Completion Time Research Articles

Assessing driver distraction from in-vehicle information system: an on-road study exploring the effects of input modalities and secondary task types

In-vehicle information system (IVIS) use is prevalent among young adults. However, their interaction with IVIS needs to be better understood. Therefore, an on-road study aims to explore the effects of input modalities and secondary task types on young drivers' secondary task performance, driving performance, and visual glance behavior. A 2 × 4 within-subject design was undertaken. The independent variables are input modalities (auditory-speech and visual-manual) and secondary task types (calls, music, navigation, and radio). The dependent variables include secondary task performance (task completion time, number of errors, and SUS), driving performance (average speed, number of lane departure warnings, and NASA-TLX), and visual glance behavior (average glance duration, number of glances, total glance duration, and number of glances over 1.6 s). The statistical analysis result showed that the main effect of input modalities is significant, with more distraction during visual-manual than auditory-speech. The main impact of secondary task types was also substantial across most metrics, aside from average speed and average glance duration. Navigation and music were the most distracting, followed by calls, and radio came in last. The distracting effect of input modalities is relatively stable and generally not moderated by the secondary task types, except radio tasks. The findings practically benefit the driver-friendly human–machine interface design, preventing IVIS-related distraction.

Numerical study on hydrogen desorption performance of a new MgH2 solid-state hydrogen storage device

To explore the factors affecting the hydrogen evolution performance of a new MgH2 solid-state hydrogen storage heat exchanger, this paper designs the MgH2 solid-state hydrogen storage device. The study numerically investigates the influence of operating parameters and structural parameters on the hydrogen release reaction. The results demonstrate that the hydrogen desorption rate increases as the pressure decreases from 0.3 MPa to 0.1 MPa. Moreover, the hydrogen evolution reaction rate significantly rises with an increase in the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) from 600 K to 700 K. Similarly, the rate of hydrogen evolution reaction increases with an increase in the flow rate of the HTF from 0.5 m/s to 1.25 m/s. The hydrogen evolution reaction time can be notably reduced by increasing the thickness of the annular HTF layer. Compared to no annular fluid layer, the completion time of the hydrogen desorption reaction is shortened by 558 s with a 5 mm thickness. The arrangement of heat exchanger pipes plays a crucial role in the hydrogen evolution reaction, and thus a comprehensive index M is defined to evaluate its influence. A higher M value indicates slower hydrogen release efficiency of the device. By optimizing the operating conditions, the hydrogen desorption time can be shortened by 93.4 %.

Numerical study on the combined application of multiple phase change materials and gradient metal foam in thermal energy storage device

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) offers significant energy-saving benefits, but its application is limited due to the low thermal conductivity of phase change material (PCM). To address this issue, this article studied the combined application of metal foam structures with different porosity gradients and multiple PCMs with different melting points through numerical simulation to accelerate the melting of PCM and enhance system efficiency. The results showed that the application of multiple PCMs improved the heat transfer performance of the system, reducing the complete melting time by 9.18% compared to using a single PCM with uniform metal foam. Based on the multi-PCM storage system with an average porosity of 0.90, this article designed metal foam structures with one-dimensional and two-dimensional porosity gradients and explored their impacts. The results indicated that in the structure with a one-dimensional porosity gradient along the heat flow direction, the positive gradient decreased thermal resistance, further reducing the complete melting time by 6.18%, while the negative gradient increased it by 19.78%. However, the temperature non-uniformity was lowest with the negative gradient and highest with the positive gradient. The optimal two-dimensional porosity gradient multi-PCM storage model not only reduced thermal resistance but also effectively solved the issue of uneven melting, reducing the complete melting time by 17.96% and increasing the energy storage efficiency by 20.16% compared to the single PCM system with uniform porosity. Furthermore, the article conducted a dimensionless analysis of the optimal structure and different gradient structures, establishing formulas for the liquid fraction concerning modified Fourier number, modified Stefan number, and modified Rayleigh number.

