Time In Women Research Articles

Time seizures and the self: institutional temporalities and self-preservation among homeless women.

This article documents temporalities of homelessness as experienced by many homeless people today, those living in the midst of an urban "services ghetto"-where social service organizations abound, but such organizations fail to coordinate the provision or timing of services, producing an incoherent multiplicity of offerings and schedules. I analyzed distinct but related temporal modes by which institutional timetables controlled homeless women's existence, what I call empty time and overscheduled time. The paradoxes of institutionalized waiting and strict yet inconsistent timetables exacted profound material and psychological tolls. For homeless women in Chicago, many of whom experienced symptoms of severe mental illness, simply securing their daily needs was such a time-consuming endeavor that they had to focus on short-term self-preservation rather than seeking stable employment or housing. Using anthropological theories of self and subjectivity, I argue that what was at stake for many women was more than the exhaustion of shelter life-negotiating institutional timetables also threatened their sense of dignity and humanity. Through the everyday patterning of women's time, non-profit agencies whose stated aim was to eliminate homelessness paradoxically frustrated women's efforts to escape life on the streets. I conclude the analysis with policy suggestions to address these problems.

뉴실버 여성을 위한 브래지어 착용실태 및 선호도 조사

This study provides basic reference data for brassiere wearing conditions, design preferences of new silver women (50s-60s) and development of brassiere products. We compiled and compared 163 pieces of brassiere (considering of 105 domestic general brassieres and 58 foreign silver brassieres) analyzed using SPSS Statistics 21 program. A survey was then conducted on the actual wearing, purchasing conditions, design preferences for 176 females (50s-60s). The result of this study are as follows: First, comparing actual product conditions (domestic general products and foreign silver products), the ratio of full cup in cup height, V-shape type in neckline shape, long type in front-end length, wide type in wing width, U-shape type in shoulder strap form, wide type in shoulder strap width, no-wire brassieres in breast wire type, all-in-one type in shoulder strap separation, back type in closure type appeared higher than other types of brassiere in domestic general product. Second, a study also showed that 60s women's wearing time is lower than 50s women's; however, 60s women expressed a higher figure and preference for the purchasing ratio in the department store, full cup in cup height, short type in length of brassieres, wide type in wing width, U-shape in shoulder strap form, small type in shoulder strap width, back type in closure type and no-wire brassieres than those in their 50s. It was found they prefer fabric with a high natural content, nude tone color without decoration & pattern and camisole brassieres.

The clock is ticking: the sound of a ticking clock speeds up women's attitudes on reproductive timing.

The "biological clock" serves as a powerful metaphor that reflects the constraints posed by female reproductive biology. The biological clock refers to the progression of time from puberty to menopause, marking the period during which women can conceive children. Findings from two experiments suggest that priming the passage of time through the sound of a ticking clock influenced various aspects of women's (but not men's) reproductive timing. Moreover, consistent with recent research from the domain of life history theory, those effects depended on women's childhood socioeconomic status (SES). The subtle sound of a ticking clock led low (but not high) SES women to reduce the age at which they sought to get married and have their first child (Study 1), as well as the priority they placed on the social status and long-term earning potential of potential romantic partners (Study 2). Findings suggest that early developmental sensitization processes can interact with subtle environmental stimuli to affect reproductive timing during adulthood.

Gender and time allocation of cohabiting and married women and men in France, Italy, and the United States.

BACKGROUNDWomen, who generally do more unpaid and less paid work than men, have greater incentives to stay in marriages than cohabiting unions, which generally carry fewer legal protections for individuals that wish to dissolve their relationship. The extent to which cohabitation is institutionalized, however, is a matter of policy and varies substantially by country. The gender gap in paid and unpaid work between married and cohabiting individuals should be larger in countries where cohabitation is less institutionalized and where those in cohabiting relationships have relatively fewer legal protections should the relationship dissolve, yet few studies have explored this variation.OBJECTIVEUsing time diary data from France, Italy, and the United States, we assess the time men and women devote to paid and unpaid work in cohabiting and married couples. These three countries provide a useful diversity in marital regimes for examining these expectations: France, where cohabitation is most “marriage like” and where partnerships can be registered and carry legal rights; the United States, where cohabitation is common but is short-lived and unstable and where legal protections vary across states; and Italy, where cohabitation is not common and where such unions are not legally acknowledged and less socially approved than in either France or the United States.RESULTSCohabitating men’s and women’s time allocated to market and nonmarket work is generally more similar than married men and women. Our expectations about country differences are only partially borne out by the findings. Greater gender differences in the time allocated to market and nonmarket work are found in Italy relative to either France or the U.S.

