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Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to Study Transesterification of Palm Oil in the Presence of Zeolite-A as Catalyst

In this research, the application of response surface methodology with central composite design (RSM-CCD) to optimizetransesterification of palm oil in the presence of zeolite-A as catalyst was investigated. Zeolite-A was synthesized from rice husk silica (RHS) and food-grade aluminium foil using hydrothermal method and then characterized using XRD and SEM. The synthesized zeolite was then applied to an optimized transesterification reaction using response RSM with three factorial levels, for three variables including methanol to oil ratio, catalyst load, and reaction time. The experimental results indicate that the yield of 99% was achieved at optimum conditions of methanol to oil volume ratio of 6, catalyst load of 9.6%, and reaction time of 4.3 hours. The results of experiments and predicted results based on the RSM model are in agreement as shown by the p-value less than 0.05 at a confidence level of 95%.

METHOD OF CONVERTING THE MONOLITHIC ARCHITECTURE OF A FRONT-END APPLICATION TO MICROFRONTENDS

Web systems have existed for a long time and quite a lot of them have been created. Modern development uses new microservice architectural to improve performance, portability, and other important characteristics. This necessitates the transformation of legacy systems from a monolithic architecture to a microservices one. Such a process is complex and costly, so improving the methods for converting old systems to a new platform is relevant. This research aims to develop a method of applying microfrontends approach for monolithic single page applications (SPA). The article proposes a method of transforming the software system architecture from monolithic to microservice architecture (MSA). Since the client part of the system is considered, the term microfrontend is proposed, as an analog of microservers in the server part of the software systems. A brief review of existing architecture reengineering research is made and the advantages of a microservice approach are identified. The proposed three-stage method differs from the methods by the selection of an additional stage of conversion, which allows to gently change the connections between parts of the monolithic application, which were implemented in the initial monolithic architecture. The first stage is reverse engineering, it is proposed to shift the focus from the search for outdated code to the functional analysis of the program as such. The second stage, a transition to a modular architecture with the allocation of functionality into separate modules is proposed. At the end of the third stage, we have several separate programs (microinterfaces) that are connected to the main program. An experiment with a typical external SPA demonstrates the operation of the proposed algorithm. The system obtained as a result of the transformation is compared with the original one according to the following measurable parameters: production builds building time, size of the main bundle, and first page average load time. All comparisons showed the advantages of the system obtained as a result of the conversion. As a result, the architecture transformation algorithm allows you to obtain a guaranteed better result, taking into account the limitations of the interface SPA, which were not considered by the authors of previous articles.

Cu-ZnO/CdS/rGO tertiary heterojunction for improved photocatalytic degradation of synthetic dyes using visible light

A novel tertiary heterojunction based on Cu-ZnO/CdS/rGO was successfully designed and produced from graphite, Zn2+. Cu2+, and Cd2+ precursors. The produced materials underwent thorough characterization, including microstructure, surface charges, chemical groups, elemental composition, as well as optical properties. The Cu-ZnO/CdS/rGO photocatalytic system exhibited a response to visible light, with an Eg = 1.8 eV, leading to a capability of generating efficient charge carriers by visible light irradiation. The combination of Cu-ZnO/CdS/rGO led to a reduction in recombination rate of charge carriers. Various factors such as pH, catalyst load, pollutant concentration, and reaction time, were methodically investigated for their influence on photocatalytic degradation of Direct Blue 71 (DB 71).The developed Cu-ZnO/CdS/rGO heterojunction exhibited a significant improvement in decomposition yield compared to individual components (from 1.26 to 2.0-fold). Under optimal conditions (pH 6.5 and 500 mg/L catalyst load), over 93 % of 0.05 g/L DB 71 were decomposed in just 100 min by visible light catalyzed by Cu-ZnO/CdS/rGO system, and the decomposition process fit the best the pseudo-1st-order kinetics, with coefficients in the range of 0.889 to 0.983. The primary species responsible for DB 71 degradation was the (O2•-), revealing that graphene sheets of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) might play an important role for electron transfer and react with dissolved O2 molecules to generate O2•-. This research introduces an innovative method to develop an efficient and feasible photocatalytic system, offering potential for use in practical wastewater treatment systems dealing with synthetic dye contamination.

