Time Adverbials Research Articles

한국어 학습자의 과거시제 형태소 ‘-었-’ 습득 양상 - 시간 부사와의 상호관련성을 중심으로 -

한국어 학습자의 과거시제 형태소 ‘-었-’ 습득 양상 - 시간 부사와의 상호관련성을 중심으로 -

ANALYSIS OF THE STUDENTS’ ENGLISH TENSES ERRORS

At The First Semester of English Students’ Department at Faculty of Teacher Training andEducation LancangKuning University, the researcher found that the students had a problem inhad grammar error in writing. That was why researcher conducted this research that aimedtoanalyze the English errors faced by the first semester of English Students Department atFaculty of Teachers Training and EducationLancangKuning University.This research wasDescriptive Quantitative Research. The participants of the research were 36 students. Incollecting the data in this research, the researcher used test and interview as the instrument. Theresult of data showed that the students had 176 errors in verb tenses, 8 errors in to be, 5 errors incorrect sentence and 9 in adverb of time with the percentage were 31,38 % in true or falsequestion and 27,5 % in multiple choice test. In conclusion, The students had a lot of errors inapplied verb tense, adverb of time, correct sentence, and to be.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSFORMATION FROM DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH

The objective of the study is to reveal the types of errors made by students in transforming direct to indirect speech in the form of statements. Furthermore, it attempts to find out the kind of errors that the students do most. To achieve the objectives of the study, the writer conducted a field research in which a test of grammar was administered. Then she did the library research in order to find some books and references that were related to error analysis and grammar. The subjects of the study were the second grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Peusangan. There were 295 students from which 34 students were taken as the sample. With the intention of drawing representative sample, simple random sampling was applied. The data were in the form of students’ scores on the tests. The data shows that the students made errors on the selection of appropriate tenses, pronouns, and adverb of time. The most errors they made were in changing pronoun. In line with the result of the research, the writer suggested that to improve the students’ ability in transforming direct to indirect speech, students have to learn more about pronoun, tenses, and adverb of time in turning direct to indirect speech. Additionally, it is essential to the teacher to know that choosing the appropriate pronoun is still hard for the students, so that they have to find a new way to improve it.

A Study on Modality the Time Adverb “Gat” in Korean

A Study on Modality the Time Adverb “Gat” in Korean

Language, Thought And Social Awareness: a Preliminary Anthropological Linguistic Investigation Of Time And Space in The Bima Language

This article discusses the connection between language and thought processes and its implication towards social consciousness and attitudes. The framework is developed from various concepts of linguistic relativity particularly temporal and spatial deictic systems. Data were introspectively collected from the Bima native speakers selected based on dialectal variation, topography, and political geography and descriptively analyzed by identifying, classifying, describing and explaining the connection between various linguistic forms and spatio-temporal dimensions and social consciousness. The study finds that the concept of time in the language is not only semantically realized in adverbs of time but also morphologically represented in linguistic markers of present, past and future. Space is realized through the choice of three-dimensional locative markers: ‘ake’ speaker proximity, ‘ede’ hearer proximity, and ‘aka’ speaker-hearer distant detachment. Location is also marked by other factors: topography, geography, trans-communication pathways, and socio-political vitality of referred area. The study shows a strong relationship in both expert and commoner speakers’ understanding of spatial and temporal concepts although explicit reference to space and time as required in the language does not significantly materialize in different attitudes toward them. Key Words: language, thought, social awareness, deictic systems

