Time In Women Research Articles

Tier‐based transformation in women's time management through electricity access: Insights from rural Cambodia

AbstractThis research examines the impact of electricity access on women's time management in rural Cambodia using qualitative methods, including semi‐structured interviews and textual analysis. The study reviews crucial concepts, such as women's empowerment and time poverty and explores how electricity access influences these dynamics. Findings indicate that while previous studies suggest a uniform reduction in time poverty due to decreased drudgery across different levels of electricity access, this study reveals variations. It shows that reductions in time poverty are not only from decreased drudgery but also from increased disposable time, especially in off‐grid conditions where women may experience an increase in drudgery. Moreover, the extent of time poverty reduction varies with the level of electricity access, highlighting a nuanced pattern from off‐grid to national grid scenarios. This study contributes to understanding the gendered impacts of electricity access and its relation to women's autonomy in time management.

No Time for Justice? Obstetric Violence, Damages Claims and Prescription Periods in South African Law

Obstetric violence is currently not acknowledged as a form of gender-based violence in South African law. In this article I deal with the various issues associated with this failure to correctly categorise obstetric violence. One of the issues relates to access to legal recourse for survivors through delictual claims (torts). Delictual claims are wrongful acts or limitations of rights that can lead to legal liability in the form of monetary compensation. The current framing of obstetric violence as medical malpractice limits women's time to launch a case to only three years after the violation. To show how this issue of prescription (a legal principle where an outstanding debt can be extinguished after a prescribed time period) plays out, I focus on the 2020 report by the South African Commission for Gender Equality (CGE) on the forced or coerced sterilisation of women living with HIV at state healthcare facilities. I also examine the current case of the Centre for Applied Legal Studies (CALS), a university-based human rights law clinic, which represents over 40 women who have experienced different forms of obstetric violence at state-run facilities. In both of these examples, I explain how justice through legal recourse is denied to these victims or survivors through the mischaracterisation of obstetric violence as medical malpractice in current South African law. To show that the three-year ‘limit’ or prescription period to institute a legal claim is unjustifiable, I explore three reasons why women may not choose to or be able to proceed with a legal claim within that time period. The first of these relates to the ‘personal’ barrier women face around acknowledging they have experienced obstetric violence and bringing a claim against the state. The second, the ‘political’ barrier, includes the general and prevalent systemic gender discrimination experienced by women in South Africa and the specific barriers women face around access to dignified treatment in the country's public healthcare system. Finally, an ‘economic’ barrier is the general inaccessibility of legal representation for economically disadvantaged people in the country. Proceeding from the above, I then argue that by acknowledging obstetric violence as a form of gender-based violence and aligning it with legislation around prescription periods for other forms of gender-based violence (such as sexual offences), the burdens related to access to justice (at least in delict) can be lightened for survivors.

Predicting Survival Time of Women with Cervical Cancer in Osun State

Predicting Survival Time of Women with Cervical Cancer in Osun State

Time poverty and women's participation in non-farm work: Evidence from rural Ethiopia

In most developing countries, rural women are still marginalized in many domains to work in the non-farm economy, partly because the persistent unequal division of domestic burdens leaves rural women time-constrained. Yet, time poverty has received little consideration in the context of women's participation in non-farm work. This study presents evidence on the effect of time poverty on rural women's participation in non-farm work based on cross-sectional data collected from 300 rural women. We use two-stage residual inclusion instrumental variable (2SRI-IV) and recursive bivariate probit methods to address potential endogeneity. We find that time poverty is prevalent with 6 out of 10 women having insufficient time for non-farm work. The empirical results indicate that time poverty reduces women's participation in non-farm work in rural Ethiopia. This study suggests that relaxing women's time constraints coupled with meaningful rural education and infrastructure access might be vital in spurring their participation in the non-farm sector.

Changes in Livelihood and Utilization Pattern of Farm Pond Owners in Drought Regions of Maharashtra, India

The study aimed to assess the impact of farm pond adoption on the livelihood of beneficiaries in drought-prone regions of Maharashtra, India during 2022-23. Data from 160 beneficiaries and 160 non-beneficiaries were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and published sources and data were analysed, The results shows that a significant increase in various aspects of beneficiary activities, including the utilization of women's productive time (MS 0.43 to 2.47), the regular employment generation index (MS 81.54 to 151.04), the livestock composition index (MS 1.46 to 2.39), the enterprises cost-effectiveness index (MS 17.27 to 48.83), the cultivated land utilization index (MS 0.22 to 0.67), and the irrigability index (MS 2.17 to 16.88). In terms of investment, horticultural crops received the highest allocation (MS 401) followed by animal husbandry (MS 360) and agricultural crops (MS 236). Farm pond income was predominantly directed toward purchasing farm inputs (56.88 %), with a smaller portion allocated to equipment (18.13%) and the least to non-agricultural businesses (1.25 %). Overall, the findings showed a significant improvement in the livelihood component of farm pond owners (MS 84.09), with the employment component exhibiting the highest mean score of 81.33, followed by the economic component (MS 75.97). These findings underscore the transformative potential of farm pond adoption in drought-prone regions, as it enhances livelihoods, empowers gender roles, and promotes diversified and sustainable agricultural practices within the locale of the study.

