Tilt Rotation Research Articles

Interaction of scapular dyskinesis with hand dominance on three-dimensional scapular kinematics

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of scapular dyskinesis and its interaction with hand dominance and humerothoracic angles on three-dimensional scapular kinematics in asymptomatic individuals in all planes of arm motion. MethodsForty-five asymptomatic participants, seventeen men and twenty-eight women, were separated into two groups: with (n = 22) and without scapular dyskinesis (n = 23) according to the Yes/No classification. Scapular kinematic data of dominant and non-dominant sides in both groups were measured with an electromagnetic tracking device during arm elevation and lowering phases in scapular, frontal and sagittal planes. A linear mixed model of covariance adjusted for age and BMI was used, which included hand dominance (dominant and non-dominant), group (with and without scapular dyskinesis), angles (30°, 60°, 90°, and 120°), and the interaction effect (group × hand dominance × humerothoracic angle). ResultsThere was a significant interaction effect on scapular anterior tilt and upward rotation in the sagittal plane, and for internal rotation and anterior tilt in the frontal and scapular planes. The effects of hand dominance on three-dimensional scapular kinematics, as increased anterior tilt, internal rotation and upward rotation, were greater in individuals without scapular dyskinesis. ConclusionThe effects of dominant side as increased upward rotation, internal rotation, and anterior tilt at higher humerothoracic angles for all planes of arm motion, were greater in individuals without scapular dyskinesis. Our findings may assist the scapular assessment which in individuals without scapular dyskinesis, bilaterally, possible between side differences in the scapular motions may be related to a dominance effect.

Visible Light Positioning Based on Collaborative LEDs and Edge Computing

The proliferation of the Internet of Things pushes the visible light positioning (VLP) system research. However, the existing positioning systems still have the following problems: 1) when the smartphone (receiver) is rotated or tilted during the positioning, existing collaborative LEDs’ positioning algorithms fail and 2) for different smartphone application scenarios, there is not an effective resource management solution between the server and the client. Therefore, in this article, we design and implement a robust and flexible indoor VLP system based on collaborative LEDs and edge computing. First, we propose the enhanced collaborative LEDs’ positioning algorithm, which uses the indoor hidden location information to obtain the rotation angle and tilt angle of the receiver, to achieve the robust system positioning. Then, we use the edge computing solution to balance between bandwidth resources and computing resources and propose a flexible functional segmentation scheme for different smartphone application scenarios. Finally, we conduct experimental tests to evaluate the positioning system performance by landmark decoding rate, positioning accuracy, and segmentation analysis. Test results show that the designed positioning system can achieve centimeter-level positioning. Meanwhile, the smartphone can exchange the least bandwidth resources for the most computing resources under Scheme-3.

Arthroscopic release of the pectoralis minor tendon as an adjunct to acromioplasty in the treatment of subacromial syndrome associated with scapular dyskinesia

IntroductionOne of the causes of scapular dyskinesia is the retraction of the pectoralis minor muscle. It can be the cause of shoulder pain associated with increased anterior tilt and internal rotation of the shoulder. HypothesisArthroscopic release of the pectoralis minor tendon is effective for shoulder pain, linked to a correction of dyskinesia, resulting in the early disappearance of scapulalgia. Patients and methodsThis was a retrospective, monocentric, single-surgeon study on a continuous series of patients with symptomatic shoulder pain, related to subacromial impingement associated with scapular dyskinesia. The series underwent arthroscopic tenotomies of the pectoralis minor between January 2015 and September 2018. Fifty-eight releases were performed to 57 patients (22 males, 35 females), with a mean age of 51.4 years (29–66 years). In all cases, they presented pain on palpation of the upper bundle of the trapezius muscle, and on palpation of the coracoid insertion of the pectoralis minor. ResultsPreoperatively, there were 30 cases of stage 1 scapular dyskinesia and 28 cases of stage 2, with a scapular index measured at 53.84 (41.66–65.78), while the constant score was 41.46 (19–59). Upper trapezius pain was present in 87.7% of cases. The 57 patients were clinically assessed, with a mean follow-up of 8.9 months (6–24 months). Post-operatively, 15 cases (25.8%) of scapulalgia persisted at 2 months of follow-up, while upper trapezius pain was present in only 22.4%. Scapular dyskinesia was no longer present at 2 months in patients without scapulalgia. The scapular index was measured at 60.42 (52.38–70.96), and the constant score at last follow-up was 76.36 (42–92). ConclusionTenotomy of the pectoralis minor improves painful symptomatology and scapular dyskinesia, in cases of subacromial syndrome with retraction of the pectoralis minor muscle. Level of EvidenceIV, retrospective study.

