Time Clauses Research Articles

Research on Spatial Concept Transfer - the Order of Adverbial Clauses of Time from Chinese English Learners at Different Educational Levels

The research on spatial concept transfer as a cognitive paradigm of language transfer aims to explain the factors that learners may encounter in second language acquisition (SLA) and promote the development of SLA. This research uses a corpus-based approach to reveal the features of English learners’ distribution of inflectional order in When, While, and Once-led adverbial clauses of time at different levels of education and to validate the theoretical framework of spatial concept transfer.

Structural and semantic features and national specificity of English and Russian proverbs with the meaning "foresight", "caution".

The subject of this study is the structural and semantic features of English and Russian proverbs with the meanings of "foresight", "caution". Proverbs with the meanings "foresight", "caution" have not been sufficiently studied in terms of revealing their meaning and describing their structural and semantic characteristics. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the general and unique meanings of English and Russian proverbs of this thematic group were considered in a comparative aspect, as well as an analysis of syntactic structures and a semantic analysis of the lexical components of proverbs and an analysis of figurative and expressive means reflecting their national and cultural identity were made. The results of the study can be used in the process of teaching English, as well as the basis for a deeper comparative study of the proverbs of the two languages of this thematic group. The study used descriptive and comparative methods, functional-stylistic analysis, structural and syntactic analysis. In the course of the analysis, we revealed the following pattern: in most of the presented thematic groups there are proverbs close in meaning that are not equivalents. They use the same syntactic structures (imperative sentences, complex sentences with subordinate conditions, time clause, subordinate concessions and subordinate attributive clauses, syntactic compression: ellipsis, incompleteness of sentences, non-conjunction, as well as complex sentences with an adversative meaning) and similar expressive techniques (antithesis, comparison, oxymoron, tautology, allegory, metaphor, including personifying metaphor), while differing in lexical content (emotional and expressive, evaluative vocabulary, vocabulary associated with the realities of everyday life, zoonyms, somatisms, archaisms). These differences are due to the peculiarities of climate, life, traditions, as well as the environment of their occurrence, which, on the one hand, indicates the universality of human experience, and on the other hand, indicates the national specificity of the thinking of the two peoples.

Contrastive Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in English and Chinese and a Review of Translation Strategies

The definition of presupposition is the fact and information accepted by mutual parties and the presupposition is usually conveyed with common sense or professional knowledge, which is a very common pragmatic phenomenon. For example: Please open the door. A simple request is likely to presuppose that the door is closed and the recipient is capable and willing to open the door. The factors to trigger the presupposition come from a certain phrase or word in a sentence, even the syntactic structure and context. Then these factors are called presupposition triggers. The presupposition triggers are divided into lexical presupposition triggers and syntactic presupposition triggers according to the existing form, vocabulary and sentence pattern of the language. Lexical presupposition triggers include proprietary descriptors, factual verbs, judgment verbs, state-changing verbs, meaning verbs, and repetitions. By contrast, syntactic presupposition triggers include non-restrictive relative clauses, splitting sentences, comparative sentences, time clauses, and subjunctive conditional sentences with opposite conditions. In both Chinese and English, presupposition triggers have similarities and differences. For example, when actual verbs are used as presupposition triggers in English, they are usually passive. Meanwhile, actual verbs are not converted into passive in Chinese. That is to say, when causative verbs are implemented, they are always written in active voice. However, factual verbs as presupposition triggers also indicate a certain state of mind no matter in English or Chinese. Through this paper, readers can have a deeper understanding of the presupposition triggers and the application in the translation process of people's daily English and Chinese in two different languages. Understanding presupposition triggers is very helpful in communicative life and the triggers can be used to summarize the the process of translation and the translation methods in English and Chinese.

