Timing Of Return Research Articles

The timing and mode of foreign exit from conflict zones: A behavioral perspective

We examine the timing and mode of firm exits from host-country conflict zones. We argue that timing and mode are interdependent decisions where decision ordering matters, and show that a firm’s prioritizing of either exit timing or mode is dependent on the relative salience of two behavioral stimuli: (1) the firm’s own experience (i.e., its performance shortfall), and (2) the experience of peer firms (i.e., their exits). Using instrumental variables modeling on a sample of 101 Japanese MNE exits from 11 conflict-afflicted countries between 1991 and 2005, we demonstrate that, when mode is prioritized over timing, partial exits tend to occur earlier and whole exits later. However, when timing is prioritized over mode, the decision choices reverse: earlier exits tend to be whole and later exits partial. The outcome of one decision therefore affects that of the other in a unique and predictable manner, such that the ordering of the decisions both produces and precludes strategic choices. Our findings, based on a multidecision problem that has traditionally been treated as a single decision (i.e., foreign exit), delineate expanded boundary conditions for satisficing, as well as reconcile optimizing and satisficing behaviors.

Preschoolers’ parent and teacher/director perceptions of returning to early childcare education during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundEarly Care and Education (ECE) sites are critical hubs for social, emotional, and physical learning development of preschool children (ages 3–5). The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted ECE enrollment and participation; until June 2022, preschool children in the US were ineligible for COVID-19 vaccines. It is critical to identify perceptions of teachers/directors and parents to enhance safe return-to-school efforts.MethodsFocus groups (n = 7; 22 participants) were conducted with ECE teachers/directors throughout Arizona to examine perceptions of COVID-19 testing for families and staff at ECE sites, and current and possible COVID-19 mitigation strategies during Summer 2021. Preschool parents from underserved families in Phoenix (n = 41) completed a brief survey on their perceptions of benefits of ECE for themselves and their children, thoughts on COVID-19 mitigation strategies, and timing for safe return to school during Spring 2021. Focus groups were transcribed and analyzed for themes using constant comparison.ResultsThere were 4 focus group themes: 1) perceptions of saliva-based COVID-19 testing, 2) logistical strategies for COVID-19 testing at ECE sites; 3) successes and challenges with current COVID-19 mitigation strategies; 4) ideas to support improved COVID-19 mitigation, including outdoor gardening. Parents rated peace of mind about the child’s education as the most important benefit for themselves of in-person ECE (74.6%), and social development for children as the most important benefit for their children (54.4%). Over 40% of parents reported it would not be safe to send children back until 2022.ConclusionsCOVID-19 continues to impact attendance at ECE sites, despite parents reporting key benefits to attending ECE sites. Teachers/directors supported COVID-19 mitigation strategies including saliva-based testing and gardening education to improve safe return to schools.

Functional Recovery Measured by Longitudinal Daily Steps in Individuals with Acetabular Dysplasia Undergoing Periacetabular Osteotomy

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is a surgical procedure for individuals with acetabular dysplasia (AD), with goals of increasing hip joint bony congruency and improving pain and function. Little is known regarding functional recovery over time following PAO. We used commercially-available wrist-worn activity trackers to monitor daily steps from before to 4 months following PAO. <h3>Design</h3> A cohort study. <h3>Setting</h3> University laboratory. <h3>Participants</h3> 6 women with AD scheduled for PAO (mean age=23.2±9.2). <h3>Interventions</h3> PAO. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> We provided participants with a commercially-available smart watch (Fitbit Ionic) to wear daily from before PAO through 4-months following PAO. We linked each participant's device with an online data platform (Fitabase) designed specifically for wearable data. Following PAO, participants underwent standardized rehabilitation and started involved-limb weightbearing near 6 weeks following PAO (range: 4-12 weeks following PAO). We calculated average daily step volume before PAO, and at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 4 months following PAO. We used repeated-measures ANOVA to compare step volume at each time point before and after PAO. <h3>Results</h3> Compared to step volume before PAO (5,054±2,731 steps/day), there were significant decreases in step volume at 2 weeks following PAO (1,418±1,090 steps/day, p=.017) and at 1 month following PAO (1,525±1,365 steps/day, p=.019). There was no significant difference in step volume before PAO versus at 4 months following PAO (5,129±2,514, p=.950). <h3>Conclusions</h3> By 4 months following PAO, individuals with AD demonstrated a similar volume of daily steps as to that of baseline values. Using consumer-accessible activity trackers before and after PAO provides objective, continuous estimation of physical activity and walking data, and further study may provide real-world data to inform surgical outcomes and optimal timing of return to work/activity. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> None.

