Time In May Research Articles

Smolting of two populations of Salmo trutta

Smolting in two hatchery-reared populations of Salmo trutta was compared during their second winter. After a 48-h exposure to 28‰ balanced seawater, the decrease of water content in white muscle was small and mortality negligible in one stock from January till late May. The other stock was able to tolerate seawater exposure only in April–May. In June both stocks showed a decreased seawater tolerance. In spite of the increased seawater tolerance of the first stock in January, the ATP-ase activity of gills peaked first in March and a second time in May, coinciding with the plasma T 4 maximum. The second stock had no peak values in gill ATP-ase activity, but the T 4 surge was bigger than in the first stock. Plasma cortisol of the first stock peaked twice; first in February and then in May, the last peak coinciding with the only one of the second stock. In June the fish of both stocks were totally desmoltified parr.

Counting People with Low Incomes: the Impact of Recent Changes in Official Statistics

'...[the public is not yet convinced that]... changes made in the presentation of the data are based on bona fide methodological rather than political grounds'. So wrote the all-party House of Commons Social services select committee in its report (HMSO(1988)) on the new Department of Social Security series of low income statistics 'Households Below Average Income' which were published for the first time in May 1988 (DSS(1988a)). For more than a decade, under both Conservative and Labour administrations, tables had been produced showing the numbers of individuals and families with incomes below or near to Supplementary Benefit levels, and these figures were widely used by non-Government commentators in discussions of the extent of poverty in Great Britain. This series, entitled 'Low Incom Families', was ended in 1988 with the final figures relating to 1985 (DSS(1988b)). At the same time, the new 'Households Below Average Income' figures were produced for the first time, and for comparison covered the period 1981-85.

Occurrence and food consumption of the common eider,Somateria mollissima, in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein

The number of eider in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein was counted by aerial surveys during 1986 and 1987. The highest number occurred during migration in October 1987 with 151 000 ducks, the lowest number during the breeding time in May 1987 with 6000 ducks. About 100 000–120 000 eiders moult in July/August in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein, but only 30 000–40 000 stay over winter. The average number was 62 000 ducks. Eider have increased in number since the seventies, when the average population size was estimated to be only 23 000. The increase referred mainly to moulting and migrating eider, whereas numbers in winter remained constant. There are substantial changes in the spatial distribution over the year. In most areas sites used during moult, migration and winter can be clearly separated, although so far no obvious differences in the morphology of these areas could be found. The annual food consumption was calculated to be 3.1×106 kg AFDW or 1.3 g AFDW×m−2×year−1, which is about 5% of the average biomass of macrozoobenthos. The increase in the number of eider has led to a significant increase in total food consumption of carnivorous birds, which was estimated at 7.1×106 kg AFDW × year−1 in the seventies and now reaches 9.0×106 kg AFDW×year−1, of which the eider takes 34%. The reasons for and consequences of the increase of the eider are discussed in context with the eutrophication of the North Sea and possible competition with shellfishery.

Reconstruction techniques of holograms from Spacelab 3

Fluid transport effects in a ground-based laboratory are fairly well known. Bouyancy driven transport occurs when there is a local density change in the fluid. In a low-g environment these density changes become less important, and other transport mechanisms dominate. To better understand fluid flows in a low-g environment, a fluid experiment system (FES) was designed to fly aboard the Shuttle orbiter in Spacelab. The FES is a holographic system designed for acquisition of the maximum amount of data from an experiment. The FES flew for the first time in May 1985 on Spacelab 3 for investigation of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystal growth in low-g. This paper describes the FES optical system. The reconstruction techniques of the holograms are examined in detail, and the multiuser and reflight capabilities are discussed. Proposed future experiments are mentioned.