Optimization of potassium hydroxide combined urea pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw using response surface methodology for improving sugar production

To improve sugar yields from wheat straw (WS), response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted to optimize potassium hydroxide combined urea pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of WS. Glucose and xylose yields from the pretreated WS were used as responses during the whole optimization. Potassium hydroxide concentration, time and temperature during pretreatment were found to have significant effects on sugar yields. Sugar yields could be enhanced while WS was pretreated using 45 g/L potassium hydroxide solution containing 15 g/L urea with solid to liquid ratio of 1:5 (g/mL) at 74.0 °C for 50 min. Cellulose recovery, hemicellulose recovery, and lignin removal after optimization were 98.1%, 72.6%, and 75.8%, respectively. In addition, enzyme loading, biomass loading, and reaction time during enzymatic hydrolysis also had significant effects on sugar yields. Maximal yields of glucose (610.25 mg/gds, miligram per gram dry substrate) and xylose (221.26 mg/gds) could be achieved while hydrolysis was carried out at 50 °C for 32.8 h with 141 g/L of biomass loading, 8.1 FPU/gds (filter paper activity unit per gram dry substrate) of enzyme loading and 0.4% (w/v) of polysorbate 80. The corresponding cellulose conversion and hemicellulose conversion were 97.2% and 90.4%, respectively.

The Mechanism of Deformation Compatibility of TA2/Q345 Laminated Metal in Dynamic Testing with Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar.

The laminated metal materials are widely used in military, automobile and aerospace industries, but their dynamic response mechanical behavior needs to be further clarified, especially for materials with joint interface paralleling to the loading direction. The mechanical properties of TA2/Q345 (Titanium/Steel) laminated metal of this structure were studied by using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). To shed light on the stress-state of a laminated metal with parallel structure, the relative non-uniformity of internal stress R(t) was analyzed. The mechanism of deformation compatibility of welding interface was discussed in detail. The current experiments demonstrate that in the strain rate range of 931-2250 s-1, the discrepancies of the internal stress in specimens are less than 5%, so the stress-state equilibrium hypothesis is satisfied during the effective loading time. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that all stress-strain responses of the material are valid and reliable. Furthermore, the four deformation stages, i.e., the elastic stage, the plastic modulus compatible deformation stage, uniform plastic deformation stage and non-uniform plastic deformation stage, of the laminated metal with parallel structure were firstly proposed under the modulating action of the welding interface. The deformation stages are helpful for better utilization of laminated materials.

Comparison of multiparametric and biparametric magnetic resonance imaging protocols for prostate cancer diagnosis by radiologists with different experience

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging can detect clinically significant prostate cancer and diagnose extracapsular extension and cancer stage. A scanning protocol that includes only T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted images represents a viable alternative to multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging provided that the high diagnostic accuracy of the test is maintained. In recent studies, biparametric and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated slight differences in the diagnostic accuracy in detecting prostate cancer. AIM: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of biparametric and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer using PI-RADS v2.1 with magnetic resonance imaging-guided multifocal biopsy as the gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study initially processed the medical records of 126 patients. The inclusion criteria were as follows: presence of PI-RADS 2.1 multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, clinical information on free and bound prostate-specific antigen blood levels, a multifocal prostate biopsy performed, and a time interval between magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy of no more than 14 days. Three investigators (radiologists with 2, 2–5, and 5 years of experience) independently evaluated biparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate for the presence of pathological foci. After 2 weeks, the researchers evaluated the multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging dataset of the prostate. Each lesion detected, starting from PI-RADS category 3, was compared with the result of a multifocal fusion biopsy. The biopsy result was presented as a sum of Gleason scores, and a Gleason score of ≥7 was considered clinically relevant. According to magnetic resonance imaging data, findings meeting PI-RADS criteria 4 and 5 were considered tumor foci. RESULTS: The best values of sensitivity and specificity of foci detection on magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate gland were 62.5% and 74.6%, respectively. The highest diagnostic accuracy achieved was 70.1%. Magnetic resonance imaging had higher specificity rates for detecting prostatic foci when interpreted by radiologists with 2 years and 5 years of experience. CONCLUSION: Both biparametric and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate demonstrated suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. The sensitivity and specificity of the method tended to improve with increasing experience of the radiologist. Biparametric protocols of prostate scanning have a definite economic advantage over multiparametric protocols because of the absence of contrast agents and consumables and a significant decrease in magnetic resonance scanner loading time; however, their use can lead to a decrease in the diagnostic accuracy of the method.