Involvement of cognitive abilities in the occurrence of fractures in fallers aged 55 years or older: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundBoth bone fragility and poor cognitive functions are known to contribute to fracture occurrence, but it remains unclear whether their contribution is independent of each other and which cognitive dysfunctions are most involved. This study aimed to clarify the involvement of various cognitive abilities in fall-related fractures among community-dwelling fallers aged 55 and over, and to determine whether poor cognitive abilities is a risk factor independent of bone fragility.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, we collected sociodemographic and medical data, including bone mineral density (BMD), and performed cognitive and mobility assessments in 189 individuals with a history of fall in the previous year.ResultsFallers with a fracture had poorer cognitive and mobility performance than non-injured fallers. Multivariate regressions revealed that cognition, BMD and other risk factors were independently associated with fracture among all participants (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01–1.08, p = 0.034 for completion time on part A of the Trail Making Test [TMT-A], and OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.33–0.84, p < 0.001 for BMD), particularly in women (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.60–0.98, p = 0.039 for backward digit span score, and OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.25–0.75, p = 0.001 for BMD).ConclusionThus, poor cognition, especially poor processing speed and working memory, is associated with an increased risk of fracture in fallers, particularly in women, regardless of BMD or other fracture risk factors. Hence, an in-depth cognitive evaluation should enhance the detection of fallers at risk of fracture, particularly in the absence of signs of osteoporosis, and thus ensure the best possible prevention.

Analysis of the Application of Accounting Information Systems in the Revenue and Cash Receipts Cycle (Case Study of the Company PT. ASM)

PT. ASM is a research, development and consulting services company that has the main objective of assisting in the implementation of Domestic Component Level (TKDN) certification for a product. This study aims to determine how the application of accounting information systems related to the revenue and cash receipt cycle before and after PT ASM uses web-based applications in order processing, and measuring the effectiveness. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study research type. The results of the study indicate that web-based applications as one of the improvements to accounting information systems that have been effectively implemented to minimize obstacles in order processing, but have not been fully effective in reducing the overall order completion time significantly.

Feasibility of Nurse-Facilitated Advance Care Planning Among Older Veterans in a Dialysis Unit and an Oncology Infusion Center.

Many veterans with serious illnesses, such as end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis and advanced cancer requiring treatment infusions, must make complex decisions about their current and future medical care. Advance care planning (ACP) is a process where individuals identify, express, and communicate their personal values, life goals, and preferences for care. ACP may be feasible in chemotherapy infusion centers or chronic dialysis centers during patient treatment. We assessed the feasibility of a licensed vocational nurse (LVN) facilitator to help veterans review the PREPARE for Your Care program (www.prepareforyourcare.org) and complete an advance directive (AD) in an outpatient hemodialysis unit or a chemotherapy infusion center. PREPARE For Your Care is an evidence-based online program with written pamphlets and ADs that prepares patients to participate with clinicians in making medical decisions. We measured the time to complete a session and the level of assistance required from LVNs via LVN self-report. Self-reported ease-of-use, comfort, and helpfulness were assessed on a 10-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all) to 10 (very). Twenty-eight patients were enrolled (mean age ± SD: 67 ± 11 years); all (100%) completed PREPARE and the AD within 1 session. The mean completion time was 100 (±40) minutes. Most of the patients required considerable assistance from the LVN. The mean scores were 8.0 of 10 for ease-of-use (±2.3), 7.7 of 10 (±2.8) for comfort, and 8.2 of 10 (±2.3) for helpfulness. This pilot study demonstrates that using PREPARE as an ACP tool for veterans may be feasible for patients during hemodialysis and chemotherapy infusion. Patients required considerable assistance from the LVN to complete PREPARE. Hemodialysis and chemotherapy infusion are opportunities when patients have time and space to consider ACP.

Effect of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks on anesthesia and pulmonary function in patients undergoing distal radius fracture surgery.

This study aimed to assess the impact of ultrasound (US)-guided nerve blocks (NBs) on anesthesia and their protective effect on pulmonary function (PF) in patients undergoing distal radius fracture (DRF) surgery. A total of 122 patients undergoing DRF surgery between April 2020 and June 2023 were included. According to the type of peripheral NB technique, these patients were randomized into a control group (CG; n = 60) receiving brachial plexus block (BPB) using blinded techniques, and an observation group (OG; n = 62) receiving US-guided supraclavicular BPB. Anesthetic effects, BPB-related indexes, adverse events, PF parameters (forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow), and serum biochemical indexes (interleukin [IL]-6/10) were compared. The OG showed a relatively higher proportion of good anesthetic effects, shorter onset and completion times of block, and longer block duration compared to the CG, with a lower AE rate. Despite reductions in PF parameters and IL-10 levels after intervention, the OG maintained higher values than the CG. IL-6 levels increased significantly in the OG but remained lower than in the CG. In conclusion, US-guided NBs demonstrated significant anesthetic efficacy and apparently reduced anesthesia adverse events while also exerting a protective effect on PF in DRF surgery patients.