Modulation Theory for Radially Symmetric Kink Waves Governed by a Multi-Dimensional Sine-Gordon Equation

We derive a modulation theory for the resolution of radially symmetric kink waves governed by a multi-dimensional sine-Gordon equation. Whitham modulation theory is developed to explain the return of an expanding kink wave, as well as predicting its maximum expansion radius and its return time. Comparisons with full numerical solutions of the sine-Gordon equation show that the modulation theory gives excellent predictions for not only the returning time and the maximum expansion radius, but also for the details of the kink itself. In addition, the method can be extended to dissipative sine-Gordon equations and generalized to deal with a wide class of initial conditions beyond kinks.

Range of Motion, Strength, and Function After ACL Reconstruction Using a Contralateral Patellar Tendon Graft.

Regaining preinjury levels of activity and progressing rehabilitation factors after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have shown mixed results. To evaluate the timing and rate of return for knee range of motion (ROM), stability, strength, and subjective scores after ACL reconstruction with contralateral patellar tendon graft (PTG). Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Included were 2148 patients (1238 male patients, 910 female patients) who underwent primary ACL reconstruction with a contralateral PTG between 1995 and 2017 and had complete objective data through 3 months of follow-up. All patients participated in a rehabilitation program specific to goals for each knee. Patients were evaluated objectively with goniometric measurement of ROM, isokinetic quadriceps strength testing, and laxity with a KT-2000 arthrometer. Subjective data were collected at 2 and 5 years. Normal extension on the reconstructed knee was attained for 95% of patients at 1 week postoperatively; normal flexion on the reconstructed knee was reached by 77% of patients by 3 months. At 3 months postoperatively, mean limb symmetry index strength was 104%, and the strength on the ACL-reconstructed and graft-donor knees was 87% and 86% of their respective preoperative strength. Mean manual maximum side-to-side difference in laxity was 2.0 mm at 1 month. Most patients (90%) returned to level 8 sports or higher and did so at an average of 5.7 months. Mean International Knee Documentation Committee scores for the ACL-reconstructed and graft-donor knees were 89 and 91 at 2 years (n = 1015 patients) and 84 and 90 at 5 years (n = 1275 patients), respectively. Mean Cincinnati Knee Rating Scale scores for the ACL-reconstructed and graft-donor knees were 92 and 96 at 2 years (n = 1184) and 88 and 94 at 5 years (n = 1236), respectively. For patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with a contralateral PTG, postoperative ROM and strength were restored quickly by splitting the rehabilitation into different goals between the two knees. Using a contralateral PTG, this structured rehabilitation plan can lead to a relatively quick return to sport and good subjective long-term outcomes.