Insecticides for the control of raspberry cane midge (Resseliella theobaldi) and midge blight

SummaryInsecticides were tested in the glasshouse and in small field plots. Aldicarb, chlorpyrifos, DDT and HCH, applied to the soil surface in pots decreased midge emergence from larval cocoons. When infested canes were sprayed in the laboratory, chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion killed more larvae than DDT. HCH or permethrin. In the first field trial, two sprays of fenitrothion in August to the basal 60 cm of canes damaged by a machine harvester decreased the numbers of larvae per cane by 93%. In subsequent trials insecticides were applied to primocanes, both in conventionally managed rows and in rows managed in a biennial cropping system. Two sprays of chlorpyrifos, diazinon or fenitrothion applied against first generation larvae in May and June decreased the subsequent population of overwintering larvae. In the following year these insecticides, and also HCH and triazophos, all applied three times in May and June controlled first generation larvae. However, lesion development, caused by fungi penetrating tissue beneath feeding sites of second generation larvae in July and August, was not decreased by these treatments and they did not increase yield, probably due to adult midges from unsprayed rows re-infesting treated plots. Two applications of HCH in May and June increased yield the following year. In the biennially cropped plots midge and midge blight were controlled and yields were increased by insecticides in the first year when blight killed 63% of untreated canes, but infestations were too low to demonstrate any significant effects the following year. Two sprays of fenitrothion applied against second generation larvae in July and August decreased numbers of over-wintering larvae, lesion development on the canes in winter, and the percentage of dead canes the following spring. In consequence, this treatment more than doubled the yield of untreated plots. A single spray of fenitrothion in June had no significant effect on subsequent lesion development but gave some control of cane death and increased yield by 55%. One spray of HCH in June had no effect. In this trial fruit yields were closely related to the extent of ‘patch’ lesions and less closely related to the extent of ‘stripe’ lesions. Both types of lesion, revealed by scraping primocanes in November, were often present on the same cane and both were decreased most by fenitrothion applied to control second generation larvae.

Another Early Review of Democratic Vistas

Adds to the small tally of contemporaneous reviews of Democratic Vistas by presenting an anonymous favorable review from the Sunderland Times of May 21, 1872.

Comparing control strategies for parasitic gastro-enteritis in lambs grazed on previously contaminated pasture: A network modelling approach

In practice, protection against ovine ostertagiasis in sheep-management systems is generally achieved by anthelmintic treatment and pasture switching. This paper uses a network model to describe the dynamics of the life-cycle of the parasite when ewes and lambs commence spring grazing on pasture which is contaminated. The model enables the efficacy of several recognised control strategies, involving various frequencies of drug application, to be assessed in regulating the adult worm burden of the lamb. The results indicate that dosing ewes at lambing does not provide adequate control. If lambs only are dosed 6 times between May and September significant control is achieved. Combining ewe and lamb treatments only marginally enhances the level of control obtained by the treatment of lambs alone. However, the most effective method of control was to dose lambs 3 times in May–June and on moving lambs to clean pasture at weaning.

British War Policy and the Crisis of Liberalism in May 1915

The last Liberal government of Britain was terminated by prime minister, H. H. Asquith, who called for resignation of his cabinet colleagues on May 17, 1915 without consulting them, and without resigning himself. The king, who was incommunicado aboard royal train somewhere north, was only informed of this extraordinary act as a fait accompli. Asquith, known to intend to put king in a glass case, had commissioned himself to form a coalition government. His colleagues were surprised and annoyed, and there was need of some dramatic explanation. This Asquith duly provided a confidential circular sent round, like call for resignations, a cabinet box. Personal interviews or explanations were avoided. The circular declared that resignation of Lord Fisher from his position as First Sea Lord at Admiralty and the alleged deficiency of high explosive would, if duly exploited ... House of Commons at this moment, have had most disastrous effect on general political and strategic situation and particular might have determined Italy's attitude adversely to Allies.' This explanation did not convince Liberal ministers, who attributed sudden surrender to idea of coalition as result of a failure of nerve on Asquith's part face of a mounting wave of hostile criticism Unionist opposition's newspaper press. Such a press campaign was undoubtedly under way prior to two incidents which gave Asquith his pretext for coalition-the publication of Col. C. a Court Repington's shells dispatch The Times of May 14 and Fisher's petulant walkout from Admiralty on May 15. In fact there is evidence that a coalition was agreed on principle between Asquith and Unionist leader, Andrew Bonar Law, at a private conference on May 12, and certainly Bonar Law was advised by his party manager, Sir Arthur Steel-Maitland, to seek a coaliton for reasons elaborated a memorandum of May 13. These reasons concerned war policy. A coalition, Steel-Maitland urged, could take some I Earl of Oxford and Asquith, Memories and Reflections (London, 1928), 2: 95-96. Also Charles Hobhouse, Inside Asquith's Cabinet, ed. Edward David (London, 1977) pp. 243-6.