“Force Majeure”, Extension of Time Clauses and the Prevention Principle in Shipbuilding Contracts

“Force Majeure”, Extension of Time Clauses and the Prevention Principle in Shipbuilding Contracts

Regspraak: Aanspraak op opbrengs van lewensversekering van versekerde lewe getroud in gemeenskap van goed

In the case under discussion the insured two weeks before his death took out a large life policy on his own life. At the time of his death he was married in community of property to his wife. The Gauteng local division was called upon to decide whether or not the proceeds of the life policy fell into the joint estate of the spouses. The decision of the court was that the proceeds did not fall into the joint estate because it was paid after the joint estate was dissolved by the death of the spouse. The court relied on a few prior decisions to the same effect. After an analysis of the principles involved we suggest that the proceeds should in principle form part of the spouses’ former joint estate. The life insurance policy was concluded during the subsistence of the marriage in community of property. The policy conferred on the insured the right to the sum insured on his death. This right vested on conclusion of the contract, although it was subject to a time clause and it became enforceable only upon the death of the life insured. It is not a fictitious but an existing right which is capable of being ceded. This right falls into the joint estate: it was created by the policy prior to the death of the spouse and consequently prior to the dissolution of the marriage in community of property. There was indeed no other estate into which this right could have fallen. This means that the spouses were equally entitled to and liable under the contract of insurance. It was, so to speak, a debt due to the former joint estate. Hence each spouse must in principle receive one half of the death benefit. The issue involved has not yet been finally laid to rest, although the supreme court of appeal approvingly referred to the decisions on which the court in the Maqubela case relied. The widow of the late insured also claimed that since the deceased left no will, she was entitled to inherit from her late husband’s estate as an intestate heir. The question arose whether she was entitled to benefit from the death of her husband. This aspect is not dealt with in the present discussion but in a separate article (Sonnekus “Gierigheid is die wortel van alle kwaad” 2023 TSAR 175).

A discourse appraisal of conspiracy perceptions about COVID-19 and its vaccine in Nigeria’s social media space

As COVID-19 ravaged the world, its management was undercut by conspiracy perceptions that construct different versions of reality about the pandemic. This has hugely attracted scholarly attention in several fields but discourse analysis. This study was thus motivated to investigate the discursive constructions of conspiracies, the interpretive repertoires, expressed feelings, and enacted social actions. Data were sourced from posts and comments on Coronavirus and the vaccines on Twitter, Facebook, and Nairaland social media platforms, and subjected to discourse analysis. Three conspiracy perceptions were identified: COVID-19 as fraud, COVID-19 vaccine (COVAX) as a depopulation plan, and COVAX as associated with the 5G network. These were constructed in COVAX conspiracy discourse through these interpretive repertoires: reference, evaluative devices, time clauses, and intensifiers under lexicogrammar; and inclusive/exclusive distinctions, argumentation, historical allusion, rhetorical question, and narratorial trope under rhetorical strategies. These enacted the social actions of disputing, alleging, justifying, denouncing, and prognosticating, which worked up the negative emotions of dissatisfaction, apprehension, anger, insecurity, and disinclination expressed in terse textual voices that suppress the official COVAX narrative and endorse the alternative views.