Characteristics of the scapula movement during shoulder elevation depend on posture.

[Purpose] This study aimed to clarify the differences in scapular movement during flexion and abduction of the shoulder joint with different postures. [Participants and Methods] This study included 15 male participants. Their shoulder flexion and abduction and angles of the scapular upward rotation, scapular anterior tilt, scapular external rotation, and thoracic spine flexion were measured. Measurements were taken in three positions: the control, thoracic spine flexion, and thoracic spine extension positions using a three-dimensional motion capture system. [Results] In the shoulder flexion, the amount of change in the scapular external rotation was significantly greater in the thoracic flexion than in the thoracic extension. In shoulder abduction, the amount of change in the scapular anterior tilt and external rotation was significantly greater in the thoracic flexion than in the thoracic extension. A comparison of the scapular angles in shoulder flexion and abduction showed that the upward rotation, posterior tilt, and external rotation were significantly greater in abduction than flexion. [Conclusion] To avoid posture-induced incoordination of the scapula and thorax movement during shoulder elevation, postural adjustment of the thoracic spine based on the movements is necessary for the shoulder joint exercises.

Cognitive functional therapy as a complementary treatment for posture and disability of chronic neck pain: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of scapular stabilization exercise with and without cognitive functional therapy (CFT) on disability and scapular kinematics in people suffering from chronic neck pain. Methods: A total of 72 patients with chronic non-specific neck pain were randomized into scapular stabilization exercise alone, n = 24, combined (scapular stabilization exercise + CFT), n = 24, and a control group, n = 24. Scapular kinematic and disability were measured at baseline and after the intervention. Results: Statistically significant differences in neck pain and disability scale (NPAD) were found when the multimodal physiotherapy group including a cognitive functional approach was compared with stabilization exercises group at 6 weeks (effect size (95%CI) = –1.63 (–2.55, –.71); P = 0.019). Regarding the neck disability index (NDI), a significant between-group difference was observed at six-week (effect size (95%CI) = –2.69 (–3.80, –1.58); P = 0.007), with the superiority of effect in multimodal physiotherapy group. A significant between-group difference was observed in the scapular upward rotation and scapular osterior tilt at 30°, 60°, 90° and 120° of shoulder adduction. Conclusions: A group-based multimodal rehabilitation program including scapular stabilization exercise plus cognitive functional therapy was superior to group-based stabilization exercises alone for decreasing disability and, improving scapular kinematic in patients with chronic neck pain

Results and Factors Affecting Clinical Efficacy of Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Using a Gracilis Tendon Suture Technique.

BackgroundThis study evaluated the outcomes of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction using a gracilis tendon suture technique for patients with patellar instability. Potential factors affecting clinical efficacy were also evaluated.MethodsThis study included 22 patients diagnosed with patellar instability, who underwent MPFL reconstruction using a gracilis tendon. Their mean age was 21.5 years (range, 15–48 years), and the mean follow-up period was 26.8 months (range, 12–66 months). Clinical evaluation included the determination of Kujala, Lysholm, and Tegner scores. Radiographic evaluation included changes in congruence angle and arthritic changes in the patellofemoral joint. Additionally, patients were examined for any complications, including recurrent dislocation. Factors affecting clinical efficacy were also evaluated.ResultsAll clinical scores improved at final follow-up. The mean congruence angle improved from 23.6° before surgery to –6.5° at final follow-up. Two of 15 patients developed osteoarthritic changes in the patellofemoral joint. Dislocation recurred in 2 patients with type C trochlear dysplasia, which showed a statistically significant association with recurrent dislocation when compared to type A and B dysplasia (p = 0.026). Kujala scores were significantly lower among patients with abnormal patellar tilts (p = 0.038), and Lysholm scores were significantly lower among patients with femoral internal rotation deformity (p = 0.024).ConclusionsSatisfactory results were obtained after MPFL reconstruction using a gracilis tendon suture technique for patients with patellar instability. However, dislocation recurred in patients with type C trochlear dysplasia, and clinical efficacy was lower among patients with femoral internal rotation and patellar tilt.

