Time Budget Research Articles

Systematic Evaluation of Different Fresh Cow Monitoring Procedures

Establishing fresh cow monitoring procedures is considered beneficial for cow health, welfare, and productivity. However, they are time consuming and require the cows to be locked up, which restricts their natural behavior. In this study, different fresh cow monitoring procedures were evaluated. Two experiments were conducted to determine: (1) the duration of various examinations and treatments; (2) the time cows remain locked up in headlocks; and (3) the proportion of examination and treatment times relative to the total headlock time. In advance, standard operating procedures were established. Three veterinarians conducted the examinations and treatments based on changes in milk yield, clinical symptoms, and alarms by an accelerometer system. The headlock time was evaluated for three workflow strategies, which differed in the order of examinations and treatments. To determine the duration, cameras were installed, and the video footage was analyzed. The examinations lasted between 1 and 227 s, and the cows were locked up in headlocks between 0.01 and 1.76 h. The lock-up times differed significantly among the three strategies, as well as the proportion. This study provides information that can be used as a basis for the development of time-efficient strategies, and to minimize the impact on cows' time budgets.

Energy-Efficient Multiprocessor-Based Computation and Communication Resource Allocation in Two-Tier Federated Learning Networks

In conventional federated learning (FL), multiple edge devices holding local data jointly train a machine learning model by communicating learning updates with a centralized aggregator without exchanging their data samples. Owing to the communication and computation bottleneck at the centralized aggregator and inaccurate learning model caused by the non-IID data, we here consider a two-tier FL network, in which IoT nodes are the core clients that hold data, the model aggregators at the middle tier are the low altitude aerial platforms (UAVs), and the model aggregator at the top-most layer is the high altitude aerial platform (UAV with relatively high altitude). Under the assumption that each IoT node has parallel computing ability, we study the energy-efficient computation and communication resource allocation in such a network within some time budget. Upon formulating the problem as an optimization problem, we solve the computation and communication resource allocation problems as the separate subproblems within a time frame, and then propose an iterative algorithm to solve the entire problem jointly. More specifically, We solve both the energyefficient computation and communication resource allocation subproblems using the dual decomposition technique, and then apply a bisection search-based recursive technique to solve the entire energy efficiency problem jointly. Moreover, we propose offline and online client scheduling schemes that not only select the optimal edge nodes for association but also assign workload to each client based on the data quality and workload constraint. With real data, extensive simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed resource allocation scheme. The results further reveal that the learning performance not only is dependent on the computation and communication energy consumption of the FL process but also the model divergence weight owing to the non-IID data at client IoT nodes.

On the Evolutionary Synthesis of Fault-Resilient Digital Circuits

In the event of an upset, fault-resilient circuits maintain correct functionality allowing the system to remain fully operational or at least operate with a graceful degradation. Every circuit has a certain level of inherent resilience to faults. Often times, this inherent resilience to faults is insufficient for the given application. This is because conventional synthesis tools generally only focus on optimizing a circuit with respect to area, power, or timing budgets. There is a wide range of applications where faulty circuit behavior can lead to fatal results. Fault injection analyses are reported and show that even a single fault can be critical to the desired circuit operation. To which end, this article presents synthesis of fault-resilient (SYFR) circuits, an evolutionary method for automated synthesis of increased fault-resilience digital circuits suitable for fine-grained use. Test results for synthesis of up to 60 input circuits with SYFR are reported. SYFR can be repeatedly applied to a circuit to obtain various design tradeoffs between fault resilience and implementation costs. SYFR can also be flexibly applied to build circuits, which are selectively fault resilient, i.e., their tolerance to faults is workload aware. In addition, a novel population seeding mechanism to reduce the design space is introduced and experimentally validated. In summary, this article demonstrates that SYFR can be considered a competitive synthesis methodology for constructing fault-resilient circuits.