ПОВОЄННЕ ТАРГЕТУВАННЯ ІНФЛЯЦІЇ: КЛЮЧОВІ ВИКЛИКИ

На період воєнного стану НБУ призупинив таргетування інфляції, але анонсував повернення до нього в найближчий час з усіх можливих моментів. Повоєнна нормалізація монетарної політики в Україні є історично безпрецедентною, оскільки більшість відомих випадків стосується перезапуску грошового обігу і налагодження банківської діяльності, створення центробанку як інституції, що покликана елімінувати макроекономічні передумови внутрішньокраїнних конфліктів. Водночас воєнні конфлікти характеризуються емісійним фінансуванням бюджету, сплеском інфляції і посиленням доларизації, а сеньйораж може бути оптимальною формою компенсації раптової втрати податкових надходжень виключно в обмежених обсягах. Відновлення інфляційного таргетування в Україні наражатиметься на ряд загальних макроекономічних викликів у вигляді: прискорення інфляції, затримки коригування компонентів небазової інфляції, невизначеності щодо обсягів емісійного фінансування дефіциту після припинення воєнного стану; деградації монетарної трансмісії; погіршення інфляційних очікувань та імовірного посилення ефектів перенесення. Однак дані виклики, радше, впливатимуть на таймінг повернення до таргетування інфляції. З технічної точки зору цей процес наражатиметься на проблеми, пов’язані: із специфікацією інфляційної цілі (новий «похилий» коридор, актуалізація старої цілі в різних формах); імовірним оптимальним зниженням її рівня через євроінтеграцію; погіршенням критеріальних значень ВВП-розриву і рівня нейтральної ставки при оцінюванні стану монетарної політики; поновленням процесу нагромадження валютних резервів з відповідним продовженням тенденції до підтримки структурного профіциту ліквідності. Незалежність НБУ відіграватиме ключову роль для нейтралізації проблеми довіри в умовах потенційної альтернативності між швидкістю стабілізації інфляції і акселерацією темпів економічного відновлення.

Adolescent athletes return to sports rapidly after posterior spine fusion for idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective cohort study.

No consensus exists regarding the timing for return to sports after PSF for patients with AIS. Return-to-play protocols are based on expert opinion and vary widely. The purpose of this study was to determine how rapidly athletes return to baseline sports activity following posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Athletes were consecutively enrolled. Inclusion criteria included competition at a junior varsity level or greater for ≥ 3months yearly, major Cobb angle of 40-75°, age 10-18years, and one year of follow-up. Athletes completed preoperative sports performance and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical activity, pain interference, and depressive symptoms questionnaires. Self-assessments were repeated monthly until one year after PSF. Twenty-six athletes were enrolled. The median time to return to sport was 2.7months [range: 0.6-13months]. At twelve months, 24 of 26 [90.1%; 95% CI 36.9-74.9%] athletes reported they had returned to the sport at their presurgical level of play. Participation in contact sports was associated with a longer return to sport relative to participation in non-contact/limited contact sports [Hazard Ratio: 0.37, 95% 95% CI 0.14-0.97, p = 0.0427]. Conditioning and flexibility were the most common barriers to return to sport. When released to unrestricted activity at 4-8weeks, athletes rapidly return to baseline levels of sports performance, with over half achieving this metric by 3months.

Do Concomitant Posterior Malleolus Fractures Affect Mid-Term Functional Outcomes in Tibial Shaft Fractures?

Category: Trauma; Ankle Introduction/Purpose: The association between diaphyseal tibial fractures and posterior malleolus fracture has been reported between 4 to 25% of cases. Early diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion and may change the surgical strategy. To our knowledge, no studies had compared the functional and quality of life results of tibial fractures with and without posterior malleolus extension. Methods: A retrospective comparative study including patients sustaining tibial shaft fractures classified by AO type 42, 43A, and 43B1.1, with a minimum one-year follow-up. Exclusion criteria included open fractures, pathological bone fractures and patients with a previous history of ipsilateral bone injury. Patients were divided into two groups, tibial shaft injuries with posterior malleolus fracture (PM) and fractures without posterior malleolus fracture (WPM) diagnosed using computed tomography (CT) preoperatively. The posterior malleolus fracture was fixed before the tibial fracture, either with 1 or 2 percutaneous anteroposterior or posteroanterior screws. Postoperative CT was used to assess the quality of reduction in all patients. Functional and quality of life results were evaluated using the Lower Extremity Function Score (LEFS), visual pain analog scale (VAS), and Short Form (SF12). We compared times of return to work/sports, complications and additional procedures during follow-up. Shapiro-Wilk test and Student t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Twenty patients in the PM group and 22 in the WPM group were included with a mean follow-up of 43 months (R:8-43). Groups were demographically comparable, with an average age of 47.6 and 43.3 years (p:0.34), respectively. All fractures healed, CT showed an anatomical articular reduction in all patients. Tibial shaft fracture was treated with intramedullary nailing in 15 patients of the WPM group and seven patients in the PM group. Percutaneous medial plating was used in the rest of the cases. At final follow-up, LEFS score in the PM group was 73.6 vs. 70.6 in the WPM group, with no significant difference (p:0.23). There were also no significant differences in VAS scale, time of return to work and sports in both groups. The PM group scored better in physical (p:0,02) and mental (p:0,01) SF-12. Conclusion: In this series of closed tibial shaft fractures, the presence of a posterior malleolus fracture did not affect functional results, time to return to work, or return to sports. Moreover, the SF-12 was superior in the PM group. All patients in the PM group had a timely diagnosis and anatomical reduction, which probably influenced the good clinical results. There were no additional procedures or degenerative complications in the PM group.