Women's age and embryo developmental speed accurately predict clinical pregnancy after single vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer

The aim of this study was to establish a simple, objective blastocyst grading system using women's age and embryo developmental speed to predict clinical pregnancy after single vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer. A 6-year retrospective cohort study was conducted in a private infertility centre. A total of 7341 single vitrified-armed blastocyst transfer cycles were included, divided into those carried out between 2006 and 2011 (6046 cycles) and 2012 (1295 cycles). Clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate and delivery rates were stratified by women's age (<35, 35–37, 38–39, 40–41, 42–45 years) and time to blastocyst expansion (<120, 120–129, 130–139, 140–149, >149 h) as embryo developmental speed. In all the age groups, clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate and delivery rates decreased as the embryo developmental speed decreased (P < 0.0001). A simple five-grade score based on women's age and embryo developmental speed was determined by actual clinical pregnancy rates observed in the 2006–2011 cohort. Subsequently, the novel grading score was validated in the 2012 cohort (1295 cycles), finding an excellent association. In conclusion, we established a novel blastocyst grading system using women's age and embryo developmental speed as objective parameters.

Maids, Appliances and Couples' Housework: The Demand for Inputs to Domestic Production

Maids, household appliances and housework time are key inputs to domestic production. This study uses data from the UK and France to estimate the effects of resource prices on the demand for these inputs. We conclude that higher opportunity costs of time increase the likelihood of having maid services and appliances. Women's time costs are also positively related to his housework time and negatively related to hers. Finally, maid service appears to be a closer substitute for housework time on weekend days than weekdays, suggesting smaller labour supply effects than anticipated by earlier literature.

Moonlit Mirrors, Bloody Chambers, and Tender Wolves: Identity and Sexuality in Angela Carter’s “Wolf-Alice”

Who are you? said Caterpillar. This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice replied rather shyly, I--I hardly know, Sir, just at present--at least know who was when got up this morning, but think must have been changed several times since then. --Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland FROM ONE IDENTITY TO ANOTHER In her well-known collection of stories about fairy stories, The Bloody Chamber, Angela Carter revisits and revises traditional folklore; or, rather, she continues tradition of revision inherent in this originally orally transmitted literary form. The shifting structures inherent folklore, she claims, made it easier for her to deal with shifting structures of reality and (Notes 25). Carter's appropriation of fairy tale form is a conscious infiltration and disruption of western patriarchal ideologies and binary modes of thinking traditionally embodied therein, an effort question nature of gendered reality and extent which our experiences of self are defined by the social fictions that regulate our lives: in demythologizing business. I'm interested in myths--though I'm much more interested in folklore--just because they are extraordinary designed make people unfree (25). Overtly, here, in her revisioning of folklore, and elsewhere, as in her analysis of Marquis de Sade's novels in The Sadeian Woman and Ideology of Pornography, Carter's agenda is one of dismantling myths of human sexuality that amount oppression of all but of women and feminine in particular. Myth deals in false universals, dull pain of particular circumstances. In no area is this more true than in that of relations between sexes, she claims (Sadeian Woman 5-6). In Women's Time, an essay contemporaneous with The Bloody Chamber, Julia Kristeva argues for a feminism that allows for plurality of identity and individual differences in notions of woman and rejects dichotomy between masculine and feminine as metaphysical: the dichotomy between man and woman as an opposition of two rival entities is a problem for metaphysics. What does 'identity' and even 'sexual identity' mean in a theoretical and scientific space in which notion of 'identity' itself is challenged? (368). The deconstruction of sexual identity is authentically feminist practice engaged by both Carter and Kristeva, and both rely on materialism of body do so (Moi 12). Fundamentally, Carter seems be critiquing mythology of western philosophy, beginning with that father of lies Plato and his subjugation of body and material world realm of ideal forms (Notes 27). Her writing undermines basis of oppositional logic and kind of mind/body divide propagated as a love of wisdom. Carter once said in an interview, I do think that body comes first, not consciousness ... remember there's a materiality symbols and a materiality imaginative life which should be taken quite seriously (qtd. in Roemer 7). Her emphasis on materiality of body and language recalls work of Julia Kristeva, (1) which gives body a place of primacy in contemporary psychoanalytic theory and reconnects body and its drives language. Kristeva, though building on ideas of Freud and Lacan, emphasizes undecidable element of language, semiotic disruption of symbolic, and thus posits speaking as a heterogeneous, always questionable subject-in-process. She not only advocates an analytical theory that searches for the unsettling process of meaning and subject rather than for coherence or identity, but she also locates origins of such a process in pre-oedipal, pre-linguistic body (Kristeva, Desire 125). In The Bloody Chamber, Carter presents an array of characters whose subjectivity is often quite literally shown be in process, whose condition is always somewhere in-between. …