Comparison of ranibizumab and conbercept treatment in type 1 prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity in zone II

PurposeThe treatment with anti-VEGF for Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has already been widely applied in clinics even though there are still many concerns about this treatment. In this project we investigated the clinical outcomes of intra-vitreous conbercept (IVC) and ranibizumab (IVR) injection for treating type 1 prethreshold ROP in Zone II.MethodsThe data of ROP infants receiving IVR or IVC from January 2017 to March 2020 who were followed up for at least 12 months in our hospital was studied in the present retrospective study. Regression, reactivation, complications, and ocular biological parameters were evaluated.ResultsOne hundred twenty-five eyes (64 infants) in IVC group and 229 eyes (117 infants) in IVR group were observed in the study. All infants showed good response to the two anti-VEGF agents. No eyes deteriorated during the observation. No significant difference was found between the two groups as to the regression within one week and one month, the reactivation rate, and the retreatment interval (p > 0.05) whereas retinal complete vascularization rate at 6 mons after the initial treatment and mean completion time of retinal vascularization after initial injection showed significant difference (p < 0.05). At 12 mons PMA the ocular parameters also presented no statistical difference between the two treated groups (p > 0.05). However, the ocular showed slight myopic tendency with the anti-VEGF treatment when compared to the control group (p < 0.05) whereas there was no statistical difference revealed between the two treated groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionsBoth conbercept and ranibizumab for treating type 1 prethreshold ROP in Zone II are safe and effective. They had little effect on the development of ocular whereas there was a slight tendency of myopia after the treatment.

The Effect of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Nursing on the Recovery in Patients After Liver Transplantation

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of enhanced recovery after surgery nursing on the recovery in patients after liver transplantation. MethodsThis study was performed in 128 patients underwent liver transplantation in our hospital. According to the random number table, these patients were divided into the control group (n = 64) and the experimental group (n = 64). Patients in the control group received traditional nursing, while those in the experimental group received enhanced recovery after surgery nursing. Completion time of the operation, the amount of infused red blood cells during operation, intraoperative anhepatic period, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, the total length of hospitalization, the number of patients reintubated after surgery, the survival rate within 1 year after surgery, and the incidence of postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. ResultsIntraoperative anhepatic period and the amount of infused red blood cells during operation in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group (both P < .05). Postoperative ICU stay, the total length of hospitalization, and the number of patients reintubated after surgery in the experimental group were decreased when compared with the control group, while postoperative ventilator weaning time was increased (all P < .05). The survival rates at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (all P < .05). Compared with the control group, the total incidence of complications in the experimental group was reduced (P < .05). ConclusionThe application of enhanced recovery after surgery nursing in liver transplantation patients contributes to the accelerated recovery of body function, shortened total length of hospitalization and ICU stay, declined complications, and increased survival rate within 1 year.

Assessment of Concrete Formwork Practices in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia

Formwork is among the most determinant factors affecting the cost and completion time of construction projects. In this study, the erection practices, challenges, types, quality and cost of formwork on active building construction projects in Bahir Dar were assessed. The study uses, Questionnaires, site observations and oral interviews with project managers, office and site Engineers, construction managers and carpenters were used to organize and analyse data. From assessment, most of the contractors have given less attention to formwork erection and safety issues. Since the principal criteria for formwork selection are cost and traditional formwork erection, it impacts construction safety and reduces the concrete finishing and quality. Formwork erection is left as the task of carpenters and labourers. There is no proper supervision of the quality of formworks that guarantees construction workers&amp;apos; safety so it is vulnerable to physical injuries and affects employee’s health. From the study, timber formwork is the most dominant type of formwork used for the construction of slabs, beams, columns and stairs due to its availability and low cost. Burnt oil is used as a releasing agent in all construction projects that causes undesirable outputs in concrete surfaces.