Timing for Women: Evidence and Effectiveness of Women’s Late Application for Promotion

Timing for Women: Evidence and Effectiveness of Women’s Late Application for Promotion

Assessment of Thermal and Mechanical Indices as Acoustic Output Parameters Used in Obstetric Ultrasound in Saudi Arabia.

Patient safety is paramount in ultrasound procedures, particularly in obstetric ultrasounds involving both the mother and fetus. The thermal and mechanical indices (TI and MI) serve as crucial indicators of the acoustic output during ultrasound. Clinicians and specialists must know these indices and ensure they are within safe ranges. This study aimed to assess the parameters of acoustic output power employed in obstetric ultrasound (thermal and mechanical index). A cross-sectional observational study conducted at Maternity and Children's Hospital in Al-Madina Al-Munawwarah, the data was collected from obstetric scanning of 411 pregnant females using a data collection sheet including gravida and women's age, gestational age, scan mode, scan time, and thermal and mechanical index (TI and MI) values. The study found that there were significant differences in safety indices measurement between different modes; in Pulsed Doppler, mean Thermal Index Bone (TIb) had the highest value (1.60±0.40), and the Mechanical Index (MI) was the lowest (0.68±0.33). There were insignificant differences in safety indices values in different modes in different trimesters. The thermal indices of soft tissue and bony structure (TIs and TIb) of brightness mode (B-mode) were constant in all trimesters, but the MI in the first trimester was lower than in the other trimesters. This study found significant differences in TIs, TIb, and MI in different modes of obstetric ultrasound. Pulsed Doppler ultrasonography had the highest TIb value and a lower MI value. The ultrasound acoustic exposure output parameters were within the standard's recommended limit.

Partner's problematic social media use, woman's time perspective, and prenatal depression.

Using social media can have negative consequences. The present study aimed to examine how the partner's problematic social media use (SMU) was related to the pregnant woman's time perspective and prenatal depression. The study included 30 pregnant women and their 30 male partners. Research was conducted twice: in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. Women completed online measures: the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Fatalism scale (ZTPI-Fat), the Dark Future Scale (DFS), and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Men completed the online Social Media Addiction Questionnaire (SMAQ). The woman's depressive symptoms were positively associated with fatalism (r = .35, p < .01 in the first trimester; r = .49, p < .01 in the third trimester) and future negative perspective (r = .33, p < .05 in the first trimester; r = .77, p < .001 in the third trimester). Moreover, in the third trimester, women's depressive symptoms correlated positively with their partners' problematic SMU (r = .36, p < .05) and negatively with their financial situation (r = - .37, p < .05). The results of the mediation analyses showed that the more intensive the partner's problematic SMU, the stronger the pregnant woman's fatalism and, consequently, the stronger her future negative perspective, resulting in more severe prenatal depressive symptoms in the third trimester (indirect effect: β = .16, SE = .09, 95% CI [.021, .393]). Our findings show how important the behavior of the partner is for the mental health of the pregnant woman. The results suggest a possible mechanism explaining the relationship between the partner's problematic SMU and the woman's prenatal depressive symptoms. This mechanism probably consists in increasing the woman's sense of helplessness and loss of control over life, which leads to intensified future anxiety and, consequently, to depressive symptoms. Moreover, we interpreted the results to mean that the partner's time-consuming preoccupation with SMU may make the woman feel emotionally neglected. The lack of support from the partner may give rise to feelings of powerlessness, and may cause depressive symptoms.