Modelling time-varying volatility using GARCH models: evidence from the Indian stock market.

Background: In this study, we examined the volatility of the Indian stock market from 2008 to 2021. Owing to the financial crisis, volatility forecasting of the Indian stock market has become crucial for economic and financial analysts. An empirical study of the returns of the NSE indices revealed an autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic trend in the Indian stock market. Methods: Using GARCH 1, 1 (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) and FIGARCH (fractionally integrated GARCH), we examine investor behaviour and the persistence of long-term volatility. Results: The empirical findings of the estimated models suggest that shocks persist for a long time in NSE returns. Furthermore, bad news has a greater impact on stock volatility than good news. The return on assets is stable but highly volatile, even though the Indian economy has experienced the global crash to some extent. Conclusions: Models of volatility derived from the GARCH equation provide accurate forecasts and are useful for portfolio allocation, performance measurement, and option valuation.

Application of the Slater criteria to localize invariant tori in Hamiltonian mappings.

We investigate the localization of invariant spanning curves for a family of two-dimensional area-preserving mappings described by the dynamical variables I and θ by using Slater's criterion. The Slater theorem says there are three different return times for an irrational translation over a circle in a given interval. The returning time, which measures the number of iterations a map needs to return to a given periodic or quasi periodic region, has three responses along an invariant spanning curve. They are related to a continued fraction expansion used in the translation and obey the Fibonacci sequence. The rotation numbers for such curves are related to a noble number, leading to a devil's staircase structure. The behavior of the rotation number as a function of invariant spanning curves located by Slater's criterion resulted in an expression of a power law in which the absolute value of the exponent is equal to the control parameter γ that controls the speed of the divergence of θ in the limit the action I is sufficiently small.

Treatment of Maisonneuve fractures using a plate, TightRope® syndesmosis fixation, and arthroscopic assistance

Objective. To retrospectively evaluate short- and medium-term clinical and radiographic outcomes and the timing of return to sport in patients with Maisonneuve fractures treated in our operational unit by stabilization using a suture-button system and plate combined with arthroscopic assistance (SBPAA). Methods. Between January 2018 and December 2020, 8 patients took part in the study and underwent clinical and radiographic follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months during which we clinically re-evaluated the syndesmosis and determined values for tibiofibular overlap and medial clear space (MCS). Results. Patients returned to full weight-bearing walking on average in the ninth week and to sport in 7.5 months. Radiographic parameters continued to improve during follow-up. Two patients reported long-term complications (residual joint stiffness and complex regional pain syndrome). Conclusions. Despite the limitations due to the small number of patients, this study highlights the importance of intraoperative arthroscopy in recognizing and treating associated osteochondral lesions and enabling proper evaluation of the syndesmosis. In addition, the combination of robustness and elasticity provided by the use of a double TightRope and plate mimics the normal anatomy of the syndesmosis and guarantees a rapid return to sporting activity.