Thermal effect of the anisotropic metal foam on the melting performance of phase change material: A pore-scale study

Recently, metal foams have been attractive in reinforcing the heat storage process of phase change materials (PCMs) beneficial from their high thermal conductivity, interconnected structure, and large specific surface. Nevertheless, the melting of PCM is not uniform caused by convective heat transfer, so it cannot be sufficiently accelerated by a traditional isotropic metal foam. In this study, we numerically investigated the melting performance of PCM in isotropic and anisotropic metal foams. Results illustrated that the X-anisotropic structure can more efficiently enhance the melting performance as compared to the isotropic original metal foam, but the Z-anisotropic structure suppresses it. Moreover, the X-anisotropy-0.5 shows the fastest melting, its complete melting time is significantly reduced by 7.99 % compared with the original model, and its heat storage power is 8.68 % higher than the original one. Instead, the Z-anisotropic models prolong the complete melting time by 11.10 % ˗ 28.55 %. It is owing that the anisotropic structure would promote the heat transfer along one direction but suppress its vertical direction. This article provides a feasible routine to accelerate the melting of metal foam-based PCMs, thus improving the heat storage power of the latent heat thermal energy storage system.

AR/VR assisted integrated framework of autonomous disassembly system for industrial products

An immersive Augmented Reality (AR) technology enhances productivity and flexibility in manufacturing by providing real-time instructions within workers’ field of view, aiding in complex tasks. According to cognitive load and attention-based theories, AR guidance can reduce cognitive strain, enhancing task performance. The affordance of AR in industrial processes like assembly or disassembly for repair/maintenance has been exploited broadly. However, the prevailing studies on automated user interfaces for AR instruction development, specifically virtual scene creation and target generation for object mapping rendering, still need to be explored. Notably, production industries currently rely on outsourcing skilled professionals to create AR overlaying instructions using manufacturer input. However, the exactness of the disassembly repository is substantial to avoid defects in AR guidance particulars. This underscores the significance of generalized automated AR instruction development and emphasizes the demands for further research. In this work, the autonomous AR-integrated framework is developed for the disassembly context, empowering manufacturers to acquire desired outcomes across various modules. These modules include the validation of the manual user disassembly sequence repository during the prefatory phase of AR instruction creation and the provision of Disassembly Sequence Planning (DSP) input. Additionally, the framework supports the simulation/rendering of disassembly efforts in a virtual platform and the generation of rendering virtual display scenes for appropriate AR-guided object mapping. Furthermore, it enables the generation of essential model targets for registering the AR scenes. Subsequently, the extracted repositories (virtual scenes and model targets) are input into the Unity AR tool to create AR mapping guidance for disassembly operations. The performance of the autonomous disassembly module is evaluated through three case studies with different AR visualizations. Furthermore, the potential of the proposed framework is exploited by extracting feedback from experts regarding flexibility, compatibility, completion time, and cognitive level.

Patient-perceived factors on treatment satisfaction in early onset scoliosis treated surgically with a minimum of ten years

BackgroundThe prognosis of surgically treated subjects with early onset scoliosis (EOS) into adulthood has been lacking. We aimed to investigate the patients’ perspectives on satisfaction with surgical treatment.MethodologyWe included all surgical candidates with EOS who had undergone index spinal surgery for scoliosis correction between 2009 and 2013. The minimum duration of postoperative follow-up was 10 years at the time of survey completion. Three questionnaires were used in this study, comprising the revised Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire (SRS-22r), the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF). Measures of treatment satisfaction were retrieved from SRS-22r.ResultsThere were 29 participants who completed the survey, and thereby included in the study (i.e., a response rate of 43% and a dropout rate of 6%). Amongst them, 14, 11, and 4 individuals received posterior spinal fusion (PSF), magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR), and traditional growing rods, respectively. The average duration after the index spinal surgery was 12.6 ± 2.2 years. Our findings revealed that self-image (across all treatment groups), sleep disruption (only in PSF), and social aspects (in both PSF and MCGR) were significantly worse when compared to the normative values. According to the multivariable linear regression model (R-square = 0.690, p < .001), an increase in SRS-22r mental health (p = .008) and PROMIS-29 social participation scores (p = .004) corresponded to 0.511 and 0.055 points increases in satisfaction. Every unit increase in PROMIS-29 fatigue (p = .043) and WHOQOL-BREF physical domain scores (p = .007) was in conjunction with 0.019 and 0.040 points decreases in satisfaction. SRS-22r self-image (p = .056) and WHOQOL-BREF environmental domain scores (p = .076) were included in the model but did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsTo improve the long term quality of life in surgical candidates with EOS, we demonstrated that mental health, social participation, fatigue, and physical health were significant factors associated with treatment satisfaction. Interestingly, demographic and radiographic parameters did not have a significant effect in our cohort.