TIME SUBORDINATORS AND TIME RELATIONS IN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN

Language in general is a complex apparatus of the human beings through which we express our innerfeelings, thoughts and ideas. This study was initiated due to the importance of language in general. However, toknow a language does not only mean to know its vocabulary, but how to link the words, the word order in a clauseas well as the order of clauses in a sentence, their role and their relations to each other. The relationship of theclauses in a sentence is especially important concerning complex sentences, in which the clauses are not of the samelevel but show a dependency. So, precisely the adverbial clauses of time are the ones that are highly complicated andcreate confusion. For this reason, most of the people try to avoid them, and use simple clauses instead, nevertheless,this somehow loses the meaning and originality of the idea. This means that although complex, adverbial clauses oftime are crucial in explaining our ideas and thoughts. Based on the great number of the adverbial clauses of time, onthe meanings that they convey as well as on the manner how the meaning is expressed, this study will concentrate ona contrastive analysis of the adverbial clauses of time in English and Albanian. It will focus on the time relations thattime subordinators of time express in both languages. The methodology that is used in this paper is mainlydescriptive and comparative. The paper is based on the analysis of Jack London’s novel White Fang which wastranslated into Albanian under the title Dhëmbi i Bardhë by Bujar Doko. A comparison of the adverbial clauses oftime in both languages is done in order to find their differences and commonalities. Afterwards, a detaileddescription of the data extracted from the comparison is carried out, which will play a major role in proving thehypothesis and coming to a conclusion. The general hypothesis of this study is that most of the adverbial clauses oftime as well as their subordinators will be equivalent in both English and Albanian. The results of the analysis showthat adverbial clauses of time do have a similar structure as well as correspondence in English and Albanian: theoverall structure of both English and Albanian adverbial clauses of time is the same; the subordinators in bothlanguages correspond to their counterparts in expressing time relations, being a fixed time, duration, simultaneity,anteriority or posteriority; both types of clauses are movable, which means that they can take the initial, medial andfinal position in a sentence; and the use of commas is the same as well. There is also a similarity in the word orderof the time clauses. Another similar feature of the adverbial clauses of time in both English and Albanian is that theyare expressed by finite and non-finite clauses.

¿Futuro o subjuntivo? El caso de las relativas libres de cuando

"This paper analyzes how the future tense is associated to the subjunctive in the relative clause with the implicit antecedent cuando. A revision of the bibliography is offered, and the analysis focuses especially on a survey carried out with different questions about the mood and tense of the main verb in the free relative clauses of person, place, mood and time. This survey was conducted with 52 Spanish-speaking cultured informants; their choice preference of the verbal form, which is confirmed by an analysis based on the CORPES and CREA, leads us to the conclusion that the case in question shows some peculiarities which are distinguished from other relative clauses, in that the future tense is incompatible with the subordinate clause induced by cuando even if the time frame to which the adverb cuando is related has been previously presented. Furthermore, the future tense in the main clause is related to the subjunctive in the subordinate clause, so much so that its appearance in the main sentence determines the use of the subjunctive in the subordinate clause."

The Interplay between Heritage Learners’ Prior Knowledge and Instruction on a Linguistically Complex Structure

Abstract Current HL pedagogy recommends focus on form approaches (Beaudrie, Ducar, & Potowski, 2014; Kisselev, Dubinina, & Polinsky, 2020) but within this broad category there are many techniques. To date only a few studies have compared HL learning gains on explicit and implicit focus on form instruction, and these have found explicit instruction to be more beneficial. The present study isolated the role of rule presentation on learning gains by comparing Spanish HL learners in a Processing Instruction condition (n = 26) who received rule presentation and explicit information about the target structure (indicative and subjunctive in adverbial clauses of time) prior to structured input, to HL learners in a Structured Input condition (n = 16) who received only structured input. Pretest/posttest/delayed posttest comparisons revealed that both PI and SI resulted in lasting learning gains, as well as a complex interplay between learners’ initial knowledge of the structure and the type of instruction, such that learners with little or no initial knowledge benefited from rule presentation, whereas learners with greater initial knowledge did not. Furthermore, data from think-alouds and retrospective interviews shows that all learners did not process the instruction similarly, and pedagogical implications are discussed.

Annotating clause boundary labels to the written composition corpus of Japanese elementary and junior high school students

To evaluate the development of children's writing ability, it is necessary not only to examine quantitative indices such as the dependency distance, but also to inquiry the types of structures they use. We conducted clause boundary labeling using Support Vector Machine (SVM) on a corpus of Japanese students' compositions to investigate the change in the tendency of clause use with the progression of school age. The analysis of clause label frequency per sentence exhibited an increase in attributive clauses, nominal clauses, quotation clauses, and continuous clauses, and a decrease in parallel clauses, conditional clauses, reason clauses, time clauses, indirect interrogative clauses, and main clauses. The analysis of dependency distance demonstrated that most of the clauses that increased had short dependency distances, while most of the clauses that decreased had long dependency distances, and that the frequency of clauses with small dependency distances increased relatively with increasing school age. In addition, there was a shift in clause selection among functionally similar clauses, such as from "-te"to continuous forms, from "-tara" to "-ba", and from "-kedo" and "-keredo" to "-ga". These results suggest a change in the children's lexical and grammatical choices, from coordinate to subordinate structures, and from spoken to written vocabulary.