Hirsutella thompsonii a fungal parasite of the citrus rust mitePhyllocoptruta oleivora in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas

Hirsutella thompsonii, a hyphomycetous fungus, was found attacking the citrus rust mitePhyllocoptruta oleivora for the first time in May, 1972, in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Sharp reductions in mite populations occurred during this period. The fungus was isolated from mites collected from citrus fruits and leaves. The parasitic nature and the distribution of the pathogen are described.

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, Acute Leukemia, and Carcinoma of the Lung

AUTOIMMUNE hemolytic anemia is not uncommonly associated with malignant reticuloendothelial disease. It has been frequently described in association with the chronic leukemias but rarely occurs in the acute types, and only one patient has been reported to have a concomitant carcinoma.1Dausset and Colombani2studied 128 patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia; none had an underlying carcinoma or acute leukemia. We wish to present an unusual patient with polycythemia vera who was treated with sodium phosphate P 32 and developed acute myelogenous leukemia and adenocarcinoma of the lung complicated by an autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Report of a Case A 62-year-old white woman (04-92-98), entered the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center for the first time in May 1963, with a four-month history of night sweats, occipital headaches, and intense pruritis after bathing. Physical examination revealed a ruddy cyanosis; a blood pressure of 165/95 mm Hg; pulse rate, 100

Calcinosis, Raynaud's Phenomenon, Sclerodactyly, and Telangiectasia

SCLERODERMA or progressive systemic sclerosis is recognized as a disorder of connective tissue characterized by inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Although the disease may be chronic, the involvement of specific organ systems varies widely. Recently, a variant of scleroderma, called the CRST syndrome, has been described. 1 Patients with this disorder have skin changes such as dermal and subcutaneous calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. With the possible exception of the gastrointestinal system, involvement of other organs is uncommon, and affected individuals have a long clinical course. This report describes three additional patients with the CRST syndrome. Of further interest is the fact that one of the patients has a family history of scleroderma, the fourth such occurrence recorded in the literature. Report of Cases Case 1. —A 56-year-old white woman was admitted for the first time in May 1964, for evaluation of persistent fever. In February 1964, she had

Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coq.), and other causes of grain-sorghum loss in Ghana

Sorghum midge, <i>Contarinia sorghicola</i> (Coq.), and other causes of grain-sorghum loss in Ghana

NEUROMYOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH A MALIGNANT CARCINOID TUMOR. A CASE REPORT.

Introduction The association of neuromuscular disorders with malignant tumors has been the subject of increasing comment. 1 Because many of these neuromuscular disorders do not manifest themselves clinically or pathologically as an uncomplicated neuritis or a myositis but as a mixture of the two, the term, carcinomatous neuromyopathy, appears more appropriate. 2 While this association has been noted most frequently with carcinoma of the lung and breast, it has been recognized to occur in many other types of malignancy as well. However, the coexistence of a neuromyopathy and a carcinoid tumor has not to our knowledge been previously noted. This report describes a patient with a confirmed intestinal carcinoid tumor and a severe neuromyopathy. Report of Case The patient, a 60-year-old white woman, was seen in the University Hospital for the first time in May, 1961. She complained of aching pain in the back, spine, knees, and wrists. She had

An unusual case of blastomycosis occurring during pregnancy.