Strength characteristics of foamed concrete under coupling effect of constant compressive loading and freeze-thaw cycles

In cold regions, foamed concrete used for the tunnel reserved deformation layer is usually subjected to environmental factors, such as the groundwater erosion, peristaltic pressure of surrounding rock, and freeze-thaw cycles. In this research, experiments considering single-factor (i.e., water immersion, constant compressive loading, and freeze-thaw cycles) and coupled multi-factor effects (the coupling of water saturated - constant loading and constant loading - freeze thaw cycles) were conducted on foamed concretes with different densities to examine the strength variation under different conditions. The results show that under the effect of single-factor environment, the average compressive strength of saturated foamed concrete is about 10% lower than the dry foamed concrete. The compressive strength of foamed concrete significantly decreases at the beginning of constant compressive loading but gradually increases with the loading time. Furthermore, the strength loss of foamed concrete after 30 freeze-thaw cycles can exceed 10%. Under the multi-factor coupled environment, the hydraulic effect accelerates the degradation of foamed concrete, particularly in terms of water saturation - constant loading coupling. Furthermore, for loading - freeze thaw cycles coupling, the compressive loading of 0.3 fc (fc is the unconfined compressive strength at 28 days) can improves the frost resistance of foamed concrete. In addition, the results of orthogonal analysis prove that the density has the most important influence, followed by the freeze-thaw cycle and the slightest effect of constant compressive loading. Additionally, a prediction equation of compressive strength as a function of density, freeze-thaw cycles, and the constant pressure value was established to describe the strength variation of foamed concretes under coupled-loading effects.

Regional Residential Short-Term Load-Interval Forecasting Based on SSA-LSTM and Load Consumption Consistency Analysis

The electricity consumption behavior of the inhabitants is a major contributor to the uncertainty of the residential load system. Human-caused uncertainty may have a distributional component, but it is not well understood, which limits further understanding the stochastic component of load forecasting. This study proposes a short-term load-interval forecasting method considering the stochastic features caused by users’ electricity consumption behavior. The proposed method is composed of two parts: load-point forecasting using singular spectrum analysis and long short-term memory (SSA-LSTM), and load boundaries forecasting using statistical analysis. Firstly, the load sequence is decomposed and recombined using SSA to obtain regular and stochastic subsequences. Then, the load-point forecasting LSTM network model is trained from the regular subsequence. Subsequently, the load boundaries related to load consumption consistency are forecasted by statistical analysis. Finally, the forecasting results are combined to obtain the load-interval forecasting result. The case study reveals that compared with other common methods, the proposed method can forecast the load interval more accurately and stably based on the load time series. By using the proposed method, the evaluation index coverage rates (CRs) are (17.50%, 1.95%, 1.05%, 0.97%, 7.80%, 4.55%, 9.52%, 1.11%), (17.95%, 3.02%, 1.49%, 5.49%, 5.03%, 1.66%, 1.49%), (19.79%, 2.79%, 1.43%, 1.18%, 3.37%, 1.42%) higher than the compared methods, and the interval average convergences (IACs) are (−18.19%, −8.15%, 3.97%), (36.97%, 21.92%, 22.59%), (12.31%, 21.59%, 7.22%) compared to the existing methods in three different counties, respectively, which shows that the proposed method has better overall performance and applicability through our discussion.

Ultrasound intensification of two‐stage biodiesel production: optimization for palm empty fruit bunch oil as a palm oil industry by‐product