Semantic and grammatical parameters of the homocomplex as

The relevance of the research is due to the increased attention of linguists to grammatical homonymy. Within the framework of grammatical homonymy, morphological, interpart-of-speech and syntactic homonyms are distinguished. The focus is on the problems of part-of-speech homonymy, in particular on the phenomenon of morphological syncretism due to the ambiguity of structural and semantic features of parts of speech and changes of the morphological status of certain words in different syntagmatic environments. Changes in the categorical-semantic meaning of the lexical unit as, synonymous series of components of the specified sound complex, the nature of the syntagmatic environment, syntactic functions, positional fixation in a certain syntax unit, functional phraseology in compound conjunctions and particles are described. The conceptual scope of the term „homocomplex” is considered, it is defined as a sound complex, which is used to denote the title of a group of functional homonyms and words of the zone of syncretism. It is established that the homocomplex as is represented by three grammatical homonyms such as adverb, conjunction and particle. The source word for the formation of derivatives of the conjunction and particle is the adverb as. In the syntactic position of the adverb, this lexical unit appears in the adverbial position, expressing the following meanings: the question of manner (how?); the degree of detection of an action, state (very, extremely); mode of action (how); time of action (when); indefinite way (somehow). In the syntactic sphere of the conjunction, losing the ability to express a sign, the lexical unit „how” often serves as a means of expressing comparative semantic-syntactic relations; forming phraseologized compounds, it can act as an expression of clauses of condition, time and concession. Not denoting defining and adverbial meanings and not combining parts of a compound sentence, the lexical unit as belongs to the class of particles. A typical function of this particle is an amplifying one. It is complemented by additional semantic shades of meaning, such as „very”, „extremely”, „suddenly”, etc., which serve to express the speaker’s surprise, indignation, dissatisfaction, surprise, and others.

<i>Zuwendung</i> and reversion of entitlement in terminable ownership. The organic perspective of real effects contract and concept determined by function

The journal article summarises the central focus of terminable ownership theory through some essential elements and institutional sections. Among them, the main differences from ownership sub condicione are stressed through dingliches Anwartschaftsrecht situations by Eigentumsvorbehalt and Vendita con riserva della proprietà. The normative nature of the time clause in real effects contract, dies certus, is maintained by the character of ultra-activity efficacy and Verbindung test, which evaluates the degree of essentiality it may take regarding ius-economic operation. The institution's definition makes observable the constitutive prominence of Zuwendung nature, as the type of attribution by reversion post-Diem, and of an organic interpretation of the token according to the coherence and interpenetration of the elements which constitute and regulate the real effects agreement.

On adverbial clauses in spoken Lithuanian

The aim of the paper is to investigate adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession in spontaneous private communication. The study explores semantic relations between the main and subordinate clauses, grammatical features and predominant conjunctions.The data for the research was collected from the morphologically annotated Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, namely, its sub-corpus of spontaneous private speech which is used at home, at friends’ place, or which is produced by close friends.The analysis of spontaneous private communication shows that the finite adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession are related to a set of conjunctions, but other indicators such as the use of verbal categories (especially tense, aspect and mood), contextual lexical markers as well as pragmatic inference also help to determine the semantic relationship between the main and the subordinate clause.In a spoken language, temporal clauses are usually combined with the conjunctions kai, kaip ‘when’, kol ‘while’, less frequently – with kada ‘when’; causal clauses are combined with the conjunction nes ‘because; since’, less frequently – with kad and kadangi ‘because’; conditional clauses are typically combined with the conjunction jeigu ‘if’, less frequently – with jei ‘if’, concessive clauses – with the conjunction nors ‘though’. The conjunctions kai ‘when’, kol ‘while’, kadangi ‘because’, jeigu and jei ‘if’ correlate with the particle tai that is very frequent in a spoken language, while the conjunction nors ‘though’ – with the contrastive conjunction bet ‘but’.In the natural language flow, the structure of adverbial sentences is modified: other sentential and discourse units can intervene between the main and the subordinate clauses, and the adverbial conjunction moves from the initial to the medial position.Traditional Lithuanian grammars emphasise that the position of adverbial clauses is undefined: they can appear before or after the main clause. However, the analysis of spontaneous speech shows that the position of a subordinate clause is influenced by the semantic relationship between the clauses. If a subordinate clause refers to a previous action or event, then it dominates in a preposition. Besides, the position of an adverbial clause is also influenced by correlative conjunctions: the main clause with the correlative particle tai dominates in the postposition.The research also revealed that Lithuanian adverbial clauses could function at the discourse level: in dialogues, the structure of a complex sentence is broken down and subordinate adverbial clauses can acquire additional – discourse – functions. Adverbial conjunctions, in their turn, can indicate relations with a previous discourse.