Life-threatening hemorrhage as defined by the critical administration threshold in nontraumatic critical bleeding: A descriptive observational study.

Evaluations of critical bleeding and massive transfusion have focused on traumatic hemorrhage. However, most critical bleeding in hospitalized patients occurs outside trauma. The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth description examining the critical administration threshold (CAT; ≥3 units red blood cells (RBCs) in a 1-h period) occurrences in nontraumatic hemorrhage. This will assist in establishing the framework for future investigations in nontraumatic hemorrhage. This is an observational cohort study of adults experiencing critical bleeding defined as being CAT+ during hospitalization from 2016 to 2021 at a single academic institution. A CAT episode started with administration of the first qualifying RBC unit and ended at the time of completion of the last allogeneic unit prior to a ≥4-h gap without subsequent transfusion. The primary goal was to describe demographic, clinical and transfusion characteristics of participants with nontraumatic critical bleeding. 2433 patients suffered critical bleeding, most often occurring in the operating room (71.1%) followed by the intensive care unit (20.8%). 57% occurred on the initial day of hospitalization, with a median duration of 138 (36, 303) minutes. The median number of RBCs transfused during the episode was 5 (4, 8), with median total allogeneic units of 9 (4, 9). Hospital mortality was 19.2%. The most common cause of death was multi-organ failure (50.3%), however death within 24 h was due to exsanguination (72.7%). The critical administration threshold may be employed to identify critical bleeding in non-trauma settings of life-threatening hemorrhage, with a mortality rate of approximately 20%.

Leveraging an Electronic Health Record Patient Portal to Help Patients Formulate Their Health Care Goals: Mixed Methods Evaluation of Pilot Interventions.

Persons with multiple chronic conditions face complex medical regimens and clinicians may not focus on what matters most to these patients who vary widely in their health priorities. Patient Priorities Care is a facilitator-led process designed to identify patients' priorities and align decision-making and care, but the need for a facilitator has limited its widespread adoption. The aims of this study are to design and test mechanisms for patients to complete a self-directed process for identifying priorities and providing their priorities to clinicians. The study involved patients of at least 65 years of age at 2 family medicine practices with 5 physicians each. We first tested 2 versions of an interactive website and asked patients to bring their results to their visit. We then tested an Epic previsit questionnaire derived from the website's questions and included standard previsit materials. We completed postintervention phone interviews and an online survey with participating patients and collected informal feedback and conducted a focus group with participating physicians. In the test of the first website version, 17.3% (35/202) of invited patients went to the website, 11.4% (23/202) completed all of the questions, 2.5% (5/202) brought results to their visits, and the median session time was 43.0 (IQR 28.0) minutes. Patients expressed confusion about bringing results to the visit. After clarifying that issue in the second version, 15.1% (32/212) of patients went to the website, 14.6% (31/212) completed the questions, 1.9% (4/212) brought results to the visit, and the median session time was 35.0 (IQR 35.0) minutes. In the test of the Epic questionnaire, 26.4% (198/750) of patients completed the questionnaire before at least 1 visit, and the median completion time was 14.0 (IQR 23.0) minutes. The 8 main questions were answered 62.9% (129/205) to 95.6% (196/205) of the time. Patients who completed questionnaires were younger than those who did not (72.3 vs 76.1 years) and were more likely to complete at least 1 of their other assigned questionnaires (99.5%, 197/198) than those who did not (10.3%, 57/552). A total of 140 of 198 (70.7%) patients responded to a survey, and 86 remembered completing the questionnaire; 78 (90.7%) did not remember having difficulty answering the questions and 57 (68.7%) agreed or somewhat agreed that it helped them and their clinicians to understand their priorities. Doctors noted that the sickest patients did not complete the questionnaire and that the discussion provided a good segue into end-of-life care. Embedding questionnaires assaying patient priorities into patient portals holds promise for expanding access to priorities-concordant care.

