Time Applications Research Articles

One- versus Two-Minute Intercostal Nerve Cryoanalgesia in Children Undergoing Surgery for Funnel Chest Deformity.

An inherent defect of the sternum and ribs results in the formation of a funnel-shaped anterior chest wall. The gold standard of surgical correction is the minimally invasive Nuss procedure, which might cause severe pain and carries the risk of sensory disturbances and chronic discomfort. Integrating cryoanalgesia with standard multimodal analgesia improves the outcomes of this procedure. Based on histological results, it was hypothesised that the time of cryo-application can be reduced from the current standard period of two minutes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a one-minute application compared with the routine two-minute method in the same patient, considering the subjective perception of pain and sensory disturbances. A total of 33 patients were included in this prospective study. The results show that the assessment of pain severity and sensory disturbances did not differ significantly in terms of the time of cryo-application during first 14 days after the surgical procedure. The one-minute cryo-application time for intraoperative intercostal nerve cryoablation prior to the Nuss procedure seems to be as safe and effective as the routinely used two-minute application time in regards to pain severity, sensory disturbances, and the risk of chronic pain development. Intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia is an essential element of multimodal analgesia.

Unraveling Calcium Absorption and Distribution in Peach and Nectarine during Fruit Development through 44Ca Isotope Labeling.

Calcium foliar applications are known to effectively enhance peach quality; however, the optimal implementation strategy regarding fruit developmental stages and cultivars remains unclear. In this study, three different moments of fruit Ca applications in peach and nectarine are tested: Early season, Mid-season, and Late season. For this aim, the 44Ca isotope was used as a tracer, enabling the quantification and location of the Ca derived from the foliar fertilizer. Stone, flesh, and skin 44Ca enrichment was separately analyzed at harvest. The results indicate that Ca absorption in the fruits from external CaCl2 applications was influenced by the timing of the application during fruit development, with Late-season applications proving to be the most effective in increasing the Ca content in the fruit, corresponding with a higher fruit size at the application moment. Nevertheless, no differences in the absorption efficiency were found between the three timings of the application. Furthermore, the Ca from the foliar fertilizer in the fruit predominately remained in the flesh, followed by the skin. The Ca derived from the foliar fertilizer reached the stone in all of the experimental situations, but the Early- and Mid-season applications resulted in the highest amount of Ca derived from the fertilizer in this part of the fruit. Interestingly, the peach exhibited a higher Ca absorption efficiency compared to the nectarine, likely due to the presence of trichomes that retain the foliar fertilizer on the fruit surface. In conclusion, the Ca absorption and distribution in peaches depends on the cultivar and timing of the Ca application.

Effect of Timing and Levels of Nitrogen Application with Farmyard Manure Application on Growth and Yield of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Effect of Timing and Levels of Nitrogen Application with Farmyard Manure Application on Growth and Yield of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Linking demography and food consumption to project population growth and damage potential of Spodoptera frugiperda in India

Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), identified as an invasive pest worldwide, has severely threatened agricultural production and food security in India. To formulate eco‐friendly integrated pest management strategies for S. frugiperda in its new invasive habitat, the basic knowledge about demographic parameters and damage potential of this pest is crucial. The effects of five host crops viz. maize (Zea mays L.), popcorn (Zea mays everta Sturt), sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) on the development and food consumption of S. frugiperda were examined. Population projection curves based on life table and consumption rates were drawn on different hosts using computer simulation. The pre‐adult development of S. frugiperda was fastest on popcorn (28.02 days), maize (28.04 days) and sweet corn (28.31 days) but slowest on soybean (34.83 days). The highest net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were observed on maize. The feeding potential of S. frugiperda was also highest on maize. The maximum consumption of the sixth larval instar was observed on maize (19470.47 mm2) while lowest on soybean (9033.67 mm2). In the simulation period of 90 days, the fastest growth of S. frugiperda was expected on maize, popcorn and sweet corn while the slowest on soybean. High larval and pupal survival recorded on the non‐maize hosts (sorghum and soybean) reflects that fall armyworm could be an obstacle in their production as well as in the success of maize‐soybean intercropping system. Simulations based on age‐stage, two‐sex life table could be helpful in predicting the most appropriate time for the pesticide application as well as augmentative releases of egg and larval parasitoids for the control of fall armyworm.