Zum sprachlichen Ausdruck der Simultaneität. Eine Untersuchung zum Deutschen

The paper discusses ways of expressing temporal relations of simultaneity in the German language. Although the relations can be expressed by participle phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases and infinitive phrases, the adverbial clause is the most frequent means of expressing the relations. The temporal adverbial clause has an almost unlimited range of application, which stretches from a vaguely hinted relation to absolute necessity, and from general statements and clarifications to definite emotionally motivated utterances. Wherever there is an obvious connection between facts, events, actions, relations as well as personal will and feeling, it can be expressed by means of a temporal structure. The subject of the paper is the influence of conjunctions während, als, wenn, seit(dem) and solange on the time arrangement of situations introduced into the time clause and the main clause with regard to morphological, syntactic and semantic elements and dependence on the relation of the correspondence between events in the time clause and events in the main clause in German.

Деривация союзных средств, связывающих части сложноподчиненного предложения с придаточным обстоятельственным времени в нахском языке

The article examines conjunctives connecting adverbial clauses of time from the viewpoint of their motivation and position in a complex sentence. It is shown that in the Nakh language, adverbial clauses of time contain connectors historically associated with affixational morphemes or with synthetic means of form-building. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the analysis of connectors expressing temporal relations focuses on identifying their etymological specificity, it throws light on conjunction derivation process in the ergative Nakh-Dagestanian languages in general. For the first time the structure of a conjunctive word is considered from the viewpoint of functional specificity of words-morphemes, as well as synthetic means that historically evolved into a single lexeme capable of transforming into an auxiliary word. The research findings can be used to differentiate motivated and primary conjunctive words. The obtained results indicate that primary conjunctive words can be rightfully classified as the native Nakh words.

Comparative study between Antegrade Intramedullary K-wires Fixation versus Transfixing K-wires of the 5th Metacarpal Neck Fractures

The neck of the 5th metacarpal fractures ‘‘Boxer Fractures’’ are so common fractures of the hand . Mostly, the dominant hand is affected as common mode of trauma is punching .The appropriate treatment for a Boxer’s fracture varies based on whether the fracture is open or closed, the degree of angulation and rotation .The majority of closed Boxer’s fractures treated conservatively. But surgery is preferred for those have palmar angulation exceeds 30o , malrotation , Irreducible or shortening >3 mm. This study aims to compare clinical and radiological results and the complication rates after reduction and fixation of closed Boxer fractures using antegrade intramedullary versus percutaneous Transfixing K wires. Forty adult patients above fifteen with closed isolated Boxer fracture were included in a prospective comparative randomized study. Twenty patients treated with percuaneous transfixing K wires &others treated with antegrade intramedullary K wires . Ulnar gutter splint was done for 2 weeks postoperatively. Early range of motion is allowed after 2 weeks . Removal of transfixing K wires done after one and half month postoperatively. But were buried under the skin in other group . Follow-up of mean 6 months for radiographic and clinical results in clauses of union time and rate, complication rate, range of motion and power of hand grip . Radiographic and clinical outcomes showed no statistical dissimilarity in union time, rate of complications , postoperative pain, range of motion and power of hand grip. Both techniques are comparable and simple techniques with no significant complications.