Associations Between Lifestyle and Cognitive Function Over Time in Women Aged 40–79 Years

Smoking, excessive drinking, and physical inactivity are associated with reduced cognitive function but the independence, domain specific cognitive effects, and trajectories of these associations are not firmly established. Our aim was to examine these lifestyle-cognitive function associations in middle-to-older aged women across time. Cohort study design with repeat surveys (2001, 2005, and 2008). Participants were volunteers from a random sample of Australian women on the Brisbane electoral roll; mean (±SD) age 60 ± 11 years in 2001. Outcome measures were the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Auditory Delayed Index (ADI), Visual Delayed Index (VDI), Working Memory Index (WMI), and Processing Speed Index (PSI). 489 women completed cognitive testing in 2001, 451 in 2005, and 376 in 2008. Mean (±SD) cognitive scores in 2001 were MMSE: 29.1 ± 1.2, ADI: 104.6 ± 13.4, VDI: 107.2 ± 14.0, WMI: 104.1 ± 12.3, and PSI: 102.7 ± 11.8. Multivariate adjusted mean scores (95% CI) over the 7-year study period were higher for moderate drinkers than non-drinkers for the MMSE (β = 0.32; 0.04, 0.61), the VDI (β = 4.33; 0.96, 7.70), and the WMI (β = 3.21; 0.34, 6.07). Current smokers performed worse than never-smokers for the MMSE (β = -0.35; 0.64, -0.06), the VDI (β = -3.91; -7.57, -0.26), the WMI (β = -3.42; -6.67, -0.18), and the PSI (β = -5.89; -8.91, -2.87). PSI was higher in women performing strenuous physical activity compared to inactive women (β = 2.14; 0.37, 3.90). None of the three lifestyle parameters influenced the changes in cognition across time. Alcohol and exercise were associated with selective protective effects and tobacco with selective harmful effects on cognitive function in middle-to-older aged women. Associations remained consistent across time.

Gender and Economic Empowerment in Africa: Evidence and Policy

Gender inequality continues to be a major challenge in Africa. Although progress has been made by ratification of international and regional conventions and commitments by African countries, gender inequality is still prevalent in all sectors of the economy, including the labour market. The majority of women are working in the informal sector or on small pieces of land and are engaged in care work, where the work is invisible and unpaid. Women's labour force participation rates are lower than those for men. More men than women work in the formal sector where the work is paid and supported by all the national policies. Women contribute immensely to the country's economy. Despite their contribution, gender inequality still prevails. Women have limited access to credit, land, agricultural inputs, equipment and extension services, and markets for their produce. They spend more time in care and domestic work than men. Some of the inequities are embedded in the deep-rooted cultural norms and beliefs in the societies. These inequalities can only be addressed by removal of policies that reinforce gender inequalities as well as formulating and enforcing laws that seek to improve women's economic empowerment. Initiatives identified to improve women's economic empowerment include revision of regulations to increase women's participation in the labour market, skills training, policy reforms on regulations that hinder women's empowerment, setting up of micro-credit schemes, use of technology to access markets such as mobile phones to release women's time in caring and domestic work, fostering of partnership by providing funding to women, cash transfers and welfare fund, subsidised or publicly provided child care and skill training as well as improving infrastructure services such as water and electricity.

Property rights and intra-household bargaining

This paper examines whether an individual-level transfer of property rights increases the individual's bargaining power within the household. The question is analyzed in the context of a housing reform that occurred in China that gave existing tenants the opportunity to purchase the homes that they had been renting from their state employers. The rights to each housing unit were granted to a particular employee, so property rights were defined at the individual level rather than the household level. The results indicate that transferring ownership rights to men increased household consumption of some male-favored goods and women's time spent on chores. Transferring ownership rights to women decreased household consumption of some male-favored goods.