P139. Return to essential activities after commonly performed minimally invasive spine surgery

<h3>BACKGROUND CONTEXT</h3> Postoperative recovery is a common discussion topic during their preoperative counseling. Studies have reported return to activities with open techniques, with recent literature focusing on minimally invasive techniques. However, the precise timing of when patients return to these activities after certain procedures remains uncertain. <h3>PURPOSE</h3> The purpose of this study was to evaluate the timing of return to commonly performed activities, including driving, working and discontinuing opioids, as well as to identify preoperative factors associated with these outcomes. <h3>STUDY DESIGN/SETTING</h3> This was a single-center, multi-surgeon, retrospective review. Patients in this study had lumbar stenosis and underwent either minimally invasive lumbar laminectomy (MIS-L) or minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) between 7/2018 and 10/2021. <h3>OUTCOME MEASURES</h3> In addition to time to return to drive, return to work and discontinuation of opioids, patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) including Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, Short Form-12 physical and mental score components (SF-12 PCS and SF-12 MCS), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function (PROMIS-PF) were collected preoperatively. <h3>METHODS</h3> Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic variables, PROMs and return-to-activity measures. Logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with return to driving by 15, work by 30 days and for discontinuing opioids by 15 days. A composite group was also created for patients who returned to all three activities, and regression was performed for return to all activities by 30 days. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Seventy-one patients (88.8%) (Median 11 days; IQR 5-25) in the MIS-L group and 80 (96.4%) (Median 18.5 days; IQR 14-30) in the MIS-TLIF group returned to driving. Fifty-seven patients (91.9%) (Median 14 days; IQR 4.5-32) in the MIS-L group and 54 (85.7%) (Median 25 days; IQR 14-49.75) in the MIS-TLIF returned to work. Sixty-three patients (88.7%) (Median 7 days; IQR 4-17) in the MIS-L group and 87 (92.6%) (Median 11 days; IQR 5-18) in the MIS-TLIF group discontinued opioids. Twenty-five (96.2%) subjects in the MIS-L group and 45 (100%) of the MIS-TLIF group returned to all three activities, with a median of 27 days [IQR 14-53.5] and 31 days [IQR 18.5-49], respectively. Male gender (OR 3.57, 95 CI [1.64, 7.69], p=0.001) and a higher preoperative SF-12 PCS score (OR 1.08, 95 CI [1.02, 1.12], p=0.004) predicted return to driving by 15 days. Male gender (OR 3.23, 95 CI [1.27, 8.2], p=0.014) and a higher preoperative SF-12 PCS score (OR 1.07, 95 CI [1.01, 1.13], p=0.029) predicted return to work by 30 days. A higher preoperative VAS back was correlated with decreased odds of discontinuing opioids by 15 days (OR 0.84, 95 CI [0.73, 0.96], p=0.011). <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Minimally invasive techniques seem to narrow the gap in postoperative recovery between a laminectomy and TLIF in this relatively homogenous patient population. While our data do not provide guidance on surgical indication, they do suggest that patients undergoing MIS TLIF are highly likely to return to work, driving and discontinue opioids. Additionally, the difference between the two procedures is less than 2 weeks for most activities and similar when examining composite success. These findings serve as an important compass for preoperative counseling. <h3>FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS</h3> This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.

Assessment of Operative Time for Lip and Oral Cancers: A Tool to Improve Operative Room Efficiency.