Correcting Deviations of Emulated Spatial Correlation for Prefaded Signal Synthesis Method With Limited Number of Random Drops in MIMO OTA Testing

The prefaded signals synthesis (PFS) is a well-established over-the-air (OTA) testing solution, which can reconstruct the desired spatial profiles of the target channel by adjusting the power weights of the multiple probes. However, practical channel emulation campaigns tend to use a limited number of random drops due to limited time budget and hardware capacity constraint, which may cause the emulated spatial correlation to be deviated from the expected one due to the loss of ergodicity. In this article, the properties of the emulated channel under the PFS method are reexamined for a given set of initial subpath phases that are randomly configured at different probes. The analytical expressions of the spatial–temporal correlation function (STCF) are thus derived by averaging over time, compared with the general manipulations of ensemble averaging in the literature. Our derivations indicate that the spatial correlation function (SCF) of the emulated channel may deviate from the expected form for a given set of initial subpath phases in the classic PFS method. An improved configuration method for initial subpath phases is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed method can reproduce the exact SCF in any random drop while unaffecting other important channel properties, for example, the temporal correlation function (TCF).

DETERMINANTS OF AUDIT QUALITY IN THE PUBLIK ACCOUNTING FIRM IN SEMARANG

This study aims to find out and analyze the determinant factors that influence audit quaity, especially audit complexity, time budget pressure, and experience of auditors in empirical studies of publik Accounting Firms in Semarang. The accidental sampling technique obtained as many as 60 respondents with specific differences. The method in this study is quantitative, using the SmartPLS 4.0 test. The population of this research is all KAP auditors in Semarang. This study's results show that auditing complexity, time budget pressure, and auditor experience provide empirical evidence of a significant positive effect on audit quality. Suggestions for future researchers can add variations in variables, samples, and factors that support the influence of good audit quality.

Year-round behavioural time budgets of common woodpigeons inferred from acceleration data using machine learning

Accelerometers capture rapid changes in animal motion, and the analysis of large quantities of such data using machine learning algorithms enables the inference of broad animal behaviour categories such as foraging, flying, and resting over long periods of time. We deployed GPS-GSM/GPRS trackers with tri-axial acceleration sensors on common woodpigeons (Columba palumbus) from Hesse, Germany (forest and urban birds) and from Lisbon, Portugal (urban park). We used three machine learning algorithms, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Extreme Gradient Boosting, to classify the main behaviours of the birds, namely foraging, flying, and resting and calculated time budgets over the breeding and winter season. Woodpigeon time budgets varied between seasons, with more foraging time during the breeding season than in winter. Also, woodpigeons from different sites showed differences in the time invested in foraging. The proportion of time woodpigeons spent foraging was lowest in the forest habitat from Hesse, higher in the urban habitat of Hesse, and highest in the urban park in Lisbon. The time budgets we recorded contrast to previous findings in woodpigeons and reaffirm the importance of considering different populations to fully understand the behaviour and adaptation of a particular species to a particular environment. Furthermore, the differences in the time budgets of Woodpigeons from this study and previous ones might be related to environmental change and merit further attention and the future investigation of energy budgets.Significance statementIn this study we took advantage of accelerometer technology and machine learning methods to investigate year-round behavioural time budgets of wild common woodpigeons (Columba palumbus). Our analysis focuses on identifying coarse-scale behaviours (foraging, flying, resting) using various machine learning algorithms. Woodpigeon time budgets varied between seasons and among sites. Particularly interesting is the result showing that urban woodpigeons spend more time foraging than forest conspecifics. Our study opens an opportunity to further investigate and understand how a successful bird species such as the woodpigeon copes with increasing environmental change and urbanisation. The increase in the proportion of time devoted to foraging might be one of the behavioural mechanisms involved but opens questions about the costs associated to such increase in terms of other important behaviours.

Time Budget Pressure, Audit Tenure, Ukuran Perusahaan, Spesialisasi Auditor, dan Kualitas Audit

Audit quality is a measure of quality carried out by auditors who are in accordance with auditing standards and quality control systems. The auditor must have adequate audit quality so as to reduce the dissonance that occurs between management and shareholders. There are several factors that affect audit quality, namely time budget pressure, audit tenure, company size and auditor specialization. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine the effect of time budget pressure, audit tenure, company size and auditor specialization on audit quality in the property, real estate and building construction sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2019. The sample of this research is 49 companies using purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique used in this study is logistic regression analysis. The results of the study show that time budget pressure and auditor specialization have no effect on audit quality. Meanwhile, audit tenure and firm size have a negative and significant effect on audit quality.
 Keywords: Time Budget Pressure; Audit Tenure; Company Size; Auditor Specialization; Audit Quality

