Timing Of Marriage Research Articles

HYMENOPLASTY SURGERY SOCIO-LEGAL ASPECT: A REVIEW

This article is a reflection of the rising complexity of the contemporary world, which is characterised by a rich variety of culture, morality, the legal system, and religion, all of which are capable of having a significant impact on medical practise. It is possible to rupture a hymen via sexual activity as well as through a number of other activities. In societies that place a high value on a woman retaining her virginity after marriage, a woman and her family may be stigmatised for having done so. Women, particularly brides whose virginity is not established at the time of marriage, face the risk of humiliation, ostracism, divorce, and violence; in the most severe cases, women risk being killed in the name of "honour." However, doctors may be opposed to hymen reconstruction on the grounds that it is dishonest, not necessary for medical reasons, discriminates against women, and promotes subjecting women to greater standards of virtue than are demanded of men. Many doctors explain that the operation by stating that it serves the patient's health, which may include the patient's emotional and social well-being as well as women's human rights to have control over their own bodies. In addition, many young people lose their virginity unintentionally as a result of rape or compulsion, and if women do not have their hymens reconstructed, they are at risk of physical assault and even death. In the surgery does not violate any laws but in the most cases women suffer from some risk and it should be confused with female genital cutting or mutilation.

Going against global marriage trends: the declining age at first marriage in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Marriage is a key marker in the transition to adulthood across much of Asia. Globally, early marriages have declined, and marriage age has increased. This study examined changes in marriage timing for Indonesian women between 1965 and 2016 using multiple data sources, including registration, censuses, and surveys, and employed a robust methodology. The findings show that there was a steady decrease in the probability of first marriage between 1965 and 1990. But this trend reversed in the early 2000s, with an increase in the likelihood of marriage. Women with lower education showed a stall in the decline of early marriage during this period, while the probability of marriage by age 24 increased among women with higher education. The educational disparities in marriage timing have persisted, but the gap between women with completed secondary and lower education has narrowed, while the difference between those with completed secondary and higher education has remained consistent. These findings highlight the influence of both short-term events and long-term changes in gender ideologies, family values, moral norms, and the rise of Islamization on marriage timing in Indonesia.

Age at marriage and marital stability: evidence from China

Many studies showed that marrying younger is associated with a higher risk of divorce. We investigate the causal effect of marrying at an earlier age on women’s divorce risk. We exploit the introduction of the 1981 reform in China, which facilitated legal marriage for urban women younger than 25 years old, using the Chinese Census data. We show that the reform generated a kink in the mean age at marriage for women, which we use in a fuzzy regression kink design (RKD) to assess the causal effect of marrying younger on the probability of divorce. First, we confirm in our data the existence of a negative (in fact, a U-shaped) association between age at marriage and divorce, as commonly observed in previous studies from the USA. Then, we show that this association disappears in our analyses based on RKD. This finding suggests that the well-documented association between early marriage and divorce is in fact attributable to unobservable factors driving both marriage timing and the likelihood of divorce. We discuss the implications.

Dekke Na Niarsik: Identitas Budaya Etnis Batak Toba di Pematangsiantar

The Batak Toba tribe has a very important traditional food for its people, namely dekke na niarsik. Dekke na niarsik is one of the traditional foods made from carp that is used in various traditional events of the Batak Toba tribe. Along with the development of the times, dekke na niarsik remains and continues to be consumed by the Batak Toba people, especially in Pematangsiantar City. The main problem of this research focused on the dekke na niarsik which is the cultural identity of the Batak Toba in Pematangsiantar city and the functions contained in the dekke na niarsik for the Batak Toba people in Pematangsiantar city. This research used the theory of the function of food by Foster and Anderson, and the theory of cultural identity by Myron Lustig. The findings of the research reveal that dekke na niarsik is a cultural heritage of the Batak Toba people in the form of culinary offerings. Dekke is award an odd number of times on each anniversary or event. Dekke na niarsik is given at the time of marriage, birth, seven months, adopting sidi, graduating from college, until the death ceremony. There for dekke na niarsik symbolizes the life cycle of the Batak Toba people from birth to the end of their lives.