Exceptional point sensing via energy loss profile in a non-Hermitian system

The heightened sensitivity observed in non-Hermitian systems at exceptional points (EPs) has garnered significant attention. Typical EP sensor implementations rely on precise measurements of spectra and importantly, for real time sensing measurements, the EP condition ceases to hold as the perturbation increases over time, thereby preventing the use of high sensitivity at the EP point. In this work, we present an new approach to EP sensing which goes beyond these two traditional constraints. Firstly, instead of measuring the spectra, our scheme of EP based sensing is based on the observation of decay length of the optical mode in finite size gratings, which is validated via coupled mode theory as well as full wave electrodynamic simulations. Secondly, for larger perturbation strengths, the EP is spectrally shifted instead of being destroyed — this spectral shift of the EP is calibrated and using this look-up table, we propose continuous real time detection by varying the excitation laser wavelength. As a proof of principle of our technique, we present an application to the sensing of coronavirus particles, which shows unprecedented limit of detection. Furthermore, our analysis includes calculation of the signal-to-noise ratio, revealing that EP sensors offer advantage when classical technical noise dominates over fundamental noise. These findings will contribute to the expanding field of exceptional point based sensing technologies for real time applications beyond spectral measurements.

Response of Maize (<i>Zea may</i> <I>L.</I>) Cultivars to Urea Time Application on Phenology, Growth and Grain Yield at Bako, East Wollaga, Ethiopia

The results of this research provide a basis for additional exploration and advancement, which will culminate in suggestions for the timing of split urea treatment and cultivars for sustainable maize production within the study region. During the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons, a field experiment was conducted at the Bako Agricultural Research Center to determine the response of hybrid maize cultivars to urea split application on phenology, growth, and grain production. In the experiment, six levels of urea split application were applied to two types of corn. T1 = 1/2 dose of urea at planting + 1/2 dose of urea at Knee height; T2 = 1/2 dose of urea at planting + 1/2 dose of urea at tasseling; T3 = 1/ 3 dose of urea at planting + 1/3 dose of urea at knee height + 1/3 dose of urea at tasseling; T4 = 2/3 dose of urea at knee height + 1/3 dose of urea at tasseling; T5 = 1/2 dose of urea at knee height + 1/2 dose of urea at tasseling; and T6 = 1/4 dose of urea at planting + 1/2 dose of urea at knee height + 1/4 dose of urea at tasseling. The experiment's randomized complete block design made use of three replications. The primary effects of the urea split time of application were found to have a substantial impact on plant height, 90% physiological maturity, grain production, total leaf area per plant, and leave area index. Three urea split applications 1/4 dosage at planting, 1/2 dose at knee height, and 1/4 dose at tasseling provided the maximum net benefit of EB 246,536.7 ha-1 and the best marginal rate return of 2822.26% for maize output. In conclusion, urea split application 1/4 doses at planting stage 1/2 dose at knee-height and 1/4 dose at tasseling stage is the best time of application in good rainy seasons and hence recommended for the end users. However, in the case of erratic and heavy rainy seasons, application at three times should be used to get maximum profit and acceptable MRR.

Effect of application time of DC electric field on properties of h‐BN/EP composites

Effect of application time of <scp>DC</scp> electric field on properties of h‐<scp>BN</scp>/<scp>EP</scp> composites

Structure factor design of a liquid crystal beam steering device for augmented reality applications

The applications of AR and VR devices have been increasingly important in our daily life. There are some disadvantages remaining to be improved for real time application. In this paper, we demonstrated the design of an experiment based on the Taguchi method targeting a beam steering liquid crystal device possessing a 6 degree steering angle with fast switching (&gt;60Hz) ability for viewing angle expansion in AR/VR devices. The approach of the best structure design was suggested from the recall table that concluded the optical phenomenon was affected by the selected parameters from simulation. The resulting design rule was a tape-out design to prepare the pattern ITO glass. The beam steering device was assembled according to the suggested cell gap. The device evaluation showed a 6.1 degree steering angle as predicted. The response time was measured as 10.5 ms, which is able to be driven well above 60 Hz.