Activity Schedule Modeling Using Machine Learning

A novel data-driven approach for activity schedule modeling is presented in this paper. The paper’s contribution is twofold. First, the activity schedule is modeled as a time series to facilitate simultaneous prediction of activity participation, start times, and duration. Simultaneous prediction helps avoid assuming a predefined decision structure and allows all possible interdependencies among these choice facets to be modeled. The time series representation also ensures time budget constraints are automatically satisfied. Second, a machine learning tool called long short-term memory (LSTM) network is used to model the time series. The LSTM’s ability to model long-term dependencies ensures that activity patterns are generated considering the influence of distant and recent past. A bidirectional LSTM is used to capture the effect of (planned) future activities on the present activity participation. The model derives all the relations from the data without requiring assumptions by the modeler on the decision-making behavior. Further, the problems arising from class imbalance in the schedule caused due to less frequently performed activities are also explored and addressed. The models are calibrated and validated using the activity-travel diary data from the OViN 2016 dataset. To evaluate the robustness of the model, it is also tested on a time budget dataset with 23 different activity types. The results indicate that the proposed method can predict the distributions of activity start times and duration with reasonable accuracy. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can efficiently model activity schedules and can be a useful tool for travel demand modeling.

Behavioural adaptation of domestic animals on the example of different breeds of domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus L., 1758)

The excessive increase in the anthropogenic burden on wildlife, namely the uncontrolled use of natural resources, including deforestation, mining, wasteful nature management systems, a decrease in biodiversity due to intensive agricultural development, and more recently, war, affect the living conditions of both wild and domestic animals. In the new realities of the modern world, pets, losing their usual natural environment, are forced to either adapt to changes or cease to exist. The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of adaptation of the body (Felis silvestris catus L., 1758) of domestic cats in home conditions. Long-term methods were used to achieve this goal: daily visual observation, time budget, followed by the analysis of data on greater animal activity. The behaviours of cats were evaluated on a six-point scale: imitation of hunting – active play using toys (5 points) and territory inspection, jumping, scratching claws (4 points); communication with the owner – food search and bunting (3 points); self-cleaning – passive walk, toilet (2 points); rest – state of light sleep or napping (1 point), state of deep sleep (0). The selected samples were compared statistically using Kendall's rank correlation coefficient It is established that intra-breed and inter-breed differences in the duration of behavioural acts of obligate and facultative behaviours are largely determined by the temperament and character of the animals under study. The daily activity of cats of different breeds is described, which is determined by the imposition of the influence of genetically determined cycles on specific character traits and is formed during selection breeding. It is statistically proved that there is a substantial consistency between the traits under study in animals with different temperaments. If the temperament is similar, behaviour and motor activity do not correlate with each other, and the differences in the behaviour and activity of male and female purebred cats are poorly expressed. It is substantiated that the results obtained can serve as a basis for understanding the problems and difficulties that arise in purebred cats in the process of adaptation to life together with humans and, thereby, provide an understanding of the main manifestations of behavioural adaptation of domestic animals

Fiber to The Home (FTTH) Network Design Using Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) Technology Using Link Power Budget and Rise Time Budget Analysis in Cibeber Village Tasikmalaya

Fiber optic is a transmission medium that can transmit information with large capacity. One of the developments in local fiber access networks is FTTH (Fiber to The Home). The construction of the FTTH network uses Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology so that it can provide broadband services to customers with a wider range. This research was studied by designing FTTH based on GPON technology in Cibeber Village, Manonjaya District. The existing condition of the FTTH network in Cibeber Village is that there are 2 Optical Distribution Points (ODP) for 20 customers with each ODP having 10 subscribers. From the results of the location survey by measuring the distance to each customer, the furthest distance to the customer for the two ODPs was obtained, so that 2 new ODPs were needed for the design. From the design of the new optical network infrastructure, it has been analyzed using the link power budget and rise time budget method based on the customer with the farthest distance before the addition of ODP has a Power Receive sensitivity of -16.631 dBm to -15.631 dBm on the uplink and -16.644 dBm to -15.574 dBm on the downlink, these results are in accordance with the expected standard, which ranges from -8 dBm to -27 dBm. In calculating the value of the rise time budget for customers after the addition of ODP, it has a value of 0.2044 ns to 0.2039 ns on the uplink and 0.2188 ns to 0.21574 ns on the downlink. This value is still below the standard time limit set by PT. Telkom Indonesia 0.56 ns for uplink and 0.292 ns for downlink. So based on this the results of the design are feasible to implement.