Of Money and Men: A Scoping Review to Map Gender Barriers to Immunization Coverage in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Among the multiple factors impeding equitable childhood immunization coverage in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), gender barriers stand out as perhaps the most universal. Despite increasing recognition of the importance of gender considerations in immunization programming, there has not yet been a systematic assessment of the evidence on gender barriers to immunization. We conducted a scoping review to fill that gap, identifying 92 articles that described gender barriers to immunization. Studies documented a range of gender influencers across 43 countries in Africa and South Asia. The barrier to immunization coverage most frequently cited in the literature is women's lack of autonomous decision-making. Access to immunization is significantly impacted by women's time poverty; direct costs are also a barrier, particularly when female caregivers rely on family members to cover costs. Challenges with clinic readiness compound female caregiver's time constraints. Some of the most important gender barriers lie outside of the usual purview of immunization programming but other barriers can be addressed with adaptations to vaccination programming. We can only know how important these barriers are with more research that measures the impact of programming on gender barriers to immunization coverage.

JÉSSICA CAITANO E CORDEL NO PAJEÚ: MULHERES RURAIS E “OUTRA” COLHEITA DO TRABALHO

The corpus of this article is the cordel by Jéssica Caitano, a contemporary and multifaceted artist from the Sertão do Pajeú, entitled "E a vida do sertanejo combina com poesia" (And the life of the sertanejo goes with poetry). The proposal is to point out a possible interpretative path for the various meanings carved out by the author throughout her singing in the composition published by the "Caretas Cartonera" label, originating in Triunfo, Pernambuco-Brazil, the city where Caitano was born. The selected cordel is discussed in interface with the sociological debate on the issue of work and the use of rural women's daily time, in dialogue with Moraes (MORAES Et. Al., 2020). With this design, this work seeks to present the artist's poetic project as linked to the valorization of regional popular tradition and its main singing rites, as well as connected to mottos that are very attentive to the contemporary issues that surround the representations of rural women and their living conditions, often linked to unpaid and subordinate domestic work in the geographical context of the Sertão do Pajeú.

Trade liberalization and women's marriage and fertility decisions in Vietnam

This study investigates the impact of a large demand shock driven by the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) in 2001 on the timing of women's marital decisions and first childbirth experiences in Vietnam. We hypothesize that the reduction in women's and men's self-employment would delay family formation and childbirth, with the ultimate impact on marriage remaining ambiguous. Analyzing data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys, we find that both men and women are less likely to be self-employed in the face of a substantial trade shock. Notably, the decreasing impact on women's self-employment becomes more pronounced than that for men post-2012, a decade after the agreement's enforcement. Employing the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey and survival analysis, we empirically demonstrate that increased exposure to trade postpones women's timing of marriage and first childbirth. On average, in 2013, the BTA resulted in a 7.39- and 7.42 %-point decrease in the probability of entering marriage and becoming a mother, respectively. We also present suggestive evidence that increased exposure to trade liberalization eventually increases the likelihood of marriage and the number of children among women over 40. The findings in this study imply that policy promoting trade liberalization should consider its extensive impacts on young labor force's family formation through change in their individual economic prospects.

Comparative Analysis of Women's Breast Cancer Survival Time at Three Selected Government Referral Hospitals in Ethiopia's Amhara Region Using Parametric Shared Frailty Models.

One in five people will eventually develop cancer, and one in eleven women will lose their lives to the disease. The main aim of this study is to determinants of survival time of women with breast cancer using appropriate Frailty models. A study involving 632 Ethiopian women with breast cancer was conducted between 2018 and 2020, utilizing medical records from Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital, the University of Gondar, and Dessie Referral Hospital. To compare survival, the Kaplan-Meier plot (s) and Log rank test were employed; to assess mean survival, one-way analysis of variance and the t test were utilized. The factors influencing women's survival times from breast cancer were identified using the parametric shared frailty model and the accelerated failure time model. The median time to die for breast cancer patients treated at FHRH, UoGCSH, and DRH was 14.91 months, 11.14 months, and 12.32 months, respectively. The parametric model of shared frailty fit those who were statistically significant in univariate analysis. The results showed that survival of women with breast cancer was significantly influenced by age, tumor size, comorbidity, nodal status, stage, histologic grade, and type of primary treatment initiated. When comparing mean survival times between hospitals, the results showed a significant difference; patients who were treated in FHRH live significantly longer than patients treated in UoGCSH and DRH, whereas patients treated in UoGCSH have comparatively lower survival. Women with stage IV and comorbidities have 22.4% and 27.1% shorter expected survival, respectively. This finding suggests that improving the availability and accessibility of radiation therapy and surgery, eliminating disparities between hospitals, raising awareness of early signs and symptoms of breast cancer and encouraging women to seek clinical help, and highlighting women with comorbidities at diagnosis are important ways to increase survival time.