Duolocal residence and gender relations in urban domestic water supply: understanding the Ga in contemporary Ghana

This case study employed a qualitative methodology to examine gender relations in urban domestic water supply under duolocality where heterogeneous spouses live in separate residences. It is based on the experiences of the Ga of Ghana at the present time (2011–present), with James Town as the study area. Results show that gender relations in duolocal water supply is mediated by several factors, including women's economic positioning and time reported to sleep at husbands' homes, age and authority structure, proximity of males and females, distance to water points, and availability of public showers and sachet water. There is significant participation of duolocal men in household water provision, aided by short distances to water points and ready access to showers and pure water. Women renegotiate their subordinate position in domestic water provision by using their economic clout as leverage, manipulating their physical presence at men's residences, including late arrival to sleep but early departure, and capitalising on opportunities presented by new social dynamics to form indirect alliances with men. The study provides additional contribution to understanding gender discourse in urban water supply as it uncovers previously under-explored social processes in the linkages between residential patterns and gender relations in resource access and use.

Post-sterilization autonomy among young mothers in South India.

This study examined the post-sterilization autonomy of women in south India in the context of early sterilization and low fertility. Quantitative data were taken from the third round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) carried out in 2005-06, and qualitative data from one village each in Kerala and Tamil Nadu during 2010-11. The incident rate ratios and thematic analysis showed that among currently married women under the age of 30 years, those who had been sterilized had significantly higher autonomy in household decision-making and freedom of mobility compared with women who had never used any modern family planning method. Early age at sterilization and low fertility enables women to achieve the social status that is generally attained at later stages in the life-cycle. Policies to capitalize on women's autonomy and free time resulting from early sterilization and low fertility should be adopted in south India.

Becoming Soviet Jews: the Bolshevik experiment in Minsk

Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Historical Profile of an East European Jewish City 2 Red Star on the Jewish Street 3 Entangled Loyalties: The Bund, the Evsekstiia, and the Creation of a New Jewish Political Culture 4 Soviet Minsk: The Capital of Yiddish 5 Behavior Unbecoming a Communist: Jewish Religious Practice in a Soviet Capital 6 Housewives, Mothers and Workers: Roles and Representations of Jewish Women in Times of Revolution 7 Jewish Ordinary Life in the Midst of Extraordinary Purges: 1934-1939 Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

Labor market effects of work‐sharing arrangements in Taiwan, ROC

PurposeTo measure the effects of work‐sharing arrangements on participants’ subsequent labor market outcomes in Taiwan such as full‐time employment rates, working hours of women and men and the difference in scale effect and effect of substitution between hours and employment for women and men.Design/methodology/approachUsing the data from Manpower Utilization Survey, we applied the differences‐in‐differences estimation method to test the effects of work‐sharing arrangements on working hours, wage and employment. Multinomial logit was used to measure the effects of work sharing on full‐time employment. In order to correct the simultaneity and selectivity problems, we followed the Heckman two‐stage selection procedures to solve the selection bias, and used weighted least squares to solve heteroskedasticity in the wage and hour equations. The instrumental variable (IV) method was used to avoid simultaneity bias in the hour equation.FindingsThis paper found the restrictions enforced by law on working hours have negative effects on employees’ working conditions in certain industries in Taiwan. After controlling the working hours, we found the wages paid to women and men have increased subsequent to the enforcement of law. However, compared to men the net wage earned by women has increased to a lesser extent. It was further observed that with enactment of work‐sharing law, the employment rate of women has considerably declined since 2001. Main findings assimilating the results for hour, wage and full‐time employment suggest that a country like Taiwan (with work‐sharing arrangements implemented by law) has witnessed a smaller gap between women's and men's working time and wages during 2001‐2002. However, for the period of 2003‐2006 the amendment that introduced compressed work week brought a larger gender gap in working hours as well as wages. In other words, the implementation of work‐sharing law has reduced the gender gap in hours and wages during 2001‐2002, but the prevailing gender gap in hours as well as wages has worsened after the introduction of compressed work week during 2003‐2006.Practical implicationsAn in‐depth analysis of labor market effects of work‐sharing law will be useful for the policymakers, especially those interested in understanding the impact of their policies on labor market outcomes like wage, hour and employment, and finding out whether policies were effective at reducing the gender gap in given outcomes.Originality/valueFindings of the present study should not only provide the broad lessons for policymakers in Taiwan, but the results that have emerged from the country case study may be referred by other Asian countries who want to bring a change in working and employment conditions for their labor by implementing work‐sharing law.

Book Reviews

Explores the different channels through which public capital in infrastructure may affect growth and human welfare and presents a series of formal models for understanding how these channels operate. Discusses basic channels; public capital and education; public capital and health; public capital and innovation; public capital and women's time allocation; public capital and poverty traps; and research perspectives. Agénor is Hallsworth Professor of International Macroeconomics and Development Economics at the University of Manchester and Codirector of the Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research.