Efficiency of Group Movement within Human Risk Perception

A braking index that incorporates the risk perception of human drivers has been developed to estimate how many drivers would brake in a given situation. We used agent simulations to verify whether incorporating the braking index can improve the efficiency of the agents’ movement in the whole space. The completion time and the number of collisions were measured to compare the simple avoidance algorithm without the braking index and the proposed algorithm with it. While a simple avoidance algorithm showed a strong trade-off between the completion time and the number of collisions, the proposed algorithm resulted in an efficient movement with a shorter time and fewer collisions. More efficient movement could be achieved by incorporating human risk perception because the risk of collision with others was individually evaluated according to others’ position and direction, and only as much avoidance as necessary was performed.

The effects of target sizes on biomechanical and cognitive load and task performance of virtual reality interactions.

This study evaluated the effects of target sizes on biomechanical and cognitive load and the performance of virtual reality (VR) interactions. In a repeated-measures laboratory study, each of the twenty participants performed standardised VR tasks with three different target sizes: small, medium, and large. During the VR tasks, biomechanical load in the neck and shoulders (joint angles, joint moments, and muscle activity), cognitive load (perceived workload and cognitive stress), and task performance (completion time) were collected. The neck and shoulder joint angles, joint moments, and muscle activities were greater with the large targets compared to the medium and small targets. Moreover, the larger VR targets caused greater temporal demand and longer task completion time compared to the other target sizes. These findings indicate that target sizes in VR interfaces play important roles in biomechanical and cognitive load as well as task performance.

Deep learning based assembly process action recognition and progress prediction facing human-centric intelligent manufacturing

With the breakthroughs in cutting-edge technologies and the growing demand for personalized services, the approach of full automation alone is no longer sufficient to meet rapidly changing production needs. In light of this, a new human-centric manufacturing (HCM) paradigm has been put forward. Industrial human action recognition, as one of the key means of realizing HCM, has received widespread attention and research in recent years. In this paper, an end-to-end deep learning-based action recognition and progress prediction model was built, which can not only recognize action classes in real-time, but also accurately predict action completion times, to improve the efficiency and safety of HCM systems. First, a non-contact data acquisition system based on Azure Kinect sensor, MediaPipe and You-Only-Look-Once V5 (Yolo V5) algorithm was constructed, achieving comprehensive perception of human and objects in manufacturing system. Second, an Auto-encoder model was established to learn and compress high-dimensional human joint and object data into low-dimensional space to achieve efficient representation of the operation process. Finally, the human action recognition and progress prediction model was built and evaluated in a reducer assembly line, with an accuracy rate for action recognition of 99 %, and a time error for progress prediction of less than 6.9 %. This research aims to provide guidance for improving the level of intelligence in manufacturing and the application of AI technology in the industrial field.

Research on the Management of College Students' Employment Process Based on the Perspective of "Diagnosis and Reform 8-Character Spiral"

Due to the lack of theoretical guidance, some college students lack systematic and scientific planning and process supervision after setting their own career goals, resulting in wavering temporary employment goals in the later stage, missing the best opportunity for employment, and unable to achieve the optimal choice for employment. This article focuses on the dual supervision of students' goal achievement process and results through the "8-character spiral of diagnosis and reform", using both dynamic and static states. It emphasizes both the "completion time" diagnosis and reform and the "progress time" diagnosis and reform. Among them, the "completion time" diagnostic reform aims to stimulate knowledge innovation, while the "progress time" diagnostic reform aims to achieve real-time regulation.

Linear Scheduling Method-Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Off-Site Construction Manufacturing

Optimal production scheduling in off-site construction is hindered by the lack of comprehensive methods that simultaneously addresses workforce allocation, realistic labor productivity, workstation idle time (WIT), work-in-progress (WIP), and project completion time (PCT). To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces a hybrid planning and scheduling method that integrates the linear scheduling method reflecting workforce allocation, Monte Carlo simulation for estimating realistic labor productivity, and a multi-objective optimization model to minimize WIT, WIP, and PCT concurrently. The proposed method is validated using the Taillard instance benchmark dataset, and a panelized production line located in Edmonton, Canada. As a result, the proposed method is effective in generating realistic and optimal production schedules, achieving reductions of 5.2 % in PCT, 41.45 % in WIT, and 56.42 % in WIP. These findings are crucial for industry professionals aiming to improve efficiency in the production line and provide a foundation for further research in off-site construction scheduling.