Treatment Patterns and Survival Outcomes in Patients With Breast Cancer on Medicaid, Pre- and Post-Expansion.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Medicaid expansion on breast cancer treatment and survival among Medicaid-insured women in Ohio, accounting for the timing of enrollment in Medicaid relative to their cancer diagnosis and post-expansion heterogeneous Medicaid eligibility criteria, thus addressing important limitations in previous studies. Using 2011-2017 Ohio Cancer Incidence Surveillance System data linked with Medicaid claims data, we identified women aged 18 to 64 years diagnosed with local-stage or regional-stage breast cancer (n=876 and n=1,957 pre-expansion and post-expansion, respectively). We accounted for women's timing of enrollment in Medicaid relative to their cancer diagnosis, and flagged women post-expansion as Affordable Care Act (ACA) versus non-ACA, based on their income eligibility threshold. Study outcomes included standard treatment based on cancer stage and receipt of lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation, hormonal treatment, and/or treatment for HER2-positive tumors; time to treatment initiation (TTI); and overall survival. We conducted multivariable robust Poisson and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to evaluate the independent associations between Medicaid expansion and our outcomes of interest, adjusting for patient-level and area-level characteristics. Receipt of standard treatment increased from 52.6% pre-expansion to 61.0% post-expansion (63.0% and 59.9% post-expansion in the ACA and non-ACA groups, respectively). Adjusting for potential confounders, including timing of enrollment in Medicaid, being diagnosed in the post-expansion period was associated with a higher probability of receiving standard treatment (adjusted risk ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.06-1.22]) and shorter TTI (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.04-1.24]), but not with survival benefits (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.00 [0.80-1.26]). Medicaid expansion in Ohio was associated with improvements in receipt of standard treatment of breast cancer and shorter TTI but not with improved survival outcomes. Future studies should elucidate the mechanisms at play.

A novel women's ovulation prediction through salivary ferning using the box counting and deep learning

There are several methods to predict a woman's ovulation time, including using a calendar system, basal body temperature, ovulation prediction kit, and OvuScope. This is the first study to predict the time of ovulation in women by calculating the results of detecting the fractal shape of the full ferning (FF) line pattern in salivary using pixel counting, box counting, and deep learning for computer vision methods. The peak of a woman's ovulation every month in her menstrual cycle occurs when the number of ferning lines is the most numerous or dense, and this condition is called FF. In this study, the computational results based on the visualization of the fractal shape of the salivary ferning line pattern from the pixel-counting method have an accuracy of 80%, while the fractal dimensions achieved by the box-counting are 1.474. On the other hand, using the deep learning image classification, we obtain the highest accuracy of 100% with a precision value of 1.00, recall of 1.00, and F1-score 1.00 on the pre-trained network model ResNet-18. Furthermore, visualization of the ResNet-34 model results in the highest number of patches, i.e., 586 patches (equal to 36,352 pixels), by applying fern-like lines pattern detection with windows size 8x8 pixels.

Premarital cohabitation and the gendered division of household labor in China

Premarital cohabitation has been understudied in China, and its impact on marriages in the region remains largely unexplored. This study examines the implications of premarital cohabitation for gender inequalities in Chinese marriages. The author analyzes how married couples with and without the experience of premarital cohabitation compare in the amounts of time they spend doing housework, whether the differences can be attributed to social and economic factors, and to what extent the experience of cohabitation equalizes the gendered division of housework. Drawing on four waves of data (2010, 2014, 2016, and 2018) from the China Family Panel Studies, this study is one of the first to provide nationally representative evidence on the relationship between premarital cohabitation and housework in China. Propensity score weighting and linear mixed effect models were employed. In contrast to findings from Western contexts, this study finds that in China, premarital cohabitation is not associated with a smaller gender gap in housework time after accounting for factors that affect selection into cohabitation. However, premarital cohabitation was associated with a significant decrease in women's housework time among urban residents and couples married after 1995, while its effect on men's housework time was not significant. Findings from this study highlight a gendered cohabitation effect on housework hours in China and underscore the importance of contextualizing the meanings of cohabitation and housework in non-Western contexts.

Recognizing Texas Women in Time and Space: A Qualitative GIS Inquiry into Historical Markers

ABSTRACT Historical markers offer important insights into the portrayal of place, social dynamics, and untold narratives within various landscapes. The vast collection of over 195,000 historical markers scattered throughout the United States provide a wealth of data that can shed light on distinctive representation patterns and narratives associated with different individuals and events. Yet, only a few studies examined historical markers as a valuable data source. The goal of this study is to investigate how Texas women are commemorated through historical markers and to uncover the spatial and temporal patterns and contexts associated with these commemorations. We utilize qualitative GIS method and a suite of corpus linguistics techniques to analyze the spatial, temporal, and thematic patterns of the historical markers in Texas that are dedicated to women. Our findings address the existing gender imbalance and shed light on the underrepresentation of women in Texas’ historical narratives.