Increasing joint strength by achieving carbon fibers’ continuity with ultrasonic assistance during soldering Cf/Al using ZnAl

Ultrasonic assistance was utilized during the soldering of carbon fiber-reinforced aluminum composites (Cf/Al) using ZnAl solder to enhance joint strength. The results indicated that carbon fibers migrated into the joint seam after Al substrate was eroded and the solder was expelled, effectively maintaining the continuity of the carbon fibers. A joint fully reinforced by carbon fibers was achieved with an ultrasonic application time of 60 s. Transmission electron microscopy revealed rapid wetting of the carbon fibers facilitated by ultrasound, characterized by an amorphous/nanocrystalline interface. The maximum joint strength reached 23.5 MPa, which is equivalent to 77.5 % of the Cf/Al.

Study and analysis of the effects of trap assisted tunneling on the sensing performance of InAs/Si hetero juncture TFET based biosensor

This article investigates the impact of trap related non-idealities on the sensing characteristics of Indium Arsenide/Silicon (InAs/Si) heterojuncture tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) with dual metal stacked dielectric. Presence of straddling band alignment improves the tunneling probability across InAs/Si junction of the present device thereby boosting its sensing ability. Two cavities carved in the gate dielectric across the source side act as the sensing site for the detection of biomolecules. These biomolecules are immobilized within the implanted cavity to induce the drain current. Extensive simulation is carried out using Silvaco ATLAS device simulator activating trap assisted tunneling model to capture the realistic environment of biosensor in contrast to ideal condition for better reliability analysis. The study shows that trap assisted tunneling effectively modulates the important sensitivity metrics of the biosensor including ON current sensitivity, sub-threshold sensitivity with significant impact on Id-VGS characteristics, subthreshold slope profiles and Ion/Ioff ratio and hence cannot be neglected for accurate estimation of sensitivity for real time applications.

Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit and orchard vines

AbstractThe artificial sweetener saccharin has been reported to enhance resistance against pathogen attack in various plant species. In this study, foliar application of saccharin resulted in increased resistance to leaf infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa) in two Actinidia chinensis cultivars, Hayward and Zesy002. In glasshouse plants, the application of saccharin at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L, 1 week before inoculation with Psa, induced a dose‐dependent reduction in leaf necrosis in both cultivars. Saccharin at 2.0 g/L reduced leaf necrosis in Hayward by 77% and in Zesy002 by over 90%. However, saccharin (2.0 g/L) did not inhibit growth of Psa in liquid media, thus suggesting induced resistance (IR) as the primary mode of action against leaf infection. The development of IR in both cultivars was concomitant with the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and salicylate glycoside (SAG), and the upregulation of SA‐pathway genes (PR1 and PR2) in treated leaves. In orchard‐grown Hayward vines, saccharin (1.0 g/L) induced the upregulation of SA‐pathway genes and reduced Psa leaf necrosis and flower bud rot by 50% and 25%, respectively, compared with controls. However, saccharin residues were detected in fruit collected from vines that were sprayed with saccharin (1.0 g/L) before flowering. Residue level correlated with application frequency and timing and was highest (0.051 mg/kg) in vines that received three preflowering sprays. This exceeds the default maximum residue limit (MRL; 0.01 mg/kg) for some export markets and could limit the use of saccharin for disease management.

Assessment of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in water-seeded rice systems as affected by application timing

Florpyrauxifen-benzyl (FPB) is a novel auxin mimic rice herbicide used to control selected grasses, sedges, and broadleaves. Field experiments were conducted in 2020–2022 to 1) characterize the effects of FPB on rice crop safety and weed control when applied alone or in a mixture, 2) determine the FPB application timing to optimize smallflower umbrella sedge (SMF) control, and 3) evaluate the effect of late season application on rice flower sterility. In the first study, FPB was applied alone at 15, 30, and 60 g ai ha−1 and in mixture with bispyribac-sodium, penoxsulam, and propanil. FPB applied alone at 30 g ha−1 at 4–5-leaf (LF) rice stage controlled more than 80% of watergrasses, ricefield bulrush, and SMF and more than 99% of all broadleaf weeds at 28 days after treatment (DAT). The mixture treatments of FPB plus bispyribac-sodium applied at maximum use rate had the greatest grass weed control whereas, FPB plus propanil at the maximum use rate provided the greatest sedge control. In the second study, FPB at 40 g ha−1 was applied at 1-LF, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25-cm tall SMF, where treatments controlled 95%, 86%, 89%, 87%, and 85% of SMF at 42 DAT, respectively. In the third study, FPB at 40 and 80 g ha−1 rate was applied at rice panicle initiation (PI) and 50% flowering (FL) growth stages. While the weed control was more than 90% at 42 DAT for all applications, the FL stage application caused 26% and 35% rice panicle blanking at 40 and 80 g ha−1 rate, respectively. This research suggests, the window of FPB application should be from 2-LF rice to rice PI stage to ensure crop safety and highest weed control.