SAT-Hard Cyclic Logic Obfuscation for Protecting the IP in the Manufacturing Supply Chain

State-of-the-art attacks against cyclic logic obfuscation use satisfiability solvers that are equipped with a set of cycle avoidance clauses. These cycle avoidance clauses are generated in a pre-processing step and define various key combinations that could open or close cycles without making the circuit oscillating or stateful. In this paper, we show that this pre-processing step has to generate cycle avoidance conditions on all cycles in a netlist, otherwise, a missing cycle could trap the solver in an infinite loop or make it exit with an incorrect key. Then, we propose several techniques by which the number of cycles is exponentially increased as a function of the number of inserted feedbacks. We further illustrate that when the number of feedbacks is increased, the pre-processing step of the attack faces an exponential increase in complexity and runtime, preventing the correct composition of cycle avoidance clauses in a reasonable time. On the other hand, if the pre-processing is not concluded, the attack formulated by the satisfiability solver will either get stuck or exit with an incorrect key. Hence, when the cyclic obfuscation under the conditions proposed in this paper is implemented, it would impose an exponentially difficult problem for the satisfiability solver based attacks.

НИКОБАРСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ И ДРЕВНЕКХМЕРСКИЙ: ФОРМЫ ЗАВИСИМОЙ ПРЕДИКАЦИИ

The aim of this article is to show that Nicobarese languages Car and Nancowry, which are modern vernacular idioms of the indigenous population of the Nicobar Islands, and Old Khmer — the language of epigraphic inscriptions of 7th–15th A.D., possess a considerable fragment of grammatical system, which coincides in almost every detail. That is the system of forms of dependent predication, i.e. synthetic forms with allomorphs of labial and dental infixes and analytical forms with the marker ta. This fact is somewhat challenging since Nicobarese and Khmer are distant relatives, typologically different, they have different status and temporal affiliation. Data analysis shows that forms with ta in Nicobarese and Old Khmer are used in the same types of dependent predications, i.e. in verb, adjective, noun, pronoun, numeral modifiers, in relative clauses and clauses of time and reason, as well as in sentences with rheme shift. Infixed forms in the languages under comparison underwent lexicalization. However, as a relic they are still used in dependent predications of some types. In the languages compared we find similar examples of variation and dubbing of means marking dependent predication which successively replaced one another on the diachronic scale, i. e. infixed forms and forms with ta, forms with ta and conjunctions. Coincidence of the functional domain of forms of dependent predication in Nicobarese and Old Khmer is unique and cannot be found anywhere else all over the Austroasiatic phylum. In other Austroasiatic languages those forms are either extinct, or preserved as lexicalized units, or else are found in odd relic functions, e.g. the possession suffix ta in Santali.

The Prevention Principle and the Extension of Time Clauses in English Law Shipbuilding Contracts

The Prevention Principle and the Extension of Time Clauses in English Law Shipbuilding Contracts

(Zeit)Befindlichkeit und partieller Gleichlauf in der Sprache. Eine Untersuchung zum Deutschen

The paper discusses ways of expressing the temporal relations of partial simultaneity in adverbial clauses in the German language. Although the relations can be expressed by participle phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases and infinitive phrases, the adverbial clause is the most frequent means of expressing the relations. The temporal adverbial clause has an almost unlimited range of applications, which stretches from vaguely hinted relation to absolute necessity, and from general statements and clarifications to definite emotionally motivated utterances. Wherever there is an obvious connection between facts, events, actions, relations as well as personal will and feeling, it can be expressed by means of a temporal structure. The subject of the paper is the influence of conjunctions während, als, wenn, seit(dem) and solange on the time arrangement of situations introduced into the time clause and the main clause with regard to morphological, syntactic and semantic elements and dependence on the relation of the correspondence between events in the time clause and events in the main clause in German.