English

Although Lunyu (The Analects) is well-known and often mentioned in Confucian scholarship, there have been no focused examinations of the comprehensive linguistic features of its English translations. This study seeks to report a comparative multidimensional investigation into the similarities and differences in the lexico-grammatical features of Lunyu (The Analects) translated by James Legge and Ku Hungming. The comparison is made along five functional dimensions (involved versus informational production, narrative versus non-narrative concerns, explicit versus situation-dependent reference, overt expression of persuasion, and abstract versus non-abstract information), and the prominent lexico-grammatical features (based on a 67-item feature set) in the two texts are singled out. It is found that there are more private verbs, present tense verbs, be as main verb, past tense verbs, third-person pronouns, and public verbs in Legge’s The Analects of Confucius , whereas Ku’s The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius uses nouns, adjectives, long words, nominalisations, and time adverbials more often. The identified differences in lexico-grammatical patterns are related to the distinct goals of the two translators. The results demonstrate that the multidimensional (MD) approach is effective in differentiating the linguistic features of the two translation versions and motivating a micro-analysis of the texts, seeking to discern the translators’ underlying assumptions about the relations of Confucius and his followers. It is considered that these findings may have implications for the understanding of the translations of The Analects .

Past–future asymmetries in time adverbials and adpositions: A crosslinguistic and diachronic perspective

AbstractExpressions like English

Adverbials in L2 English of Korean Children

This study explores the acquisition and use of adverbials by child learners of English. Longitudinal data collected from five Korean children learning English in a naturalistic setting were analyzed using a taxonomy of adverbials constructed based on reference grammars. After over 30 months of exposure to English in the US, the children developed competence to utilize various types of adverbials in communication, though the developmental trajectories were not incremental, exhibiting intra-individual variability. Space adverbials were high in both type and token frequency, followed by time and contingency adverbials. Preferred realization types were single-word adverbs and prepositional phrases, which occurred in the sentence final position most frequently. The learners’ L2 proficiency, context of L2 learning, and transfer of L1 linguistic features were identified as factors interacting with the acquisition and use of adverbials.

English

This stylistics analysis of Margaret Atwood’s poem examines the persona as a paradoxical element whose interpretation was derived by applying the deictic shift theory. The use of the theory demonstrates how meaning was derived from the literary work that allows anchor-points in time and space to position the reader. While Atwood’s poem has always been interpreted along the sphere of feminism whereby women are perceived as being marginalized and relegated to the domestic fold and are unworthy to express their identity and rise above the surface of a sea of domestic responsibilities, by using a more formalist approach, the process enabled an analysis of the theme, effects and meaning based on the language of the poem as evidentiary support. Deixis, as a linguistic feature, was employed as a tool of analysis, deriving meaning from verb tense and aspect, personal pronouns, and adverbs of time and place. These linguistic features were viewed and interpreted on the context of their utterance. Additionally, the concurrent use of the text-world theory facilitates the reader’s capacity to build the world of the text. Hence, the formalist approach employed in the analysis enabled recourse to the language of the poem that allowed the persona to be revealed. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2016-1602-07

Time Adverb ‘Cengjing (曾經)’ and ‘Yijing (已經) Tense and Aspect of the Comparative Analysis of the Characteristics of China and South Korea

Time Adverb ‘Cengjing (曾經)’ and ‘Yijing (已經) Tense and Aspect of the Comparative Analysis of the Characteristics of China and South Korea

Legal Expressions of Urgency in Comparative Perspective: The Translation of Temporal Adverbials in the DCFR

Most comparative studies on the difficulties of legal translation focus on the “grand” terms and concepts of private law (e.g. contract, damage, property). Yet the grammar of legal discourse is also built on “small words” which are deeply rooted in a particular legal culture. One example are adverbials of time or expressions of urgency, as they may be referred to, which are used in a number of legal provisions.This paper explains the role of temporal adverbials in legal texts and analyses the usage of such terms in the English version of the DCFR and tries to develop a taxonomy of expressions of urgency. It evaluates the translation of temporal adverbials in the French and German version of the DCFR and underlines the role of comparative law for legal translation.