Relationship quality and family formation in Europe.

The increase in cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing across Europe has raised questions about who still marries either before or after having a child. Although prior studies have addressed the sequence of marriage and childbearing, few have examined the role of relationship quality in these transitions. Here we employ a cross-national perspective to study the association between relationship quality and marriage and/or first birth within cohabitation. Using the Generations and Gender Survey and UK Household Longitudinal Study, we study seven European countries (Austria, France, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and UK). We employ competing risk hazard models to follow respondents as they 1) transition from cohabitation into marriage or conception (or separation); 2) transition to marriage (or separation) after having a birth within cohabitation. Results show that cohabitors with higher relationship quality are more marriage prone than those in lower quality relationships in Austria, France, Hungary, and the UK, but not in the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Instead, higher relationship quality is associated with higher conception risks in cohabitation in Sweden. After childbearing, we find a positive association between relationship quality and marriage among cohabiting parents in the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. These results suggest that marriage is still important for couples with higher quality relationships; however, in countries where cohabitation is widespread, the timing of marriage may have shifted to after childbearing.

Determinant Analysis of Divorce in Wolaita Sodo Town: In Case of Wadu Kebele, Snnpr, Ethiopia

Marriage is the very beautiful gift which Allah given to his human being. It gives pleasure, security, peace, and family. In life there is happiness and worries which men or women have to face and try to solve problems. Relation of husband and wife makes life beautiful and loveable, but unfortunately most of the couples these days fail to understand its beauty and charm. They mostly quarrel with each other and create misunderstandings, and end of this can be in the separation or divorce. Divorce is an emotional journey, due to this reason they have different impacts, among thus the children remains without family, street children number is increase, affected by a disease emotional disobedience occurred in children and other. All over the world the divorce rate among the couples is increasing an alarming rate. Rising of divorce rate has affected the economic structure of the country, as well as the world. The main objective of this study is to identify the effect of determinant of divorce. The source of the data is primary that can be obtained through structured questioner from the selected respondents. The samples required to the study were selected using simple random sampling. The study is analyzed using descriptive study such as frequency, percentage and inferential statistics like logistic Regression. As a result, there are 14.3% of the people are separated and 85.7% of the people are not separated. From this: age, religious, education, income, family size, family influence, the decision to marry, job, are significantly increasing the divorce rate. Finally the study concluded as the present study depict that increasing age ,religious, education, income, family size, family influence, job, the decision to marry have a positive effect on divorce. This indicates that the job have less amount of money , high amount of family size and the decision to marry at the time of marriage leads to divorce. The government and any stack holder should be give advice about the factors of divorce for all people to their family. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/106-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2023

Akibat Hukum Perjanjian Perkawinan yang Bertujuan sebagai Sarana Perlindungan Pihak dalam Perkawinan

Marriage agreement can be used as an agreement between a husband and wife to enter the household ark, to avoid household failures because marriage does not always go according to what is dreamed of in the sense of a sakinah, mawaddah, and warrahmah family. Marriage as a legal act which is an act that contains rights and obligations for the individuals who do it. A man and a woman after marriage will have legal consequences, namely regarding the legal relationship between husband and wife and marital property and their income. In Article 1 of UU No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, it is stated that marriage is an inner relationship between husband and wife which aims to form a happy family and maintain it based on their beliefs. Undang-Undang Perkawinan explains in more detail related to marriage compared to the Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata. UU No. 1 of 1974 has the view that religion has an important role in marriage, while the Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata does not discuss religion in marriage. The type of method used is qualitative research methods in descriptive analysis methods. The approach used for solving existing problems is juridical-normative. The legal consequence of marriage is the creation of property that appears at the time of marriage, where the property comes from joint property and personal property brought at the time of the marriage. So that if there is a divorce, the assets are divided according to the marriage agreement that has been agreed by both parties. The marriage agreement made by a married couple is valid starting from the moment that marriage takes place, by recording an authentic deed made before a notary and a marriage certificate recorded by a marriage registration firm. By the presence of agreement there will be legal force which guarantees legal certainty.