Active Transport and the Journey to Work in Northern Ireland: A Longitudinal Perspective 1991-2011

Abstract Policy interventions to encourage the use of healthy and sustainable modes of travel to work (such as walking and cycling) have encountered varying levels of success. In areas such as Northern Ireland, and cities such as Belfast, the car remains the dominant mode for journeys to and from work. This paper explores why this is the case by examining the individual, household, and geographical factors that govern (a) changing between one census and another to walking or cycling from other transport modes; (b) changing from walking or cycling; and continuing to walk or cycle. The analysis is undertaken using the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study (NILS), a 28% random sample of the population. The results show that walking or cycling is associated with lower-status jobs, urban locations, with no clear association with better self-reported health. In contrast, car commuting is associated with better education, health, and higher labour market status. The analysis shows that policies to encourage the use of more sustainable and less polluting transport face formidable barriers from status perceptions, time budgets, and the geographical contexts of Northern Ireland and Belfast.

Precise Encoding Complexity Control for Versatile Video Coding

Complexity reduction is a commonly used method to deal with complicated video coding standards, such as High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and Versatile Video Coding (VVC). But the unstable performance under different video contents and Quantization Parameters (QPs) makes it difficult to precisely specify the target encoding time of every single sequence, which limits the practical use of the encoder. Inspired by rate control, in this paper, encoding time budget is regarded as a resource. We incorporate the hierarchical Group of Picture (GOP) encoding structure, the non-accelerated proportion, and block content variation within the frame, and design a top-down allocation and bottom-up feedback scheme, to achieve precise control of encoding complexity by controlling the maximum depth of QuadTree with nested Multi-type Tree (QTMT). In the scheme, Temporal ID (Tid)-based, Sum of Absolute Transformed Difference (SATD)-based methods and Linear (L) Model are designed to facilitate weighted allocation and feedback. The relationship between Planar Cost and encoding time is exploited as a Time-Cost (T-C) model, which guides the selection of Largest Coding Unit (LCU) encoding strategies in I-frames. For B-frames, we investigate a switching suppression assisted status-based method, to efficiently decide the encoding strategy of each LCU. Through the collaboration of the proposed technologies in the scheme, given any encoding time target achievable, encoding strategies will be automatically switched to help the actual encoding time gradually approach the target. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first work on VVC-based encoding complexity control. The proposed scheme supports directly specifying the target encoding time or target Frame Per Second (FPS), and accurately realizing it within one pass. According to experimental results, under the target encoding time ratio of 80%, 60% and 40%, the average encoding time error is kept under 0.24%, 0.03% and 0.02% by our method, outperforming state-of-the-art works base on HEVC. These results prove the advantage of the proposed scheme.

Transient Growth of Accelerated Optimization Algorithms

Optimization algorithms are increasingly being used in applications with limited time budgets. In many real-time and embedded scenarios, only a few iterations can be performed and traditional convergence metrics cannot be used to evaluate performance in these nonasymptotic regimes. In this article, we examine the transient behavior of accelerated first-order optimization algorithms. For convex quadratic problems, we employ tools from linear systems theory to show that transient growth arises from the presence of nonnormal dynamics. We identify the existence of modes that yield an algebraic growth in early iterations and quantify the transient excursion from the optimal solution caused by these modes. For strongly convex smooth optimization problems, we utilize the theory of integral quadratic constraints to establish an upper bound on the magnitude of the transient response of Nesterov’s accelerated algorithm. We show that both the Euclidean distance between the optimization variable and the global minimizer and the rise time to the transient peak are proportional to the square root of the condition number of the problem. Finally, for problems with large condition numbers, we demonstrate tightness of the bounds that we derive up to constant factors.

The Influence of Time Budget Pressure, Time Deadline Pressure and Work Stress on Audit Quality of External Auditor

The purpose of this study was to try the goods of time pressure, deadline pressure, and work pressure on test quality among PAF observers in Malang City. The logical model exercised is a multitudinous retrogression dissection where the dependent variables are time pressure( X1), deadline pressure( X2), job pressure( X3) and the independent variable is test quality( Y). The study population was his PAF accountants in Malang, totaling 86. The sample exercised comported of her 52 repliers, utilizing a accessible sample of his eight account enterprises( PAF) in Malang megacity. A Likert scale( 1- 4) questionnaire is exercised for the dimension. Data source is primary. This study shows that time pressure, deadline pressure, and job pressure don't affect the quality of foreign checkups. terminations of this study are that the questionnaire effects don't give his 100 valid comebacks due to lack of management, that the repliers are pacified by youthful observers, and that the study effects are in this range. Secondly, it can not be generalized to multitudinous regions in Indonesia. Research will be limited to a defined bone in Malang City.