A New Era in the Not So New Economics of Fertility and Women's Time: An Introduction

AbstractThis article examines a new era of models predicting fertility decline reversal as female‐to‐male wages rise. Standard microeconomic frameworks and diagrams simplify theoretical concepts for students and policymakers. The analysis reveals how demand for children may increase when households substitute childcare for women's time. An income effect dominates when responsiveness of the input mix and preference for children are high. Challenging conventional assumptions unveils the importance of gender inequality at home, economies of scale in raising children, and market‐determined childcare prices. The findings suggest that household taxation and preferences influence how childcare subsidies and paid maternity leave shape fertility upturn.

Young women's leisure time physical activity determinants: a mixed methods approach.

The aim of the study was to analyze the habits, motives and barriers related to Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) among young women of Gipuzkoa, from a mixed approach. A total of 526 women aged 18-29 (24.60 ± 3.30 years) responded to the Gipuzkoa Women's Physical Activity Questionnaire (GWPAQ), seven of which were later interviewed. The main motives for LTPA were intrapersonal - related to health and enjoyment - and to interpersonal networks. However, the main barriers facing LTPA were mostly intrapersonal, such as lack of time, tiredness, and laziness. Contextual factors such as the availability of safe spaces, previous negative experiences, or negative self-perception of motor competence also emerged as conditioning factors in young women's LTPA habits. This study may help to promote policies aimed at incentivizing LTPA for young women based on their needs and interests, by addressing the diversity of factors.

Rural–urban differences in the perceived impact of COVID-19 on mental health by European women

PurposeMany studies have documented an adverse impact of the pandemic on women´s mental health. This cross-sectional study aims to explore associations between women's perceived impact of lockdowns and curfews on their mental health and their residential location, along with other contextual and individual factors.MethodsUsing data from the Flash Eurobarometer 2712 “Women in times of COVID-19”, conducted between January 25 and February 3, 2022, across the 27 Member States of the European Union (n = 23,671), this study applied bivariate tests and stratified models based on respondent location (rural areas, small or medium-sized towns and urban areas). The exploration sought predictors influencing the perceived mental health impact, encompassing five individual characteristics (age, disability, employment status, educational attainment, and household type), perceptions of violence against women, and country of residence. The dependent variable was assessed subjectively, measured on a scale from 1 (minor negative impact) to 5 (major negative impact).ResultsWomen living in urban areas generally reported a higher perceived negative impact on mental health compared to women in rural areas or in small/medium-sized towns. Age and disability were significantly linked to perceiving a negative impact on mental health. Similar adjusted odds ratios for age were observed across rural areas (aOR 0.97, 95% CI = 0.97–0.98), small or medium-sized towns (aOR 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97–0.98), and urban areas (aOR 0.97, 95% CI = 0.97–0.98). In terms of disability, the odds were higher in rural areas (aOR 1.44, 95% CI = 1.20–1.73) than in urban ones (aOR 1.36, 95% CI = 1.15–1.62). Among women residing in urban areas, those in childless couples were less likely to perceive a negative impact on mental health (aOR 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80–0.99) compared to women in couples with children. Respondents perceiving increased violence against women due to COVID-19 were more likely to perceive a negative impact on mental health, with higher odds ratios in rural areas (aOR 1.56, 95% CI = 1.40–1.74) compared to urban areas (aOR 1.29, 95% CI = 1.17–1.41). Differences across countries were also found.ConclusionThe perceived impact of lockdowns and curfews on mental health exhibited variance between urban and rural areas. These disparities were influenced by individual characteristics such as age, disability, or household type, as well as the effects of COVID-19 on violence against women and contextual variables like country of residence.

Public Child Care Provision: Unraveling the Consequences of Implementation Variations for Women's Time Allocation

Abstract From analysis of the effects of a national childcare policy on women's time allocation in Costa Rica, it is found that childcare services are associated with increased female labor force participation, greater educational enrollment, and reduced unpaid care work. However, a comparison of two implementing agencies indicates that the overall effects vary by agency. One agency's services yield positive outcomes, such as increased labor force participation, reduced unpaid care work, and increased educational attendance; the other agency's results are less favorable, particularly for part-time childcare users. These findings highlight the challenges governments face when scaling up interventions, as different implementing agencies may modify program criteria, serve distinct populations, and offer varying services. While policies can be effective on a smaller scale, impacts may differ when they are scaled up. Understanding these variations can help governments adapt policies and reallocate resources to achieve their intended goals.