혼인중인 성전환자 성별정정과 혼인관계 종료에 대한 검토

The Supreme Court greatly contributed to the recognition of the basic rights of transsexual patients and the universal recognition of sexual identity. Although there were no regulations, it was interpreted that gender correction was included in the corrections in the family relations register, enabling gender correction of transgender people. For the protection of the basic rights of transgender people and the practical welfare of minors, gender correction of transgender people with underage children was permitted.
 However, gender correction of married transgender people is still not allowed. This is because the gender correction of married transgender people creates the appearance of same-sex marriage. If so, it is necessary to review whether divorce or marriage can be canceled or invalidated within the current law so that the appearance of same-sex marriage does not appear even if a transgender people have corrected their genders.
 If you have recognized your sexual identity since the time of marriage, but you have married, but there is no actual substance of married life, you can claim invalidity of the marriage because there is no agreement on marriage, but this case is very limited.
 Cancellation of marriage is difficult for transgender people to claim due to restrictions on reasons for cancellation, right to cancel, and exercise period.
 If the other party does not agree to a negotiated divorce, it is difficult to file a divorce suit. Because that the spouse at fault is not entitled to apply for judicial divorce. This position has been maintained by the Supreme Court.
 However, denying the gender correction of transgender people just by the fact that they are married is a great violation of the basic rights of transgender people.
 Therefore, gender correction is allowed on the condition of dissolving the marriage by borrowing the United Kingdom case.
 Alternatively, in the case of gender correction procedures, a bill is proposed to allow transgender people to engage in judicial divorce regardless of their responsibilities for marrirge life.

Children of immigrants: Racial assortative mating and the transition to adulthood

Few studies have followed immigrant-origin individuals from adolescence to adulthood or examined their spousal choices. Using longitudinal data from Add Health, we present a life-course model that examines the differences in racial assortative mating between children of immigrants and non-immigrants. The results reveal substantial variation in racial endogamy from generation to generation. Racial endogamy was highest in the third generation, but this is due entirely to high racial endogamy among whites. Out-marriage was most pronounced among first- and second-generation immigrants. Our life-course approach shows that the effects of race and generation on intermarriage were mediated by family background (e.g. language proficiency and residence) and educational attainment (at time of marriage), a finding largely indicative of processes of marital assimilation that unfold over time and generation. Evidence of acculturation and structural assimilation, however, could not fully account for the large, persistent, and uneven effects of race and generation on interracial marriage.

Determinants of time to first marriage and birth intervals among women of child bearing age in Dabat Health and demographic surveillance system site, Northwest Ethiopia.

Event histories such as marriage and birth have been used to study fertility behavior of women. Understanding the timing of these events provide insight to reproductive patterns of the population. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the timing of marriage and durations of birth intervals and their associated factors, and and to examine their effects on the current fertility among women in Dabat health and demographic surveillance system site, Northwest Ethiopia. A community based cross-sectional survey was carried out in the beginning of 2020 among 1649 women of reproductive age group. Data were collected using structured and interviewer administered questionnaire. The parametric survival analysis was employed to estimate the relationships among socioeconomic and demographic variables with outcome variables, the timing of age at first marriage and duration of birth intervals. This study confirmed that median age at first marriage was the lowest estimated at 15 years which was below the national and regional average. The result of the study also revealed that married women waited almost a median duration of three years for their first, second, third and fourth child which was increased to nearly four years for three years preceding the survey. The parametric survival analysis showed woman's education, occupation, and current age were the predictors of age at first marriage. divorce experience, women empowerment and marriage cohort were the determinant factors of first birth interval; women education, child death, and ideal number of children were the predictors of second and third birth intervals; and media exposure and child death experience of women were predictors of fourth birth interval. The study indicated that median age at first marriage was the lowest though the successive birth intervals were longer. The survival analysis identified women's education, occupation, child death and ideal number of children affected the timing of age at first marriage and duration of birth intervals. Hence, encouraging women for higher education and giving opportunity to women in employments may contribute for delaying age at first marriage and increasing the duration of birth intervals which in turn slowing down the fertility of women.