Structural Relationships and Polysemy in the Qur'an: Examples and Causes

This study explores the structural relationships in the Qur'an and their effect on polysemy (taʿaddud al-maʿānī). It first explores the definitions of this phenomenon, adducing various citations. Then it discusses pertinent examples of these, such as the relationship of the pronoun to its antecedent; circumstantial clauses; the relationship of the accusative to its referent; adverbs of time and space in relation to the noun they qualify; the connection between various sentences and phrases and what they refer to; the relationship of the adjective to the noun it qualifies; and so on. In addition, this study attempts to uncover the underlying causes of the phenomenon of polysemy.

Corpus-based interpretation of temporal orientedness on co-occurring of time adverbs and tense markers

Corpus-based interpretation of temporal orientedness on co-occurring of time adverbs and tense markers

Spanish “todavía”: Continuity and transition

This paper presents an analysis of the meaning of Spanish todavía, traditionally considered as a durative time adverb, sometimes translatable into English as still or yet but not always. Our main point is that the semantic content of this lexical item consists of two procedural components. The first one is a basic continuative aspectual sense, while the second instructs for the contextual incorporation of an assumption about a potential transition. This approach has several virtues. First, it allows us to maintain a parsimonious analysis, which shows that there is no need to treat todavía as two distinct lexical items with different polarities each, as some have proposed (Bosque, 1980). We suggest, in contrast, that in Spanish todavía can be analysed as a single lexical item, and we account for its behaviour both in affirmative and in negative clauses. Second, we argue that the procedural component of the meaning of todavía explains its distribution patterns. It also clarifies the origin of the implicatures of various strengths about the future that may emerge when it is used. Finally, our characterisation allows us to provide an explanation of the way in which the wide range of meanings and pragmatic effects that are attached to the use of todavía (e.g. scalar readings, emphasis and concession) can be derived from the basic semantic sense we propose.

Kick the Ball or Kicked the Ball? Perception of the Past Morpheme –ed by Second Language Learners

Abstract: Explanations for the well-documented second language (L2) learning challenge of the English regular past include verb semantics (Bardovi-Harlig, 2000), phonetic properties (Goad, White, & Steele, 2003), and frequency factors (Collins, Trofimovich, White, Cardoso, & Horst, 2009). Difficulty perceiving past-tense morphology (i.e., hearing –ed in the input) has received less research attention. In this study, we explored the roles of three perceptual factors (phonological environment, speech rate, semantic clues) among 106 L2 learners and 81 English speakers of a similar age. Experiment 1 was a forced-choice auditory identification task contrasting perceptually ‘easy’ ([əd] + vowel) and ‘hard’ ([t] or [d] + consonant) regular past contexts at normal conversational speed. Experiment 2 contrasted easy and hard contexts at a slowed-down speech rate. Experiment 3 included time adverbials that matched or mismatched the tense marker (e.g., walked the dog now vs. walked the dog yesterday). The L2 learners behaved at just above chance at normal conversational speed in both contexts, and slowing speech down helped them in easy contexts only. The English speakers were more accurate in easy than in hard contexts regardless of speech rate. Both L2 learners and English speakers also relied on adverbials at the expense of the phonetic cue to past morphology (–ed). Implications of these findings for the roles of input and frequency in L2 learning, and for pronunciation teaching (i.e., setting reasonable learning goals) are discussed.

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本文認為時間副詞「在」的功能可以表動作進行或狀態持續。這兩種來源不同，表狀態持續義是「處所動詞＞時間副詞」的演變，這是在靜態語境中，誘發隱喻機制而形成。表動作進行義則是「處所動詞＞處所介詞＞時間副詞」的演變，這是在動態語境中，連動結構發生語義級降後，再藉由「在+指示代詞」的虛指用法，進而脫落處所詞而產生。此兩條演變途徑，具類型學上意義，可藉由跨語言比較得到印證。時間副詞「正在」的形成是在因果語境中，「〔正〕_(副)+〔在+VP〕_(動賓／介賓)」無法以「正+在+VP+之時」解釋，使VP轉為動作事件焦點，而重新分析為「〔正在〕_(副)+〔VP〕_(動詞組)」。