Operation theatre (OT) time utilisation rates can be improved with an assessment of the procedure time that will result in effective scheduling of cases. Our study is the first of its kind to audit the amount of OT time required for a particular surgery in lip and oral cavity cancers, depending on the various components of this complex procedure. This prospective cross-sectional study, based on an operative room database of 323 OT sessions, was conducted in the Department of Surgical Oncology at a tertiary care centre on lip and oral cancer patients from January 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2020. Various components of the surgery, like the primary site, operating surgeon, type of neck dissection, bone resection, and reconstructive procedure, were noted. The time of entry and exit of the patient from the OT was noted. Operative time and OT time utilisation rates were calculated. SPSS 21.0 statistical tool; Students 'T', ANOVA and Games-Howell tests were applied. In 323 OT sessions, while 303 surgeries were done for primary cases (93.8%), the remaining 20 cases were for recurrent cases (6.2%). Buccal mucosa and the floor of the mouth were the most and least common sites, respectively. The mean OT time was 212.42 ± 73.83min, the maximum being the primary at alveolus. The mean OT late start time was 70.03 ± 23.41min and the mean OT runover time was 37.62 ± 43.53min. The mean time varied significantly with the type of neck dissection, bone resection, and reconstructive surgery done and the operating surgeon. The mean OT time was highest for free flap reconstructive surgery (328.71 ± 62.02min), but it didn't vary with its type. Considering only the lip and oral cancer surgeries, the OT time utilisation rate was 57.1%. Assessment and quantification of the operative duration of lip and oral cancer surgeries will help in accurate prediction of surgical duration, better OT list planning, and thus improved OT time utilisation rate. Our research not only provides data on the historical mean of procedures, but it may also encourage other centres to adopt our quantitative approach to OT scheduling.

Analyzing Market Trends Using a Visual Approach

This research discusses various technical analysis methods and their flaws in the stock market price trend, and proposes a plan that integrates several technical indicators to analyze the price trend. Changes in price trends are mainly due to market uncertainty about the future. The macro investment sentiment is crucial to the impact of price trends. Any political and financial decision-making changes or events can affect the market’s investment sentiment. Changes in securities market prices usually have a direct response to changes in the macro investment environment. A single technical indicator captures this change. But when multiple technical indicators are used, there is the potential for conflicting signals. Investors can judge future trends based on their familiarity with the market or experience. For resolving the conflict of technical indicator signals and managing future uncertainty, this study uses information entropy theory as an algorithm for integrating technical indicators and then forms an easy-to-read price trend chart. The K-line chart with various color changes provides a visual price trend judgment to facilitate investors to make decisions. This study uses several exponential moving averages as the main component indicators of price information entropy to test the Dow Jones futures and many individual stock research objects. The emphasis of this study is not on finding indicators that are 100% profitable, but on the management of market uncertainty. The liquidity of investment products is very important, and sufficient liquidity is needed to accurately judge the trend. When the price trend is uncertain, the K-line chart designed in this study is displayed in different colors, and investors can directly observe whether they can enter the market for trading. The timing of entry and exit proposed in this study is entirely based on the certainty of the trend. In the verification, strictly observe the timing of entering and exiting the investment strategy, and only enter the market when you are sure of the trend, so that the investment profit is significant. This study verifies the practicability of this method with past historical data.

Ligamentization of the reconstructed ACL differs between the intraarticular and intraosseous regions: A quantitative assessment using UTE-T2* mapping

The purpose of this study was to prospectively observe the trends of ultrashort echo time (UTE)-T2* values for the intraarticular and intraosseous regions of reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments from 6 to 12 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by using UTE-T2* mapping, and to investigate the changes and differences over time in each region. Ten patients underwent UTE-T2* mapping of the operated knee at 6, 9, and 12 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The UTE-T2* values of intraarticular and intraosseous regions of reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments at 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively were statistically compared. The UTE-T2* values of the intraarticular region at 6 months postoperatively were significantly higher than those at 9 and 12 months. There were no significant differences in the UTE-T2* values at 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively in the intraosseous region. At 6 months postoperatively, the UTE-T2* values of the intraarticular region were significantly higher than those of the intraosseous region. The UTE-T2* values of the intraosseous region at the tibia were significantly lower than those of the other sites at any postoperative time point. According to UTE-T2*mapping-based findings, histological maturation of reconstructed ACLs is faster in the intraosseous region than in the intraarticular region. In particular, the intraarticular region is still undergoing rapid histologic changes at 6 months postoperatively, and its tissue structure is less substantial than normal. The findings of this study may provide clues to determine the optimal timing for safe return to sports in terms of ligamentaization of reconstructed ACLs.

Recovery Kinetics After Commonly Performed Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Procedures.