Stabilita koresidenčních partnerství po narození prvního dítěte: zesílil po roce 1989 "ochranný efekt manželství"?

This article investigates the stability of co-residential partnerships after first birth in the Czech Republic. It explores the ‘marriage premium’, which refers to the advantage that children born to married parents have in comparison to other parental arrangements, and also highlights change in the ‘marriage premium’ after 1989. The analysis also examines the effect of marriage timing: Does the marriage premium differ between pre-birth and post-birth marriages? Did the effect of timing also change after 1989? The analysis is based on Czech GGS (Generations and Gender Survey) data from 2005. Direct marriages are the most stable unions, cohabitations are the least stable. Among couples who were not married, the odds of dissolution increased by 142 per cent (in comparison to marriages without pre-marital cohabitation). This ‘marriage premium’ increased after 1989. Marriage timing has come to play an increasingly important role. In the pre-1989 marriage cohort, pre-birth and post-birth marriage had the same stabilising effect. After 1989, however, pre-delivery wedding stabilises unions more than post-delivery legitimising marriages. We conclude that the era of highly individualised partnership choices has clearly shone a light on the consequences of these choices for subsequent union stability.

TIMING OF MARRIAGE

TIMING OF MARRIAGE

Age Gap Between Spouses in South and Southeast Asia

Age gap between spouses has important implications for a range of outcomes—from fertility and longevity, to gender relationships, marital quality, and stability. This paper examines the age gap between spouses in 12 countries in South and Southeast Asia. The average age difference (husband’s minus wife’s age) is positive in all countries and ranges from 2.7 in Myanmar to 8.4 in Bangladesh. Age homogamous marriages accounted for 5% of all marriages in Bangladesh to close to half of all marriages in Thailand. The proportion of age hypogamous marriages was uniformly low in all the countries except for Myanmar where it reaches close to 10%. Men’s marriage age has a stronger effect in determining the age gap. In general, the age gap for women with lower education was larger than for those with higher education. However, much of this effect was explained by the difference in marriage timing across educational groups.

Changes in behavior patterns or demographic structure? Re-estimating the impact of higher education on the average age of the first marriage.

During the last few decades, China implemented college enrollment expansion to accelerate the process of urbanization. However, most existing papers blaming that receiving higher education may delay people choosing to enter the age of first marriage, which in turn results in the age of the population. In this paper, we argued that the previous papers confused the total impact of higher education on the average age of the first marriage with the influence on individual's behavior change, and thus led to overestimating the delayed effect of higher education on the age choosing behavior of first marriage. The present paper re-estimated the impact of higher education on the average age of the first marriage in China with both extensive and intensive margins using the duration model and qualified the pure effect on the behavior patterns change after removing macroeconomic factors. The results show that: (1) changes in either the demographic structure or behavior patterns due to higher education explain 63.41% or 36.59%, respectively, of the average marriage age delay; (2) the macro factors would delay the age of first marriage; (3) after controlling for demographic structure and macro factors, 3 years or more of higher education would only delay the choosing behavior of entering the first marriage by 0.84 years. Thus, we concluded that higher education does not completely squeeze the time of marriage, and the expansion of college enrollment could improve social and economic benefits.