The Effect of Time Budget Pressure And Audit Risk On Au-dit Quality With Auditor's Ethics as A Moderating Variable

Relevant and reliable financial statements are information characteristics that are important for stakeholders in making decisions. The public accounting profession is a profession of public trust. In order to support his professionalism as a public accountant, in carrying out his audit duties, the auditor should be guided by the Professional Standards of Public Accountants (SPAP) set by the Indonesian Institute of Accountants (IAI). The motivation of researchers to conduct this research is because audit quality is currently very important for companies and shareholders. After all, many of the audits carried out by Public Accounting Firms do not carry out audit procedures and do not carry out the auditor's ethics that should be in conducting audits so that users of financial statements do not trust them. This study uses quantitative data with survey research. The results show that Time Budget Pressure has an effect on Audit Quality with Auditor Ethics as a moderating variable, while Audit Risk has no effect on audit quality with Auditor Ethics as a moderating variable.

Surrogate models for twin-VAWT performance based on Kriging and artificial neural networks

Though twin vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have great potential in the application in oceanic energy harvest, their aerodynamic characteristics is quite complex, especially in the case of sufficient wake-blade interactions. At design stages, the prediction of their power performance usually relies on high-fidelity unsteady simulations based on computational fluid dynamics, whose time budget is high. In this paper, two surrogate models, i.e., Kriging and artificial neural networks (ANN), were adopted for the performance prediction of a twin-VAWT with a close staggered arrangement. Turbines’ pitch angles and their averaged torques at the best tip speed ratio were taken as the input and output, respectively. The numerical study shows that both Kriging and ANN models can provide satisfactory predictions using only 22.45% of CFD observations as training set, and the R2 values for both upstream and downstream turbine models reach more than 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. Among them, the Kriging-based models appear to be more time-efficient and stable than those based on ANN under the moderate dataset in hand. In addition, the current sampling strategy was tested to be modest and robust through sensitivity analysis.

Time budget of two rabbit genotypes having access to different-sized pasture areas

Providing rabbits with an outdoor access allows them to express a large repertoire of their specific behaviours and addresses societal expectations concerning animal welfare in livestock systems. There is a need to provide knowledge on outdoor raised rabbits as, in Europe, almost all rabbits are raised in wired cages. The objective of this study was to describe the behaviours of rabbits living outdoors and the effect of genotype and pasture size. Focal sampling was used to score behaviours, and we tested the effects of pasture size and rabbit genotype on the expression of their specific behaviours. We divided 192 weaned rabbits into two experimental groups that differed in pasture size, i.e. a large pasture (LP) of 60 m² (n = 96, in 4 pens with their own outdoor access) and a small pasture (SP) of 30 m² (n = 96, in 4 pens with their own outdoor access). Each group contained rabbits of two genotypes, i.e. half ♂ 1001 × ♀ 1777 rabbits (1001) and half ♂ PS119 × ♀ 1777 rabbits (PS119). Rabbit behaviour was assessed for three 15-minutes periods (07:00–08:00 h, 14:00–15:00 h, and 19:00–20:00 h) when animals were aged 45, 59 and 71 days old by scoring behaviours from video recordings. The rabbits spent most of the time outside on the pastures than in the pens inside the building (56.9% vs 43.1% of the time, respectively). They expressed a large variety of species-specific behaviours, with grazing being predominant on the pastures (25.9% of observed time) and resting being predominant in the pens (34.2% of observed time). Results reflected the crepuscular nature of rabbits, as active behaviours were mainly displayed in the morning and in the evening. More time was spent hopping, grazing and watching in LP than SP pastures (on average, 2.5% vs 1.8%, 31.1% vs 24.6% and 9.9% vs 7.1%, respectively; P < 0.05). PS119 rabbits spent more time rearing and watching than 1001 rabbits (on average, 2.3% vs 1.1% and 9.6% vs 7.4%, respectively; P < 0.05), while 1001 rabbits spent more time grazing than PS119 rabbits (on average, 34.7% vs 22.1%, respectively; P < 0.05). This study finds that a larger pasture size promotes the expression of species-specific behaviours. Furthermore, patterns of some behaviours varied according to genotype. These results can be used to encourage farmers to provide an outdoor area to rabbits and to choose genotypes that are better adapted to outdoor conditions.