Exploration of Local-Structure and Electrochemical Supercapacitive Performance of Hydrothermally Synthesized α-Fe2O3@Mn3O4@G Composite Electrodes

Due to growth in human population and upsurge in the energy needs, researchers have concentrating on the development of novel/advanced electrode materials. Batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) are most significant energy storage technologies present in contemporary gadgets like smartphones, medical equipment’s, electronic devices etc. However, in comparison to SCs, batteries have higher energy densities and lower power. To increase the energy density of SCs, researchers are engaging on developing hybrid SCs based on low-cost metal oxides/carbon based composite electrodes. Herein, we apply a hydrothermal approach to synthesize graphene supported iron and manganese oxide composite for SCs for the first time. The crystalline structure, phase purity, surface morphology, chemical bonding states, elemental composition of the synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, FE-SEM, XPS and EDS analysis. In addition, XAS (XANES and EXAFS) technique is used to examine the local structure of the composite samples. After confirming all the basic characterizations, the SC electrodes were constructed using synthesized samples, exhibiting a maximum specific capacitance of about 410 F/g at 5 mV/s and 800 F/g at 1 mA/cm2 in an aqueous electrolyte, which is quite higher than that of pristine Fe2O3, pristine Mn3O4, and Fe2O3-Mn3O4 composite electrodes. Furthermore, even after 2,000 cycles, the graphene composite electrode exhibits a capacitance retention of roughly 85% and a coulombic efficiency of nearly 80%. Furthermore, an asymmetric SC device was designed employing graphene composite as the positive electrode and AC as the negative electrode and investigated their performance using CV, GCD, and EIS analyses, These SC device exhibits extraordinary device performance. As a result, the present study provides a new path to fabricate affordable and flexible SC devices for use in real time applications in near future.

The influence of digital competency and self leadership on teacher performance in Yayasan Indonesia Juara

Purpose: This study aims to examine teacher competence in facing 21st century education through digital competency, aneadership towards oneself through self-leadership, and its influence on teacher performance. Research Methodology: The method used in this study is quantitative. This study was descriptive and causal research. Based on their involvement, the researchers did not intervene in the data. This means that the data collected and processed were sourced directly from the respondents. Based on this unit, what is analyzed in this study is the individual. Based on the time of the study, this study belongs to the cross-section type; elements were measured only once during the research process in accordance with the applicable time and finished when this study was completed. Results: Digital competency and self-leadership have been proven to influence teacher performance. However, there was a difference in the influence of digital competency and self-leadership. The results showed that the magnitude of the influence of teachers’ digital competency on teacher performance was not very high. Self-leadership has a significant influence on teachers’ performance. This indicates that self-leadership has a greater influence on the quality or performance of a teacher in fulfilling his/her role. Contributions: The findings of this thesis are useful for educational institutions to determine the factors that influence teacher performance and to design effective professional development programs to improve teachers' skills and abilities. In addition, this research can be used by educators as a resource to study the impact of digital leadership and self-leadership on teacher performance.