Single-center, multisurgeon, retrospective review. To evaluate the timing of return to commonly performed activities following minimally invasive spine surgery. Identify preoperative factors associated with these outcomes. Studies have reported return to activities with open techniques, but the precise timing of when patients return to these activities after minimally invasive surgery remains uncertain. Patients who underwent either minimally invasive lumbar laminectomy (MI-L) or minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) were included. Patient-reported outcome measures, return to drive, return to work, and discontinuation of opioids data were reviewed. Regression was conducted to identify factors associated with return to driving by 15 days, return to work by 30 days, and for discontinuing opioids by 15 days. A composite group analysis was also performed for patients who returned to all three activities by 30 days. In total, 123 MI-L patients and 107 MI-TLIF patients were included. Overall, 88.8% of MI-L patients and 96.4% of MI-TLIF patients returned to driving in 11 and 18.5 days, respectively. In all, 91.9% of MI-L patients and 85.7% of MI-TLIF patients returned to work in 14 and 25 days. In all, 88.7% of MI-L patients and 92.6% of MI-TLIF patients discontinued opioids in a median of seven and 11 days. Overall, 96.2% of MI-L patients and 100% of MI-TLIF patients returned to all three activities, with a median of 27 and 31 days, respectively. Male sex [odds ratio (OR)=3.57] and preoperative 12-Item Short Form Physical Component Score (OR=1.08) are associated with return to driving by 15 days. Male sex (OR=3.23) and preoperative 12-Item Short Form Physical Component Score (OR=1.07) are associated with return to work by 30 days. Preoperative Visual Analog Scale back was associated with decreased odds of discontinuing opioids by 15 days (OR=0.84). Most patients return to activity following MI-L and MI-TLIF. These findings serve as an important compass for preoperative counseling.

The Influence of Shoot Location and Mechanical Treatment Following Grafting on Siamese Orange Seedling Development

This study aims to determine the influence of the location of the buds and mechanical treatment after grafting on the growth of orange seedlings. The study used a Randomized Group Design (RAK), arranged factorially with nine combinations of treatments and three tests. The first treatment factor used is the budding eye system (P), consisting of 3 levels, namely P1: Fourth Budding Eye; P2: Fifth Budding Eye; and P3: Sixth Budding Eye. The second factor is mechanical treatment after grafting (K) consisting of 3 levels, namely K1: Rootstock Cutting; K2: Rootstock Restraint; and K3: Rootstock Bending. The parameters observed are the percentage of grafting of living plants, the time of bud exit, the number of leaf blades, the twisting of the stem of the grafting bud, and the length of the grafting bud. Based on the observations on the percentage of grafting that live after mechanical treatment of all budding eye location treatments, it shows that the fifth bud (P2) location treatment gives a higher rate of live grafting, which is 100% compared to other treatments. The treatment of the location of the fifth bud gives the best results against the time of bud exit, the number of leaves, the twisting of the grafting stem and the length of the grafting bud. Mechanical treatment of rootstock restraint after grafting gives the best results against the time of bud exit, the number of leaves, the twisting of the grafting stem and the length of the grafting bud. The interaction between the treatment of the fifth bud location treatment and the mechanical treatment of rootstock holding gave the best results against the growth of Siamese orange seedlings.

A foot and footwear mechanical power theoretical framework: Towards understanding energy storage and return in running footwear

There is extreme interest surrounding the influence of advanced running footwear on running performance. The magnitude, timing, and location of mechanical energy storage and return in footwear may elucidate one way footwear influences running performance. However, the complexity of footwear makes it challenging to model footwear energy storage and return during running. The purpose of this study was to develop a practical framework for evaluating foot and footwear mechanical power profiles during running. First, a unified deformable power analysis (distal rearfoot power) was used to quantify mechanical power of the foot + footwear system. Then, qualitative mechanical power profiles of individual foot and footwear structure were developed using prior literature, benchtop footwear material properties, and experimental kinetics and kinematics. The result is a framework for understanding foot and footwear mechanical power during running using a two-stage analysis. First, foot + footwear power can be experimentally compared when running in various footwear constructions. Second, the developed framework can provide qualitative insights into which foot and footwear structures may contribute to differences in measured foot + footwear power. To highlight the utility of this framework, the timing, magnitude, and location of foot + footwear power is compared when running in different footwear constructions and with different running styles. The framework developed here provides a practical tool for footwear developers and researchers to gain intuition about the timing, relative magnitude, and location of energy storage and return from footwear during running. There are opportunities to expand on this framework to further connect footwear construction to running performance.