AbstractPalm empty fruit bunch oil (palm EFB oil) is a waste product that can be used to produce biodiesel at a low cost. However, high free fatty acid (FFA) content is the primary obstacle to biodiesel production. Before the transesterification process can begin, the oil must be esterified to reduce its acid content. This study seeks to employ dual‐frequency ultrasound at frequencies of 28 kHz (200 W) and 40 kHz (200 W) to aid in the esterification and transesterification of ZSM‐5‐38 and CaO catalysts, respectively. Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to determine the optimal conditions for the three primary parameters of methanol to oil (M:O molar ratio), catalyst loading and reaction time. A 12:1 M:O molar ratio, 11.36 wt% catalyst loading (ZSM‐5‐38) and 60 min of reaction duration were the optimal conditions for esterification to achieve a FFA conversion of 91.51%. The reusability of ZSM‐5‐38 revealed a decrease in FFA conversions of 87.36, 75.11, 67.13 and 58.68% with each reused cycle. The optimal transesterification conditions were a 3.28:1 M:O molar ratio, 4.62 wt% catalyst loading (CaO) and 64 min of reaction time, yielding 83.58% biodiesel. The viscosity value (D 445), the flash point (D 93) and the heating value (ASTM D240) of biodiesel produced under optimal conditions were evaluated. The biodiesel properties were determined to be 4.7931 mm2/s, 176°C and 40 398 kJ/kg, respectively.

Analysis of contact creep behaviour of nanofilled composites

An effective modelling method for analysing the contact creep behaviour of composite materials with different nanofillers was proposed. Considering both the contact and creep material nonlinearities, an augmented Lagrangian algorithm was used to treat the unilateral contact constraints, and a time-hardening creep constitutive equation was adopted to describe the deformation characteristics of the nanocomposites. The constitutive parameters were extracted through a series of linear fittings based on the multiaxial creep theory and creep test curves, and the accuracy of the constitutive equation was validated. The applications of the proposed modelling method were demonstrated using a rope-wheel contact system (RWCS), in which the wheels were made of polystyrene (PS) with carbon black (CB), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), or chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO). The results indicated that the addition of nanofillers significantly reduced the creep deformation of the contact zone. The CRGO exhibited a better anti-creep performance than that of CB and MWCNT. Compared with pure PS, the maximum deformation on the contact path of the nanocomposite wheel with 5.0 wt% CRGO sheets at 1500 s and 104 s was reduced by approximately 22 % and 52 %, respectively. The coefficient of friction μ had a strong influence on the contact creep deformation when μ < 0.3. Additionally, the anti-creep capability of the added nanofillers became more evident as the loading time increased. The contact creep deformation of the CRGO composite was less than one-tenth that of the matrix material after 30 d.

A Deep Regression Method for Gas Well Liquid Loading Prediction

Summary Liquid loading occurs when gas production falls below the critical liquid-carrying flow rate of the gas well, resulting in the inability to remove the condensate or water in the gas well. Liquid loading can lead to a sharp reduction in production, which affects the gas well ultimate recovery. Accurate prediction of the timing of liquid loading is important for implementing mitigations that reduce liquid accumulation in the production tubing and prevent gas production impairment, as well as for the stability of production. Existing liquid-loading forecasting methods have a time offset in the determination of liquid loading, and there is great variation in the results for different gas wells. Currently, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are widely used for gas well production data acquisition, but the data are not effectively utilized. Deep machine learning techniques are applied to the field data from gas wells and have achieved significant effectiveness. In this study, a bidirectional long short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM) was used to conduct feature extraction on the production data, and the extracted feature was spliced together with the geological and engineering parameter feature. These features were combined with self-attention mechanisms to predict the time of the next liquid loading. Because the modeling results fit the actual liquid loading in production scenarios better, our method also customizes the loss functions. Experimental verification was conducted using actual production data from 13 gas wells. The recall was 1 and F1 was 0.87 for the experimental data in the model, and the customized loss function led to a 6.5% improvement in F1. The experimental results verify that our method can accurately forecast liquid-loading onset in gas wells in a timely manner, which can help reduce costs and increase efficiency in shale gas production.

Statistical Optimization of Tween-80-Assisted Potassium Hydroxide Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Enhancing Sugar Yields from Corn Cob

With the addition of Tween 80, potassium hydroxide pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were statistically optimized to maximize sugar yields from corn cob (CC). The results indicated that the sugar yields from CC could be influenced significantly by the potassium hydroxide concentration, temperature and time during pretreatment. The optimized pretreatment conditions were as follows: potassium hydroxide, 46 g·L−1; Tween 80, 3.0 g·L−1; solid dose, 200 g·L−1; temperature, 78 °C; and time, 50 min. After optimization, the lignin reduction and recoveries of cellulose and hemicellulose were 89.7%, 97.8% and 68.0%, respectively. In addition, sugar production could also be influenced by the biomass loading, enzyme loading and reaction time. A maximal glucose production (518.48 mg·gds−1, milligrams per gram of dry substrate) and xylose production (351.14 mg·gds−1), 97.2% cellulose conversion and 82.9% hemicellulose conversion from CC could be obtained when the biomass loading was 195 g·L−1 and the enzyme loading was 8.9 FPU·gds−1 (filter paper activity units per gram of dry substrate) and when the Tween 80 concentration was 3.0 g·L−1 at 50 °C for 30.4 h during hydrolysis. This is the first systematic study of combined Tween 80 pretreatment of CC by potassium hydroxide and hydrolysis of CC by cellulase preparation to increase sugar production.