Economic response of potato to nitrogen rate, timing of nitrogen application, cultivar, and irrigation

Three multi-year studies were conducted in Manitoba, Canada to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (ranging from 0-225 or 0-240 kg N ha-1) and its interactions with timing of N application (pre-plant, split application), cultivar (Russet Burbank (RB), Glacier Fryer (GF), Umatilla Russet (UR)), and moisture regime (irrigated, non-irrigated) on the yield and net revenue (NR) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Based on soil test N, all sites were expected to be N-responsive, with soil test N at most sites ranging from 24 to 45 kg NO3-N ha-1 to 60 cm and measuring 70 and 117 kg NO3-N ha-1 to 60 cm at the remaining two sites. Linear and quadratic coefficients of N and irrigation were significant for yield and NR. However, the NR curves for N inputs were relatively flat, and the NRs were only slightly less than the optimal NR within the vicinity of the optimum. Split N applications performed similarly to pre-plant N, and GF performed better than RB or UR; however, GF optimal economic N rates were about 55% higher than the optimal economic N rates of RB and UR cultivars. Optimal economic N rate for the best potato practices ranged from 157 to 216 kg N ha-1, depending on the studies; or averaging at about 188 kg N ha-1. Adoption of these best N management practices will improve profitability and N use efficiency in potato production and reduce negative environmental impacts.

Real-time LEO satellite clock estimation with predicted LEO satellite orbits constrained

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites can augment the traditional GNSS-based positioning, navigation and timing services, which require real-time high-precision LEO satellite clock products. As the complicated systematic effects contained in the LEO satellite clock estimates limit their high-precision mid- to long-term prediction, high-frequency LEO satellite clocks need to be estimated within a Kalman filter, resulting in a short prediction time for real-time applications. Compared to the clock estimation using Batch Least-Squares (BLS) adjustment, filter-based clock estimation experiences a lower precision. Increasing the model strength by introducing external orbital information, thus, de-correlating the orbital and clock parameters, will benefit real-time clock precision. In this contribution, reduced-dynamic LEO satellite orbits are first estimated using BLS adjustment in near real-time and predicted in the short term. The predicted orbits are then constrained during the Kalman-filter-based clock estimation process. The variance–covariance matrix of the introduced orbital errors is tested for different sets of values in the radial, along-track and cross-track directions when constraining orbits of different prediction times. One week of GPS data from the Sentinel-3B satellite in 2018 was used for validation of the proposed method. When weakly constraining high-accuracy predicted orbits within a prediction time of 20 min, i.e., with a standard deviation of the constraint set to 2–3 dm in the radial and cross-track directions, and 4–6 dm in the along-track direction, the estimated clock accuracy can be improved from about 0.27 to 0.23 ns, with a 13.4% improvement. Depending on the prediction period of the introduced orbits, the Signal-In-Space Range Error (SISRE) of the LEO satellite to Earth can also be improved, from about 9.59 cm without constraints, to 7.38–8.07 cm after constraining the predicted orbits, with an improvement of 16–23%. The improvements in the SISRE also indicate a better consistency between the real-time clock and orbital estimates.

Guided Plasma Application in Dentistry-An Alternative to Antibiotic Therapy.

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a promising alternative to antibiotics and chemical substances in dentistry that can reduce the risk of unwanted side effects and bacterial resistance. AmbiJet is a device that can ignite and deliver plasma directly to the site of action for maximum effectiveness. The aim of the study was to investigate its antimicrobial efficacy and the possible development of bacterial resistance. The antimicrobial effect of the plasma was tested under aerobic and anaerobic conditions on bacteria (five aerobic, three anaerobic (Gram +/-)) that are relevant in dentistry. The application times varied from 1 to 7 min. Possible bacterial resistance was evaluated by repeated plasma applications (10 times in 50 days). A possible increase in temperature was measured. Plasma effectively killed 106 seeded aerobic and anaerobic bacteria after an application time of 1 min per 10 mm2. Neither the development of resistance nor an increase in temperature above 40 °C was observed, so patient discomfort can be ruled out. The plasma treatment proved to be effective under anaerobic conditions, so the influence of ROS can be questioned. Our results show that AmbiJet efficiently eliminates pathogenic oral bacteria. Therefore, it can be advocated for clinical therapeutic use.

Adsorption of extracellular lipase in a packed-bed reactor: an alternative immobilization approach.