Child marriage as informal insurance: Empirical evidence and policy simulations

This paper investigates the relationship between child marriage and economic incentives in a setting where the bride price – a transfer from the groom to the bride’s parents at marriage – is customary. First, we develop a dynamic model in which households are exposed to income volatility and have no access to credit markets. If a daughter marries, her household obtains a bride price. In this framework, girls may have a higher probability of marrying early when their parents have a higher marginal utility of consumption because of adverse income shocks. Second, we measure the responsiveness of child marriage to income fluctuations by exploiting variation in rainfall shocks over a woman’s life cycle, using a survey dataset from rural Tanzania. We find that adverse shocks during teenage years increase the probability of early marriages. Third, we use these empirical results to estimate the parameters of our model and isolate the role of the bride price custom for consumption smoothing. In counterfactual exercises, we show that enforcing child marriage bans can have lasting effects on the timing of marriage even after a woman has exceeded the minimal age of marriage. The utility cost to parents of such enforcement is not large. Cash transfers, both conditional on avoiding child marriage and unconditional, can reduce early marriages, especially when they target low-income households.

"Feeling It": Links between elements of compassion and sexual well-being.

Compassion may be a particularly important component of a sexual relationship as it facilitates needed self-awareness, understanding, and connection to frame deeply intimate expressions of sexual emotion and vulnerability. Given the lack of research on how broad concepts of compassionate elements may be linked to sexual well-being, we examine how mindfulness (an ability to maintain awareness in the present moment), compassionate relational attitudes (i.e., accessibility, responsiveness, and engagement), and compassionate relational behaviors (i.e., forgiveness and gratitude), are linked to sexual well-being (sexual harmony, orgasm consistency, and sexual frequency), and sexual mindfulness (a state of being mindful during sex) for oneself and one's partner. We constructed an actor partner structural equation model with newly married couples (n = 2,111) and regressed sexual outcomes at time 1 and time 2 on each partner's compassionate attitudes, behaviors and mindfulness reported at time 1. Results showed that cross-sectionally, nearly all elements of one's compassion related to one's own sexual well-being for both partners. Strongest paths included positive significant relations for women between mindfulness and non-judgment and from compassionate relational attitudes and behaviors to sexual harmony. Men's compassionate behaviors were positively related to their own sexual awareness. Perhaps more importantly, women's and men's compassionate behaviors had significant effects on their partner's sexual well-being longitudinally. Implications include an emphasis on compassion as a key mechanism that can increase sexual satisfaction and strengthen relationships, particularly in the critical time of early marriage where patterns of interconnectedness are being established.

Effects of present economic status and childhood socio-economic status on timing of first marriage (2)

Effects of present economic status and childhood socio-economic status on timing of first marriage (2)

Effects of present economic status and childhood socio-economic status on timing of first marriage (1)

Effects of present economic status and childhood socio-economic status on timing of first marriage (1)

Can a National Health Insurance Policy Increase Modern Contraceptive Use? A Cross-Sectional Study of the Indonesian Government Performance and Accountability Survey (GPAS) 2019

Universal health insurance is widely believed to be a key strategy for improving health services. However, few studies have examined whether it increases the use of modern contraceptives. The purpose of the present research is to determine whether the policy of incorporating family planning services into the national health insurance policy in Indonesia ( Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional [JKN], implemented in 2016) has led to an increase in the use of modern contraceptives. The data were obtained from the 2019 Government Performance and Accountability Survey (GPAS; Total = 46,220 married women aged 15–49 years). The findings show that women who are covered by the health insurance scheme for non-poor families (JKN non-PBI) are 19.12 times more likely to use modern contraceptives than women who are uninsured. Women who are covered by health insurance scheme for poor families (JKN PBI) are 17.04 times more likely to use modern contraceptives than those who are uninsured. These results are robust against predisposing, enabling and need factors associated with modern contraceptive uptake (i.e., education, family economic status, religion, knowledge of modern contraception, age at time of first marriage, perception of the ideal number of children, number of children born alive, and area of residence). The findings suggest that the government should expand health insurance benefits in order to increase the uptake of modern contraceptives, particularly among disadvantaged group within communities.

Putting the Husband Through: The Role of Credit Constraints in the Timing of Marriage and Spousal Education

Putting the Husband Through: The Role of Credit Constraints in the Timing of Marriage and Spousal Education