How Does the Micro-Groove Profile Influence the Mechanics of Taper Junction in Hip Implants? A Finite Element Study

This study aims to investigate the effect of ridged (micro-grooved) surface finish over the trunnion surface on the mechanics (stress, strain, and deformation) of the head–neck taper interface in hip implants. Using finite element modelling, the study focused on the geometric parameters of such micro-grooves to study how they would mechanically affect stress and deformation fields after the assembly procedure. As such, five different 2D models with varying micro-groove height and spacing were produced and assembled under an impaction assembly force of 4 kN in a 32 mm CoCrMo head engaged with a 12/14 Ti-6Al-4V neck. The results showed that lower von Mises stresses could be induced by either an increase or decrease in spacing against the base model (Model 1), which probably signifies that the relationship between the ridge spacing and stress may depend on the level of spacing. It was concluded that the geometrical parameters of the ridges (and their non-linear interactions) impact not only the stress and strain fields but also the assembly loading time at which the maximal stress and plastic deformation occur.

Study on dynamic characteristics and non-constant fractional dynamic creep model for frozen silty clay

The long-term dynamic characteristics of frozen soil are important theoretical basis for the dynamic stability evaluation of geoengineering in cold regions. Compared to unfrozen soil, the dynamic creep behaviour is more complicated owing to its rheological property. In this study, triaxial tests under cyclic loads with different constant stress amplitudes and confining pressures for frozen silty clay (FSC) are carried out. The long-term dynamic creep process and deformation mechanism under different dynamic stress amplitudes were investigated. The test results show that with the cyclic numbers increasing, the dynamic elastic modulus and the hysteretic loop area decrease because of the damage accumulation in the samples. Also the dynamic strength decreases with an increase in failure cyclic numbers under different confining pressures. Based on the fractional calculus theory, replacing the Newton's dashpot in the traditional Maxwell model with fractional Abel's dashpot, a fractional dynamic creep model is established. Considering the melting and crushing of the ice inclusion, the slip effect in frozen soil is increasingly significant, the viscosity coefficient of dashpot element is decreasing with an increase in loading time. In the proposed model, a non-constant dashpot element is introduced to clarify the constitutive relation of the FSC in the accelerated creep stage. The comparison results confirm that the proposed constitutive model is valid and suitable for reflecting the long-term dynamic creep behaviours of the FSC.

Biodiesel synthesis through soybean oil transesterification using choline-based amino acid ionic liquids as catalysts

In this study, twelve choline-based amino acid ionic liquids ([Cho][AA]-ILs) were synthesized employing amino acids and choline as raw materials. [Cho][AA]-ILs were effectively employed as catalysts in the biodiesel preparation via the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. Among the synthesized [Cho][AA]-ILs, cholinium arginate ([Cho][Arg]) was selected as the appropriate catalyst. To optimize the primary experimental reaction conditions (methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst load, reaction temperature, and reaction time), an experimental design was achieved by the A response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The maximum biodiesel conversion of 98.58% was achieved with the [Cho][Arg] catalyst under the following optimal conditions: methanol to oil molar ratio of 9.13:1, catalyst load of 14.75%, a reaction time of 56.44 min and temperature 81.41 °C. A first-order kinetic of [Cho][Arg]-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil with methanol was shown with activation energy and a pre-exponential factor of 10.06 kJ·mol−1 and 1.1707 min−1, respectively. The ionic liquid [Cho][Arg] is a promising, easy to synthesize, and biodegradable catalyst that can replace traditional catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel.