Rumination and Modes of Processing around Meal Times in Women with Anorexia Nervosa: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from a Pilot Study

The primary aim of this exploratory study was to examine qualitatively and quantitatively the effects of rumination, mindful breathing, and distraction on processing styles and the meal time experience in women with a history of anorexia nervosa (AN). A quasi-experimental within-participant design was employed. Thirty-seven women with history of AN and all experiencing current eating disorder psychopathology listened to a single rumination, mindful breathing and distraction exercise before a meal time. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were employed. Specific themes were extracted for each exercise including avoidance, being in the moment and rumination. The rumination exercise led to significantly greater analytical self-focus. Mindful breathing led to significantly greater experiential self-focus compared with distraction in partially weight-restored AN participants. In AN, self-material is processed in a ruminative way and avoidance is valued. It is difficult to shift individuals with AN out of a rumination around meal times using brief mindful breathing. Future research should investigate at what stage of AN illness mindful-based and acceptance-based strategies are useful and how these strategies could be incorporated in treatment.

Lifestyle factors and their influence on time to conceive in women in and around Vienna

Fragestellung: Age, weight, smoking, physical activity, daily caffeine intake, alcohol consumption and previous contraception methods – these are some life-style factors that might be decisive when a woman tries to get pregnant. Various studies have tried to find out, how these factors influence a woman's time to conceive. So far these attempts have led to many inconsistent study results, only the impact of age, smoking and weight seems to be confirmed. Our study is a cross-sectional and questionnaire-based investigation aiming to analyse the impact of the above mentioned lifestyle-factors. Anonymous questionnaires will be handed out to primipara (currently being pregnant) in various hospitals in and around Vienna. Our patients should have planned their pregnancy and must not have undergone infertility treatment or experienced a previous miscarriage or abortion. Our study has its focus on following questions: Methodik: Cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. The cases will be grouped according to different age and weight groups, smoking habits, alcohol and caffeine consumption, contraception methods and exercising habits. The cases will be analysed by means of interferential statistics (e.g. Chi-squared test, t-test for independent samples, ANOVA, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation). The level of significance will be P < 0,050. The power will be 0,800. Ergebnisse/Schlussfolgerung: The study is on-going at the moment, but preliminary results will be available in time for the congress.

Re-Traditionalisation of Gender Relations in the 1990s? The Impact of Parenthood on Gendered Time Use in Three Scandinavian Countries

This study investigates the impact of parenthood on gendered time use in Scandinavia. Having (young) children at home generally intensifies gendered patterns in time use, and strengthens the traditional household division of labour, whereby women perform more child care and housework than men. In Sweden during the 1990s, this pattern changed and parenthood affected men's and women's time use in a more similar way by the end of that decade. The article considers whether this was a unique Swedish phenomenon, and whether developments regarding time use were connected more to economic crisis or to societal changes towards gender equality. Using six waves of time diary data from the Multinational Time Use Survey (MTUS), we perform multivariate Tobit regressions, comparing what happened in Sweden during the 1990s to developments in Norway and Finland during the same period. Our results indicate that in all three countries, parenthood around the year 2000 affected men and women in a more similar way than before. Gendered patterns of time use in housework and child care showed a less traditional, gender converging pattern. These developments are associated with underlying societal changes towards greater gender equality, despite the economic crisis experienced in these countries.

Estimating the Impact of the 2008–09 Economic Crisis on Work Time in Turkey

Using the first nationwide Turkish Time-Use Survey of 2006, this contribution provides estimates of the impact of the 2008–09 economic crisis on paid and unpaid work time in Turkey. Linking spouse's unemployment risk with time-use patterns of women and men, the authors find that a 1 percentage point rise in spouse's unemployment risk increases women's total work time by 5 percent (22 minutes per day), while the rise is 1 percent (2.7 minutes per day) for men. The rise in unpaid work time for women is approximately four times more than that for men. These differences between women and men are much sharper in urban areas than in rural ones. Results support the argument that economic crises reinforce the preexisting gender gap in work time. The method developed here can be applied to other developing country cases, where there is a lack of longitudinal data availability.

Retirement timing in Europe: The influence of individual work and life factors

This study considers the rational choice and life course theories to predict European retirement timing. It is relevant to compare men's and women's retirement decisions to determine whether they are influenced by work or by the interplay between work and familial, educational, and leisure life. An event history analysis of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) suggests that work factors have a greater impact on European women's retirement timing than they do for men and that both men's and women's retirement timing is influenced by the interplay of work and life.