Time Of Coitus Research Articles

Https://www.yijasm.in/pdf/Swapanil%20Patil%20_%20Review%20Article.pdf

Dosha, dhatu and mala three basic physiological constituents of human body has described by Ayurveda. There are seven dhatus in Human body. Shukra is last and seventh dhatu it’s also called pure dhatu. It is present in whole body. After the age of sixteen years, even though it is present from birth it becomes active. According to Sushruta, Concept of stri-shukra has mentioned as formation of foetus without bones. Vagbhata explained shukra secrete through woman at time of coitus, it is useless for fertilization. To understand the garbhotpadana function of shukra dhatu in male and female. During coitus is the secretion from bartholins, cervical and endometrial glands emergence at the end of orgasm excreted is Stri-shukra

EFECTO DE LA COPULACIÓN DURANTE EL CELO POSTOVULATORIO EN LA MORTALIDAD EMBRIONARIA EN ALPACAS

The objetive of this research work was to study the effect of the frequency of copulation during the post-ovulatory estrous on the embryonic mortality in alpacas. Forty four female alpacas were selected having a post-partum sexual rest >20 days and bearing in the ovaries a pre-ovulatory follicle >7 mm of diameter. Animals were mated (time of coitus: >15 minutes) using a male with proven fertility and received 6 �g of busereline i.m. after copula to ensure ovulation. Three experimental groups were then ramdomly organized: the first group (S 1 , n = 14) did not receive additional matings, the second gropup (S 2 , n = 15) received an additional mating on day three post-ovulation, and the third group (S 3 , n = 15) received additional matings on days three and four postovulation. Ovulation was confirmed through ultrasound images by disappearance of the pre-ovulatory follicle 42 hours post-mating and the presence of a corpus luteum on day 5 post-ovulation. In addition, the size of the corpus luteum, morfological changes of the uterine horns and presence of an embryo were recorded on days 13-14 and 19 postmating. These observations were complemented with the observation of sexual receptivity using a male on days 6, 13-14, 19 and 26 post-mating. Ovulation rate was 91%. There was a higher tendency on embryo survival at day 19 post-mating in those alpacas that received an additional mating on days 3 (S 2 = 80%) and 3 and 4 (S 3 = 85%) post-ovulation than in those animals without additional mating (S 1 = 75%). An additional study in four inducedovulated alpacas was done to detect fertilized ova at days 2, 3 and 4 post-ovulation. Recovery of the fertilized ova from oviduct was possible only until day 3 post-ovulation.

A survey of opinions on emergency contraception in young women in Southern Italy

ABSTRACTObjective To assess opinions and attitudes towards the use of hormonal emergency contraception (HEC) in a sample of young women in Puglia, Italy.Methods A self-administered standardised anonymous questionnaire was administered to female school-leavers who were attending a preparatory course at the University of Bari.Results Seven hundred and fifty-four women, with an average age of 19.5 years, completed the questionnaire. Sixteen percent of respondents had used HEC and 3% had used it more than once. The reasons given for resorting to HEC were: rupture of the condom (57%), the lack of thought about the risk of an undesired pregnancy (25%), and the unavailability of contraceptives at the time of coitus (18%).Conclusions The opinions expressed by the interviewees in our survey do not suggest that the use of HEC would increase the risks linked to sexual behaviour. In Italy, over-the-counter availability of HEC should be implemented in parallel with the improvement of sex education programmes aimed at the young.

Injectable Contraception

Injectable contraception has many advantages and is a popular birth control method worldwide. Its efficacy is independent of a daily action or an intervention around the time of coitus. It is highly efficacious and well tolerated in general. In the United States, the available injectable contraceptive is depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Its use is associated with a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) that is largely if not completely reversible over time and very comparable to the BMD loss associated with pregnancy and breastfeeding. The available knowledge on the impact of BMD loss on the risks of fractures later in life is incomplete, but in the light of the small magnitude of impact of DMPA on BMD and its reversibility, any increase in the risk of osteoporotic fractures is likely to be small. This article reviews the recent evidence on DMPA's efficacy, risks and benefits, and side effects with a focus on bone health issues.