SUBSTANTIATION OF A WIND PHOTOELECTRIC INSTALLATION FOR POWER SUPPLY OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTS

The article deals with the issue of the use of electric energy generating units based on renewable energy sources. The use of autonomous decentralized power supply systems is becoming extremely important. Renewable energy makes it possible to organize a self-sufficient and decentralized energy supply and increase the value of local resources without dependence on imports or the need to create expensive electrical networks or modernize outdated networks with an extremely high level of technological losses. A wind photovoltaic installation that can be used for decentralized power supply in various sectors of the national economy, in particular, for autonomous power supply of road infrastructure. The proposed wind photovoltaic installation is combined and is used to generate electricity from wind energy and the electromagnetic flow of solar radiation. Attention is paid to the features of the structure of wind turbines and a design difference is proposed, thanks to which a technical result is achieved, which consists in increasing the efficiency of using horizontal wind flows simultaneously from different directions and outgoing thermal and centrifugal flows, as well as full controllability of azimuthal rotation and zenith tilt of photovoltaic panels. The technical possibilities of using air flows created by the movement of motor vehicles and simultaneous horizontal winds are provided separately.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ДРАЖИРОВАНИЯ СЕМЯН В БАРАБАННОМ ДРАЖИРАТОРЕ

Due to insufficiently studied conditions of pelletizing seeds with diatomaceous-sand and clay-sand mixtures (DSM and CSM), the author conducted experimental research of pelletizing modes of DSM and CSM seeds in a pelletizer made of glass and having the form of an elliptical rotation paraboloid with a base diameter of 60 mm. The author formulated requirements for the quality of pellets and assessed the possibility of indirect evaluation of pelletizing quality by the amount of mixture, which has not entered into the pelletation process. Confirmed experimentally were the dependence of dragee shell strength on several factors, such as rotation frequency and tilt angle of a working tool, moisture and feed mode of initial mixtures, the duration of seed pelletizing with a diatomaceous sand mixture, as well as the mixture composition at the second stage of pelletizing. As a result of screening experiment, it was found that the amount of mixture not involved in the pelletazing process is significantly affected by the humidity of the initial mixtures, the rotation frequency of the working body and the duration of pelletizing with a diatomaceous sand mixture. The search for the region of optimum parameters of pelletizing was made by the Box-Wilson method of steep ascent. The response surface area was described by the segment of Taylor’s series, according to the coefficients of which it was found that that the best result is achieved with the initial mixture humidity of 7%, the rotation frequency of the working unit of 16 m-1 and the duration of the first phase of seed pelletazing with a diatomaceous-sandy mixture of 18 minutes.

Optical and structural properties of WO3 nanostructure films prepared by oblique angle deposition

Tungsten oxide (WO3) nanostructure thin film has been grown on a silicon wafer and glass slide substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering at a different oblique angle from 56°, 70° and 86°. The effect of static and dynamic substrate tilt rotation during the film deposition on microstructure and the optical property was investigated. The results showed that all of the prepared WO3 nanostructure films were amorphous. The film thickness of the prepared films decreased with increasing deposition angles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed that the sample prepared at 70° and 86° with substrate tilt rotation was nanocolumnar structure due to the self-shadowing effect. In addition, the optical transmittance with the omnidirectional property was studied by spectrophotometer. The optical transmittance was about to 86% with a good WO3 nanorod thin films as static OAD at 86°. The energy bandgap can be estimated at about 3.11–3.28 eV.