Performances of Islamic and conventional equities during the global health crisis: Time‐frequency analysis of BRICS+T markets

AbstractThis study investigates the dynamic linkages and spillover effect between emerging economies (BRICS and Turkey), focusing on global crises, notably the COVID‐19 pandemic. The study uses daily frequency data covering the period from 2002M5 to 2021M03. For the methodology, the paper employs Wavelet Coherence for multiresolution time‐frequency analysis in addition to the frameworks of Diebold‐Yilmaz Connectedness Index (DY12) and Barunik‐Krehlik Frequency Connectedness Index (BK18). The empirical results reveal that the stock market comovements among sample markets are non‐monotonous and depend on the time and frequency of returns. Significant correlations among the sample countries and a spike in overall spillover are also evident at the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic or the Global Health Crisis (GHC). China, Brazil, Russia, and Turkey with all the other markets, experienced the weakest links during the GHC. Brazil, Russia, and South Africa act consistently (across different horizons) as net transmitters, whereas India, China, and Turkey perform as net receivers. Islamic equities are more likely to “give” and less prone to “receive” than conventional equities. Compared to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the GHC effect is more severe but short‐lived. The findings of this study are helpful to policymakers and diverse investors when making portfolio diversification decisions.

Poster 176: International Expert Consensus on Return to Sport Criteria Following Shoulder Stabilization Surgery: A Delphi Study

Objectives:A comprehensive approach to standardize the criteria of return to sport (RTS) following common shoulder procedure in athletes is required to safely return the physically active population to sport postoperatively. There is lack of studies validating the RTS criteria following arthroscopic and/or open shoulder stabilization surgery. We developed a list of widely accepted criteria of RTS following shoulder stabilization surgery using Delphi consensus methods with international experts.Methods:A working group developed a list of approximately 50 criteria. Experts included 27 world renowned shoulder surgeons from various countries who have been recognized as international experts in the field and were invited speakers to international sports medicine meetings rated their agreement to each of the listed criteria. Experts were surveyed on 3 occasions to establish consensus on the inclusion of each RTS criterion in the final list of accepted criteria of RTS after shoulder stabilization surgery. For each round, a 70% agreement was used as a cutoff for consensus. Statements without this level of agreement were excluded in subsequent rounds. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Predefined criteria were used to refine item lists after each survey. Final list of criteria of RTS following shoulder stabilization surgery was complied by the working group and included those that received > 75% agreement on all 3 rounds of rating by experts.Results:We initially identified 50 RTS criteria following shoulder stabilization surgery from the literature that the experts were asked to rate their agreement. Twenty-seven international experts completed the rating in all 3 rounds. The RTS criteria were divided consisted of 5 subgroups including current evidence, ideal characteristics of the RTS criteria, general considerations for RTS criteria, specific considerations for RTS criteria, and dissemination of RTS criteria following shoulder stabilization. For Round 1, the response rate was 100% and 10 (20%) of 47 criteria were eliminated leaving 37 statements for evaluation in Round 2. Round 2 had a 100% response rate, and 1 (2.5%) statement was eliminated leaving 36 criteria for the final round. Round 3 had a 96% response rate, and no statements were eliminated. Respondents agreed on a total 36 statements to define the RTS criteria following shoulder stabilization in athletes. Table 1 provides the final list of accepted criteria and the percentage of agreement for each individual criterion.Conclusions:The final list of statements agreed upon by international experts provide insight into a standardized return to sport criteria following shoulder stabilization surgery in physically active patients. This agreed upon criteria can aid those providing care to athletes in their decision making when determining optimal timing for return to sport.Table 1.Statements that reached an expert consensus above 70% in 3 rounds.