Der Satz im Koreanischen

The Korean language is an agglutinative language belonging to the Ural-Altaic language family, which follows a subject-object-verb-structure. The verbs are followed by suffixes which denote tense, aspect, mode and honorific forms. Nouns, pronouns and other non-verbal parts of speech are followed by particles which mark the role of the corresponding parts of speech in the sentence. The Korean language does not possess prepositions. Thus, the major part of grammatical relations and other functional connections, which in English are marked by prepositions as well as subordinating or coordinating conjunctions, is expressed by postpositional particles. The marking of subjects by postpositions allows subjects to appear in different parts of a sentence than the initial position. A typical Korean sentence follows the subsequent pattern: 1st Time adverbials 2nd Local adverbial (Adverbial of Place) 3rd Subject-Noun phrase 4th Dative-Noun phrase 5th Modal adverbials 6th Object-Noun phrase 7th Verb

Translation Assessment of Temporal Succession of Events in Narrative Discourse from Arabic into English

<em>The present paper aims at investigating the lexical and grammatical means by which events in written texts are temporally sequenced in standard Arabic and Standard English. Temporal succession refers to the chronological order of events which is signalled typically by conjunctions, tense, aspect, synonyms, antonyms, time adverbials and prepositions. The researcher built his study on two hypotheses: firstly, both languages tend to use the same lexico-grammatical devices to achieve the succession concerned. Secondly, translating Arabic temporal connectives, found in narrative texts, into English seems to pose rendition difficulties which can be attributed to grammatical and discoursal differences between the two languages. The results of the contrastive analysis conducted by the researcher have proved that the two languages partially employ the same lexico-grammatical connectives to maintain the temporal sequence of actions and events. However, unlike English, Arabic employs some coordinators as time connectives. As for the translation assessment, it has been found out that in Arabic literary texts, time connectives have not been accurately translated. This has been particularly in evidence as far as Arabic coordinators (as time connectives) are concerned.</em>

Koskeeko kääntäjä sanajärjestykseen? Suomen ja venäjän ajanilmaukset esimerkkinä

The myth about the ideal translation being as “literal” as possible has been discussed as long as translations have been studied. This article addresses the myth of literariness by examining how often and in what kind of circumstances translators tend to vary the location of adverbials of time when translating from Finnish to Russian and from Russian to Finnish. Two parallel corpora are used as the research material of the study. The study used research data which focused only on SV clauses with a nominative subject. Overall, no major differences were found between the two SL-TL pairs in how often the original position of the adverbial is retained and how often it is changed by the translator. However, attempts have been made to determine when the possibly committed change of the adverbial position is grammatically inescapable and when it is more likely to be the result of the translator’s tendency to vary the structure of the SL clause. It is noted that the original position of the adverbial is actually retained in cases where one would expect the target language’s grammar would force a move to another position. This tendency appears to be more prominent in translations from Russian to Finnish.

Aspect and temporal anaphora

We extend the parallels established in the literature between tenses and pronouns to aspect on the basis of three simple assumptions. (i) Aspect, just like Tense, serves to order time intervals (Klein 1995). (ii) Anaphora can also serve to order time intervals. (iii) Just like anaphora between individual-denoting DPs can be resolved via either (variable) binding or coreference (with binding the default construal, Reinhart 1997), anaphora in the temporal realm (that is, between time-denoting DPs) can also be construed as binding or coreference—the null assumption on a referential approach to temporal phenomena. The claim is that when temporal anaphora between the time of the eventuality and the reference time is resolved via binding, the resulting aspectual viewpoint is imperfective, while when it is resolved via coreference, the resulting viewpoint is perfective. We show how this proposal nicely derives the range of temporal construals that non-root imperfective past modals in Spanish/French allow, in contrast to perfective past modals. While imperfective modals allow both past and present perspective epistemic construals, perfective modals only allow present perspective epistemic construals, and while past imperfective modals allow modification by a (deictic) future time adverb on their metaphysical construal, past perfective modals do not.