A 33-year-old white woman in her sixth month of pregnancy was seen by us for the first time in May, 1954. She reported that she had had a lesion on the left side of her face for five weeks, which had been treated with one intramuscular injection of penicillin and with topical applications of an ointment containing a combination of neomycin and bacitracin (Neobacin). At the time of our first examination, on May 18, 1954, there was a moist, red, granulomatous lesion, about 2 cm. in diameter, involving the skin in the vicinity of the left zygoma. Several small pustules were scattered about the periphery of this lesion. Midway between the cutaneous lesion and the left ear was a slightly tender regional lymph node, about 0.5 cm. in diameter. There were also two or three small, palpable but nontender lymph nodes in the left anterior cervical chain. The

THE DETERMINANTS OF PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN SEAS: A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGY OF THEMISTO LIBELLULA MANDT.

The level of production in the sea is determined not only by the extrinsic factors of the environment, but also by the intrinsic response of the organism to those factors, temperature in particular. In cold seas, the degree of adaptation to low temperature as regards activity, metabolism, growth rate, and the onset of maturity is therefore of great importance. This matter is reviewed and discussed here, and illustrated by a study of the growth rate, breeding cycle, and longevity of a dominant arctic pelagic amphipod, Themisto libellula Mandt.Themisto libellula, in Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, and the waters of southeast Baffin Island, is shown to have a normal length of life of 2 years, although a 1-year or 15-month life cycle is a possibility in a small proportion of the population. Material from the months of November and December is lacking, but it appears that spawning extends from September through the winter until some time in May or June. If a temperature stimulus is involved in the onset of breeding, it appears to be a fall below, not a rise above, a critical point, since the temperatures during most of the breeding period are below −1.5 °C. The spawning in the autumn, however, suggests that temperature is in fact not involved.The alternating, or two-phase, breeding cycle is confirmed in this species, but the evidence shows that dislocations in the cycle (owing to the possibility of maturation after approximately one year in some individuals) may destroy the supposed reproductive isolation between adjacent year-classes.

Sarcophagidae and Other Diptera Taken by Trap and Net on Georgia Mountain Summits in 1952

Most of the species of flies which commonly enter houses or restaurants and therefore are possible vectors of disease are attracted to baits composed of entrails, garbage, or feces. These flies can usually be collected by placing fly traps over such baits. Rather detailed population studies have been made of many of these common, saprophagous species. On the other hand, the writers noticed that certain museum collections contained very interesting, uncommon, or undescribed species of muscoid flies, principally Sarcophagidae, and that many of these specimens bore a mountain locality label. The writers, therefore, chose nearby Stone Mountain as a site for operating fly traps to determine if these rarer species could be collected in this manner. Thirtyfour trap collections were made about the base and upon the sides of the mountain from April 14 to May 31, 1952. These collections yielded over 21,000 flies, of which nearly 1,100 were sarcophagids and only 11 males and 20 females were considered to represent uncommon species. On May 2, while one of the writers set traps the other climbed to the summit of Stone Mountain and in a 60-minute period collected 31 sarcophagids, of which 29 were males of uncommon species. This is equivalent to 29 specimens of uncommon species per man-hour, compared with 0.076 such flies per trap-hour. Another expression is that 85 percent of the netted flies and only 0.14 percent of the trapped flies were unusual sarcophagids. With this initial discovery, trapping in the vicinity of the mountain was abandoned, and the summit of Stone Mountain was visited 13 times in May and June. Other summits were also visited on one or more occasions, beginning with the following dates: Kennesaw Mountain, June 12; Rabun Bald, June 20; and Mount Enotah, July 13. In addition, seven other summits in northern Georgia. were visited a total of nine times during July and August. By late June, collecting at Stone and Kennesaw Mountains had become unprofitable, probably due to extreme drought conditions, so there are practically no records from these mountains during July and August. In the environs of Rabun Bald and Mt. Enotah, some rainfall occurred, and collecting was concentrated there during this period. In the fall, collecting was continued on Stone and Kennesaw Mountains, Rabun Bald, and Mount Enotah, at two to four week intervals until the last week of October. Prior to late June, traps were set out overnight, but often most of the collections were destroyed by ants, the baits were stolen by mammals, or the traps were otherwise disturbed. By early July, it was decided to make trap collections during the same period that net collections were made. It was extremely useful, for purpose of comparing and evaluating the results of the two modes of sampling fly populations, to have the collection periods coincide. This paper contains a comparison of the collections made by net and by baited trap on mountain tops in Georgia during 1952. Collecting was continued in the spring of 1953 to complete records for a full year. This paper is considered to be a preliminary report, since the 1953 data have not been tabulated and indentifications of the 1952 specimens have not been completed. A final report awaits the completion of this work and the description of the new species.

