important factor in fertility transition in many developing countries. This study investigated the association between off-farm employment and fertility timing among Chinese rural women.MethodUsing data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), we employed the ordinary least squares and instrumental variable approaches to estimate the effect of female off-farm employment on fertility timing decisions as well as the differences in the effect across groups.ResultsThe results show that off-farm employment participation is significantly associated with a later age at first birth, and the effect is stronger for women participating in wage employment than in off-farm self-employment. The delayed effects on fertility timing are also more pronounced for less-educated women and low-income families, implying a heterogeneous effect in terms of women's socioeconomic status.ConclusionStudies of the relationship between women's off-farm employment and fertility timing in rural areas of developing countries remain limited. This study provides important insights on this topic, and it lends support to efforts to design effective policies and practices to facilitate female employment, childbearing, and health promotion.

Pregnancy and Live Birth Rates Over Time in Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

BackgroundInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) negatively affects fertility and fecundity. We aimed to determine longitudinal trends in and factors that affect pregnancy rates in women with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD).MethodsWomen in the University of Manitoba IBD Epidemiology Database aged 15 to 45 were identified between 1992 and 2018 and matched up to 10 non-IBD controls. Pregnancy and live birth rates were compared between women with and without UC or CD stratified by time-period, disease duration and maternal age at conception. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Poisson regression was used to adjust these rates for year of pregnancy, disease duration, maternal age, severity of IBD, and prior IBD-related surgery.ResultsCompared to controls, women with UC had lower rates of pregnancies (IRR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.82–0.99) and women with CD had lower rates of pregnancies (IRR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79–0.93) and live births (IRR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.75–0.92). Although rates of pregnancies and live births were significantly lower in women with UC and CD compared to controls prior to 2010, there appeared to be no differences between the two groups after 2010. Prior intestinal surgery and active disease at conception appeared to lower pregnancy rates in women with UC and CD, respectively.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that women with IBD have lower pregnancy rates compared to those without IBD, though these differences are no longer evident after 2010. Factors that continue to reduce these rates include prior colectomy and underlying disease activity.

Does scent attractiveness reveal women's ovulatory timing? Evidence from signal detection analyses and endocrine predictors of odour attractiveness.

Odour cues associated with shifts in ovarian hormones indicate ovulatory timing in females of many nonhuman species. Although prior evidence supports women's body odours smelling more attractive on days when conception is possible, that research has left ambiguous how diagnostic of ovulatory timing odour cues are, as well as whether shifts in odour attractiveness are correlated with shifts in ovarian hormones. Here, 46 women each provided six overnight scent and corresponding day saliva samples spaced five days apart, and completed luteinizing hormone tests to determine ovulatory timing. Scent samples collected near ovulation were rated more attractive, on average, relative to samples from the same women collected on other days. Importantly, however, signal detection analyses showed that rater discrimination of fertile window timing from odour attractiveness ratings was very poor. Within-women shifts in salivary oestradiol and progesterone were not significantly associated with within-women shifts in odour attractiveness. Between-women, mean oestradiol was positively associated with mean odour attractiveness. Our findings suggest that raters cannot reliably detect women's ovulatory timing from their scent attractiveness. The between-women effect of oestradiol raises the possibility that women's scents provide information about overall cycle fecundity, though further research is necessary to rigorously investigate this possibility.

“Fast” women? The effects of childhood environments on women's developmental timing, mating strategies, and reproductive outcomes

The fast-slow paradigm of life history theory has been a popular approach to individual differences in the evolutionary behavioral sciences. Currently, however, the fast-slow paradigm faces several theoretical and empirical challenges. Motivated by questions regarding the validity of certain assumptions of the paradigm, the current study provides an empirical investigation of human female “fast” versus “slow” strategies. In a sample of 1867 women recruited using MTurk, we use structural equation modeling (SEM) to test whether childhood exposure to different environmental variables had unique effects on proposed life history traits, whether mediated by—or independent of—pubertal timing. Models also test whether the proposed life history traits covary with one another as expected by the paradigm. Data reveal that exposure to violence and poor health in particular, but not environmental harshness or unpredictability in general, had significant effects on pubertal timing. Pubertal timing appeared to mediate effects of childhood environments on age at sexual debut, but not any other adult outcome (e.g., sociosexual orientations, reproductive outcomes). Some associations with mating strategies were incompatible with assumptions of the prevailing fast-slow paradigm; for instance, greater short-term mating orientation was positively associated with childhood socioeconomic status and negatively associated with offspring number. These results highlight the need for a new or revised theoretical approach to understanding developmental, mating, and reproductive strategies.

Oil palm and gendered time use: A mixed-methods case study from West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Measuring the social impact of oil palm requires the use of multiple metrics which capture different dimensions of well-being. To date, most studies have examined welfare outcomes at the household level, relying on a relatively narrow range of indicators. There is a need for a more diverse range of metrics to measure the social impacts of oil palm as well as more explicit accounting for study context and gendered effects. Here we demonstrate the utility of specialised time use methods used in combination with qualitative research to understand intra-household labour dynamics associated with oil palm adoption. We use a mixed-methods approach to investigate the role of smallholder oil palm plasma schemes on men and women's time use in Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan. Time allocation is an important determinant of well-being as well as maternal and child nutrition and an indicator of women's empowerment and gender equality. We integrate the results from a fractional multinomial logistic regression of data from 603 individuals with qualitative findings on the subjective experience of time allocation, as well as, the causes, consequences and coping strategies to manage trade-offs in time allocation. We find that relative to non-oil-palm adopting swidden farmers, participation in oil palm plasma schemes is associated with more time spent in productive labour for both men and women, driven by off-farm labour on oil palm plantations. For women, increased time comes at the cost of reduced time spent in rest, leisure and sleep. Increased time spent in off-farm labour drives households to adapt agricultural production methods, changing cash crop production as well as accelerating swidden transitions. These changes alter gender dynamics and responsibilities within the household. Our results suggest that changes in time allocation may have significant consequences for women's well-being and gender equity. Women in the oil palm site experienced greater stress over time scarcity and employed coping strategies more frequently. Our findings indicate that time allocation could be used as an indicator of the effects of oil palm expansion and adoption on well-being and that potential effects of time scarcity on well-being, gender equity, and maternal and child nutrition should be considered by policy makers when making land use decisions.