Passenger Transport Modal Mix by Incorporating Travel Behaviour: A Case Study of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Most of the travel demand in developing countries is fulfilled by private vehicles dominated by 2-wheelers due to their affordability, accessibility, and availability, which has direct effects on energy, economy, and environment. To achieve sustainable transport, policies such as electric mobility and mass transport options have been implemented which are mainly focused on technology shift based on technology cost and environmental externalities. Transport modelling in this study was carried out using an additional attribute: travel time which shows the impact of travel behaviour on the optimal modal mix and the consequent impact on energy and emissions. The scenario-based approach using the travel time budget (TTB) concept was used using a bottom-up TIMES modelling framework. The scenario analysis shows the trade-off between the speed of the vehicle, available travel time, and sustainability in transport. The result suggests that the investment in rapid transit would be the potential future mode in Kathmandu valley.

Do Suburban Populations of Lizards Behave Differently from Forest Ones? An Analysis of Perch Height, Time Budget, and Display Rate in the Cuban Endemic Anolis homolechis

Urbanization transforms natural ecosystems into novel habitats, which can result in negative consequences for biodiversity. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms of maintenance of native species in urbanized environments, including behavior—which can act as a fast response to rapid environmental changes. We compared some behavioral traits between two suburban and two forest populations of Anolis homolechis. Direct observations of 779 individuals revealed that perch height was positively influenced by body size, but not by sex. Suburban individuals perched higher than forest ones, and even more so in the afternoon compared to the morning; a behavior that was not observed in forests populations. These differences might be due to a change from foraging activities in the morning to vigilance, display, and/or thermoregulation in the afternoon, promoted by suburban habitat conditions (e.g., higher predator abundance, open habitat structure, and urban heat). Video recordings of 81 focal individuals showed that males were more active than females (i.e., spending less time in stationary behavior and having a higher display rate), with no significant effect of habitat type. As some of our results diverge from previous studies on invasive anoles, we recommend extending comparative studies of urban and non-urban populations to other native Anolis.

Sows’ pre- and post-crate opening behaviour in farrowing pens with different opening times

The aim of the present study was to investigate the sows’ behaviour in farrowing pens with a short-term fixation of five days around birth and the influence of the reproductive outcome. It was hypothesised that opening the farrowing crate in the evening may result in calmer sows due to less disturbance by stockpersons and thereby fewer dangerous posture changes of the sow and fewer piglet losses. The study focused on the pre- and post-crate opening behaviour of the sows expressed in lying down and rolling behaviour. Farrowing crates were opened three days post partum in the morning at 06.00 am (AM: n = 16) or in the evening at 06.00 pm (PM: n = 16). A further division was undertaken for sows with low (LR: n = 16) and high (HR: n = 16) rolling behaviour in the post-opening period. Video sequences of 72 h, divided into 24 h before and 48 h after the farrowing crate was opened were recorded continuously (to observe behaviour) and analysed using two event sampling methods: The frequencies of the lying down and rolling behaviour of the sows were documented as point events while the sows’ time budget (standing, sitting, lying) and the piglets’ positions during the sows’ lying down and rolling were documented as state events. The results show that rolling behaviour was performed less when the crate was opened in the evening compared to opening the crate in the morning (p = 0.08). Crushed piglets during lactation did not differ significantly between the groups but this tended to occur less frequently for PM grouped sows in the post-opening period. HR sows performed rolling more than twice as often as LR sows (p < 0.05) and showed significantly more frequent rolling from belly to side (p < 0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference was found for crushed piglets during lactation and both LR sows and HR sows crushed a similar number of piglets in the post-opening period. In both groups (AM, PM respectively LR, HR) the piglets’ positions were in the nest in more than 50% of the rolling events. In conclusion, crate opening in the evening resulted in less rolling movements, sows in the PM group tended to crush fewer piglets in the post-opening period compared to sows in the AM group. Opening the crate in the evening seems to be better, with the advantage that the animals are calmer and show less postural change due to an undisturbed environment after opening.