Language Courses and the General Humanities Program

The present concern over the state of modern-language teaching in the schools and colleges of the United States has been aired in the press, in learned and professional meetings, in language journals.* The teachers of modern language are criticized by one group because their students do not master the language taught. Others think that we fail to give an adequate knowledge of the culture of the country in which the language is spoken. We are overwhelmed with suggestions as to how to vitalize our teaching. Now the problem arises as to how to integrate literature and language courses into the general humanities programs which are being organized throughout the country. It is obvious that European literatures have much to contribute to them. The panel discussion at the December 1952 Annual Meeting of the AATSP took up the question of what Spanish and Portuguese literatures have to offer and in what way they might be reoriented toward such a plan.1 But language courses? Why has the question arisen? Is modern language so much on the defensive that it has to take part in these new courses to justify its existence in our curricula? Apropos of that, let me quote pertinent remarks from Halfdan Gregersen's letter to the New York Times of May 10:

Ruskin's Reputation in the Eighteen-Fifties : The Evidence of the Three Principal Weeklies

Mr. R. H. Wilenski protests against the common belief that Ruskin was a kind of Art-Dictator of England in the eighteen-fifties. Ruskin, he says, was not a best-selling author during that decade; nor, on the other hand, was he respected by established artists and architects. So slight was his repute, indeed, that his letters to the Times in May 1851 can have done little to influence either the general or the specialist public in favor of pre-Raphaelitism. This drastic revision of accepted notions has had surprisingly little effect. In Mr. Paul Bloomfield's William Morris, Ruskin appears once more as the critic who gave “status” to the Pre-Raphaelites; and Mr. William Gaunt declares that on May 13, 1851, “an eagle scream was heard, a mighty talon hovered over the correspondence columns of The Times. It was Ruskin to the rescue. The Pre-Raphaelites had found a champion.” Neither of these writers mentions Wilenski's dissent.

Prof. E. Rádl

SOME time in May 1942, Dr. Emanuel Rádl died in Prague at the age of sixty-nine. In early life he was a biologist of local distinction. His critical abilities first reached a wider public in 1909 when he published his "History of the Development of Biological Theories", in which he stressed the changes that had occurred with regard to the significance and the evidence for evolution during the nineteenth century. He was critical of certain Continental schools of biological thought and of various 'cell theories', of temporary 'fashions' in science and of Driesch's ideas on entelechy.

A Relic of Dr. John Dee

THE sale by Messrs. Sotheby of an interesting relic of the mathematician and astrologer Dr. John Dee, who was patronized by Queen Elizabeth, was recorded in The Times of May 5. The relic is a gold disk 3 1/2 in. in diameter weighing 1 oz. 4 dwt. 5 gr., bearing the London date letter for 1589 and engraved with a diagram of the “Vision of the Four Castles” which appeared to his medium Edward Kelley, on the morning of June 20, 1584, at a house in St. Stephen's Street, Cracow, where the two men were staying. The diagram is reproduced in “A True and Faithful Relation of what passed for many Years between Dr. John Dee... and some Spirits” published in 1659 by Dr. Meric Casaubon. The disk was bought by the British Museum for £230.