In light of the growing demand for novel biocatalysts and enzyme production methods, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of Aspergillus tubingensis for producing lipase under submerged culture investigating the influence of culture time and inducer treatment. Moreover, this study also investigated conditions for the immobilization of A. tubingensis lipase by physical adsorption on styrene-divinylbenzene beads (Diaion HP-20), for these conditions to be applied to an alternative immobilization system with a packed-bed reactor. Furthermore, A. tubingensis lipase and its immobilized derivative were characterized in terms of their optimal ranges of pH and temperature. A. tubingensis was shown to be a good producer of lipase, obviating the need for inducer addition. The enzyme extract had a hydrolytic activity of 23 U mL-1 and achieved better performance in the pH range of 7.5 to 9.0 and in the temperature range of 20 to 50°C. The proposed immobilization system was effective, yielding an immobilized derivative with enhanced hydrolytic activity (35 U g-1), optimum activity over a broader pH range (5.6 to 8.4), and increased tolerance to high temperatures (40 to 60 ℃). This research represents a first step toward lipase production from A. tubingensis under a submerged culture and the development of an alternative immobilization system with a packed-bed reactor. The proposed system holds promise for saving time and resources in future industrial applications.

Synthesis and characterization of aloe vera and hyaluronic acid-infused agar-agar/ gelatin-based biopolymeric gel for potential skincare applications

The demand for bioactive and biodegradable skincare products is growing with rising skin complications despite bare cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. Biocompatible, Agar-agar (AA) and gelatin (G) based biopolymeric gel infused with hyaluronic acid (HA) and aloe vera (AV)) is suitable for burn treatment and wound healing. This proposed gel with HA and AV showed therapeutic effects due to its hydrating, antibacterial, and angiogenic potential. The said biopolymeric gels were characterized in both in-vitro and in-vivo studies, revealing their potential to replace synthetic and conventional cosmeceuticals. The adequately porous structure of the biopolymeric gels was evident from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, which allows the release of AV and HA. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis revealed the peaks attributed to secondary amine (-NH bond) in AA/G biopolymeric gel, which confirmed the crosslinking between AA and G. The degradation profile of biopolymeric gels showed the rapid release of AV and HA during the first hour of incubation, supporting the idea of minimal application time of biopolymeric gels. AV-infused AA/G/HA gel was highly bactericidal, with only 27 % of the E. coli population appearing viable. Similar behavior was seen against S. aureus, and 33 % of the cells seemed viable, confirming the antibacterial potential. In-vivo chorioallantoic membrane assay confirmed neo-vascular ability and angiogenic potential as the number of branched vessels for AA/G/HA was 6 ± 1 and a significant increase in the number of branched chain vessels was seen for AA/G/HA/AV, as 12 ± 2 due to the presence of HA. The results infer that the AA/G biopolymeric gels infused with AV and HA can effectively be used for burn treatment and wound healing.

Chemical Desiccation in the Preharvest of Cowpea: A Study of How the Time of Application Interferes in the Enzymatic and Physiological Aspects of Seedlings from Desiccated Plants.

Chemical desiccation in the preharvest of grains and seeds is commonly used in production fields. Using herbicides for this purpose is a viable alternative to reduce beans' exposure to adverse crop conditions. Our objectives were to evaluate (1) the efficacy of herbicides for accelerated defoliation of cowpea, (2) the impact of herbicide application on antioxidant enzyme activity and protein and amino acid contents in seeds, and (3) the effects of different herbicide application schedules on the physiological aspects of seeds. In the first experiment, in addition to the control treatment (without herbicides), seven herbicides and two mixtures were applied at night: diquat, flumioxazin, diquat + flumioxazin, glufosinate ammonium, saflufenacil, carfentrazone, diquat + carfentrazone, atrazine, and glyphosate. Diquat and its mixtures showed greater efficacy in anticipating the harvest. Flumioxazin and diquat alone reduced amino acid content by 61.72 and 51.44%, respectively. The same trend was observed for total soluble proteins. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, PPO) increased, indicating oxidative stress caused by diquat and flumioxazin. In the second experiment, we tested three application times (6 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m.) with diquat, diquat + flumioxazin, and diquat + carfentrazone. The lowest damage to chlorophyll a was at 6 a.m.; other times reduced photosynthetic pigments and increased carotenoid content. Total soluble sugars decreased by 27.74% with nocturnal application of diquat + flumioxazin. Our data indicate that herbicide use for desiccation affects seed quality. These findings highlight the need for selecting appropriate herbicides and application times. Future research should explore long-term impacts on crop yield and quality.