Forgettable contraception

The term “forgettable contraception” has received less attention in family planning than has “long-acting reversible contraception.” Defined here as a method requiring attention no more often than every 3 years, forgettable contraception includes sterilization (female or male), intrauterine devices, and implants. Five principal factors determine contraceptive effectiveness: efficacy, compliance, continuation, fecundity, and the timing of coitus. Of these, compliance and continuation dominate; the key determinants of contraceptive effectiveness are human, not pharmacological. Human nature undermines methods with high theoretical efficacy, such as oral contraceptives and injectable contraceptives. By obviating the need to think about contraception for long intervals, forgettable contraception can help overcome our human fallibility. As a result, all forgettable contraception methods provide first-tier effectiveness (≤2 pregnancies per 100 women per year) in typical use. Stated alternatively, the only class of contraceptives today with exclusively first-tier effectiveness is the one that can be started -- and then forgotten for years.

Combination injectable contraceptives for contraception

Combination injectable contraceptives provide a highly effective, reversible method of preventing pregnancy, and they do not require daily administration or use at the time of coitus. Although they are used in many countries, their acceptability could be limited by method characteristics, such as the need to obtain a monthly injection or bleeding pattern changes. To assess the contraceptive efficacy, bleeding patterns, discontinuation, user preferences, and side effects of combination injectable contraceptives. We searched computerized databases for randomized controlled trials of combination injectable contraceptives. Randomized controlled trials were eligible if they compared a combination injectable with any other contraceptive method (e.g., a second combination injectable contraceptive, progestin-only injectable contraceptive, other hormonal contraceptive or barrier method) or placebo. We limited the review to currently marketed combination injectable contraceptives. One author evaluated all titles and abstracts from the literature searches to determine their eligibility. Two authors independently extracted data from the eligible trials. Data on contraceptive efficacy, bleeding patterns, continuation, and side effects were entered and analyzed with RevMan. Combination injectable contraceptives include depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) 25 mg plus estradiol cypionate (E(2)C) 5 mg, as well as norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) 50 mg plus estradiol valerate (E(2)V) 5 mg. These contraceptives resulted in lower rates of early study discontinuation due to amenorrhea or other bleeding problems than progestin-only contraceptives. However, rates were higher for overall discontinuation and discontinuation due to other medical reasons. Acceptability results favored the combination injectable in one study and the progestin-only in another.Studies comparing two combination injectable contraceptives found that NET-EN 50 mg plus E(2)V 5 mg resulted in less overall discontinuation and less discontinuation due to amenorrhea or prolonged bleeding than DMPA 25 mg plus E(2)C 5 mg. However, these differences were not detected in all trials. The NET-EN plus E(2)V group also had more regular bleeding and fewer prolonged bleeding reference periods than the DMPA plus E(2)C group. The groups did not differ in their amenorrhea rates. While discontinuation rates can be viewed as a measure of method acceptability, the findings should be interpreted with caution since discontinuation depends on many factors. Future research should be directed toward interventions to improve the acceptability of combination injectable contraceptives, such as providing injections in settings more convenient than clinics, methods for women to administer their own injections, and counseling about possible bleeding pattern changes.

Measuring fecundity with standardised estimates of expected pregnancies

Approaches to measuring fecundity include the assessment of time to pregnancy and day-specific probabilities of conception (daily fecundities) indexed to a day of ovulation. In this paper, we develop an additional approach of calculating expected pregnancies based on daily fecundities indexed to the last day of the menstrual cycle. Expected pregnancies can thus be calculated while controlling for frequency and timing of coitus. Comparing observed pregnancies with expected pregnancies allows for a standardised comparison of fecundity between studies or groups within studies, and can be used to assess the effects of categorical covariates on the woman or couple level, and also on the cycle level. This can be accomplished in a minimal data set that does not necessarily require hormonal measurement or the explicit identification of ovulation. We demonstrate this approach by examining the effects of age and parity on fecundity in a data set from women monitoring their fertility cycles with the Creighton Model FertilityCare System.