Evaluation the mobility of the dental implant (comparison between the cemented and screw retained single fixed prosthesis)

Aim of the study: To evaluate the mobility of the dental implant at the time of loading, after three months and six months from the loading of the implants in the patient's mouth of two types of retaining methods (cemented and screw type). Materials and Methods: A total of twenty dental implants were implanted in 20patients. These patients divided into 2 groups. The first group received screw retained prosthesis. The second group received cemented retained prosthesis. The stability of these implants was measured using periotest device at the time of loading, 3monthes and six months after loading. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistic, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Duncan Multiple analysis range test and student t-test. Result: Among the two groups, the group receiving screw retaining prosthesis having a significant greater stability than that group receiving cemented type retaining prosthesis. Conclusion: the residual dental cement that remain after cementation of the cemented retaining prosthesis, affect directly on the perodontium health, and this subsequently affect on the stability of the dental implant.

Analisa Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja pada Proses Pemuatan Crude Oil di Single Buoy Mooring Tuban Marine Terminal

Single Buoy Mooring (SBM) is a means for mooring tankers to carry out loading or unloading operations through SBM located on the high seas. SBM serves to facilitate loading or unloading crude oil by connecting the installation on land through pipes connected to the SBM system on the high seas. The thing that is considered so that the mooring process runs safely is by minimizing the factors and hazards that cause the mooring process to be hampered. the danger at the time of loading at SBM is during the process of mooring the ship and the danger of H2S gas contained in curde oil. During the loading of crude oil, the cargo must always be checked for H2S gas levels in crude oil, this gas is quite dangerous when exposed directly to H2S gas. It can cause loss of smell, eye irritation, shortness of breath, unconsciousness and death. This thesis research method is a qualitative descriptive method by analyzing the problem using Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Risk Control (HIRARC).

ATZ composites with enhanced mechanical reliability and lifetime

Tetragonal zirconia demonstrates very good mechanical properties in rapid tests but reveals the strength decrease over time typical for oxide materials. If the material is loaded for a long period of time, the subcritical crack propagation occurs. Introducing additional phases into the zirconia matrix can both limit the grain size growth and introduce residual stresses, which can retard or even stop the crack run. The base of this work is a composite from the family of alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ) ones with a dispersed small content of alumina (1.5 wt%). The matrix was obtained via common sintering of different zirconia powders with various yttria content, which resulted in the material of a very small grain size. Incorporating additional alumina (8.4 or 15.8 wt%) led to the independence of strength from the loading time. Other calculations were made in order to estimate the survival time of the material working under load.

Aeration strategies and total nitrogen removal in a hybrid aerated treatment wetland

Abstract This study investigates the impact of aeration strategy on the performance of total nitrogen (TN) removal in a compact hybrid aerated treatment wetland (TW), called Rhizosph'air®. The system combines a single-stage French vertical flow wetland with an aerated horizontal-flow wetland, offering a unique and flexible approach for optimizing TN removal. In total, seven experimental conditions were tested, with different aeration modes, hydraulic loading rates and ammonium addition. The wetland system demonstrated high performance in terms of chemical oxygen demand removal (&amp;gt;85%) and solids removal (&amp;gt;90%), regardless of the experimental condition. However, TN removal was found to be directly impacted by operational changes. Increasing the hydraulic loading rate from 0.15 to 0.25 m/day led to an improvement in TN removal, achieving over 60%. Furthermore, when ammonium was added to the inlet and when the aeration timing was synced with the timing of the influent batch load, the environmental conditions facilitated the denitrification process, resulting in TN removal of approximately 70% and the lowest effluent NO3-N concentrations (8.70 ± 4.40 mg/L). In summary, the timing of the aeration strategy according to influent batch loading improved TN removal, suggesting its potential for optimization in future studies.

Research on optimal dispatch of microgrid with dispatchable load

With the rapid development of society, traditional energy has become increasingly scarce and the problem of environmental pollution has intensified. By analyzing the objective functions of gas turbine, battery, photovoltaic power generation, and wind power generation, their constraints are established, and a microgrid optimal dispatching system is established. Using the idea of particle swarm optimization algorithm, an optimal dispatching model of microgrid with schedulable load is proposed. The particle swarm optimization algorithm runs in the optimal strategy algorithm of MATLAB to predict the optimal dispatching transmission time of the dispatchable load, and finally, minimize the total operating cost of the microgrid system by comparing the output before and after distributed generation in the system and the total load of the system.