MAMMALIAN FERTILIZATION, IVF, ICSI: PHYSIOLOGICAL/MOLECULAR PARAMETERS, CLINICAL APPLICATION

Fertilization is associated with several phenomena: rearrangement of euplastic cytoskeleton, intra-cellular communication, cellular polarity, and the release of a variety of complex systems. Several criteria are used to score fertilization. On the day after fertilization, oocytes are cleaned of cumulus and examined for presence of 2 pronuclei and any possible cytological anomalies. Function tests to evaluate fertilization include SPA, ZBA, SCSA, AAA acrosome reaction and fluorescent probes. Fertilization failure, silent polyspermy, aster arrest, mitotic arrest, aster growth defect, or immuno-logical mechanisms cause infertility. Sperm-induced oocyte activation may be due to ligand-recep-tor-mediated interaction or a soluble sperm-derived factor that enters the oocyte at the time of fusion. Any abnormalities in transcription, translation, or any other significant molecular process responsible for producing the oocyte-activating ligand/effector molecule during spermatogenesis and/or spermatogenesis will ultimately cause fertilization failure. The centrosome is paternally derived. During the time course of fertilization the sperm centrosome is orchestrating producer mobilization, syngamy and, ultimately, early cleavage. Vesicle-associated membrane protein(VAMP) is typically lost at cell surface during sperm penetration. Understanding cytoskeletal motility during fertilization requires sophisticated digital imaging including conventional epifluorescence microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy and time lapse video microscopy. Clinical application of the recent finding is discussed with emphasis on timing of coitus or insemination, to coincide with time of monitored ovulation. Future research directions are outlined.

The Effect of Polygyny on Sex Ratio at Birth

Ethnographic data from Kenyan communities show that the sex ratio at birth is influenced by the rate and timing of coitus which is itself affected by the form of marriage. This situation leads to more females being born to polygynously married mothers than would be expected from norms based on children of monogamous mothers. The Guerrero hypothesis that sex-proportion changes may depend on the variations in vaginal and intercervical pH that occur around the time of ovulation is discussed. The findings from Kenya support the thesis that the secondary sex ratio (sex ratio at birth) is more affected by cultural practices than by natural selection. Monogamous mothers in Kenya have sex ratios for children (0.533) that are similar to the pattern among US Whites (0.514). The James assumption that low coital rates favor female offspring is considered to be correct. Data were obtained from the following populations (by number of interviewed mothers and the percentage polygynously married): the Maasai (151 interviews and 61% polygynous) Kipsignis (42 and 45%) Luo (55 and 45%) the Gusii in 1955 (37 and 22%) and in 1975 (276 and 33%) Abaluya (79 and 23%) Kamba (72 and 15%) and Kikuyu (170 and 9%). Most men did not have more than two wives and the wives lived separately. The sex ratio for polygynous mothers was 0.466 (326 boys and 372 girls) and for monogamous wives 0.533 (1490 boys and 1306 girls). The differences are significant at the 0.008 level for all cultural groups. The Maasai and Luo have sex ratios at birth above 0.5 among polygynously married women and the ratios are even higher among monogamous women. Results of a comparison of mothers married first monogamously and then polygynously were ambiguous.

An Overview of Contraceptive Methods Applied at the Time of Coitus

A historical overview of the introduction and use of various contraceptive methods applied at the time of coitus is given. Results of the 1965 Westoff-Ryder study comparing present and previous use of each method in 1955 and 1965 in the U.S. are cited. Methods are ranked in order of decreasing effectiveness: 1) condom and diaphragm; 2) rhythm by basal body temperature aerosol foams coitus interruptus; 3) other intravaginal spermicidal techniques rhythm by calendar; 4) postcoital douche.

Chromosome Deterioration in Ageing Eggs of the Rabbit

COITUS-INDUCED ovulation in the rabbit ensures that fertilization of nearly all eggs is initiated within 2 or 3 h of their arrival in the fallopian tube. When ovulation was induced by hormone injection, and coitus permitted at the time of ovulation (10 h after injection), fertilization began about 5 h later and continued for a further 3–5 h, eventually involving a little over 70 per cent of the eggs1. As a result, therefore, of the delay in the time of coitus, eggs underwent 6 or 7 h ageing before fertilization was initiated; fertilization nevertheless occurred in all but about 30 per cent of eggs. Despite this relatively small drop in fertilization rate there is evidence that fertility in the rabbit is seriously impaired by the delay of coitus. Chang2 observed that 60 per cent of eggs failed to implant and that more than half the implanted embryos died before term, and Hammond3 recorded an 80 per cent reduction in the mean number of young born. To some extent, the reduced fertility can be attributed to the occurrence of polyspermy and polygyny, conditions that lead to the highly lethal state of triploidy in the embryo, but this would not account for embryo but this would not account for embryo loss of more than about 16 per cent4,5.

Time of coitus and the sex of the child: Blumenfeld: Deutsch med. Wchnschr. 51: 108, 1925

Time of coitus and the sex of the child: Blumenfeld: Deutsch med. Wchnschr. 51: 108, 1925