Study of RCS characteristics of tilt-rotor aircraft based on dynamic calculation approach

To study the Radar Cross-Section (RCS) characteristics of the tilt-rotor aircraft, a dynamic calculation approach that takes into account rotor rotation and nacelle tilt is presented. Physical optics and physical theory of diffraction are used to deal with the instantaneous electromagnetic scattering of the target. The RCS of the aircraft in the helicopter mode, fixed-wing mode and transition mode is analyzed. The results show that in the fixed-wing mode, the blade has a weaker deflection effect on the head incident wave in the horizontal plane. The helicopter mode improves the scattering of the rotor in the horizontal plane, while it increases the scattering source on the surface of the nacelle. At a fixed tilt angle, the RCS of the aircraft under a given azimuth angle still shows obvious dynamic characteristics. Dynamic tilting significantly changes the scattering effects of blades, hubs, nacelles and wingtips. The proposed approach is shown to be feasible and effective to learn the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the tilt rotor aircraft.

Serratus Anterior Fatigue Reduces Scapular Posterior Tilt and External Rotation During Arm Elevation.

Fatigue of the scapular stabilizing muscles resulting from repeated arm motion has been reported to alter scapular kinematics, which could result in shoulder pathology, especially impingement. This study aimed to examine the effects of fatigue of the serratus anterior muscle on scapular kinematics, specifically, decrease scapular posterior tilt and upward scapular rotation during arm elevation. Repeated measures. Laboratory. Thirty participants were included in the investigation. Scapular kinematics and shoulder strength were measured before and immediately following a serratus anterior fatigue protocol. Scapular 3-dimensional position during arm elevation. No difference in upward rotation of the scapula between prefatigue and postfatigue conditions (ascending: P = .188; descending: P = .798). Scapular posterior tilt decreased during arm elevation following the fatigue protocol between 60° and 90° and 90° and 120° of arm elevation during the ascent (P = .004) and the descent (P = .013). Fatigue by arm elevation angle interaction was found for clavicular elevation during the ascent (P = .050) between 90° and 120° of arm elevation. Scapular internal rotation increased during the ascent (P = .027). There was no difference in clavicular protraction between the prefatigue and postfatigue conditions (ascending: P ≤ .001; descending: P ≤ .001). Fatigue of the serratus anterior decreases posterior scapular tilt and greater clavicular elevation and scapular internal rotation at higher arm elevation angles. These findings are consistent with the scapular kinematic patterns associated with shoulder pain. Improving serratus anterior endurance might delay the changes in scapular kinematics associated with repeated arm motion and shoulder injury mechanisms.

Knee Extensor Mechanism Strength and Its Relationship to Patellofemoral Kinematics in Individuals With Arthrofibrosis Within 6Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Performance in strength and assessment of patellar tracking is important for patients with arthrofibrosis after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The study was to examine the difference of patellofemoral kinematics between the affected and the contralateral limb and to evaluate the relationship between knee extensor strength and patellofemoral kinematics in patients with arthrofibrosis after ACL reconstruction. Cohort study (diagnosis); level of evidence, 3. Laboratory. A prospective cohort of 20 patients with arthrofibrosis after ACL reconstruction was recruited. A total of 20 patients who underwent arthroscopic reconstruction of the double-bundle ACL with a hamstring tendon autograft received standardized patellofemoral kinematics testing and knee extensor strength testing within 6months after primary ACL reconstruction. Computed tomography and dual fluoroscopic imaging were used to evaluate in vivo patellofemoral kinematics of affected and contralateral knees during a lunge task. Knee extensor mechanism strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer. A limb symmetry index of knee strength and patellar mobility was calculated and satisfactory performance defined as ≥90%. There was a statistically significant decrease in the range of patellar inferior shift (P = .020; d = 0.81), flexion (P = .026; d = 0.95), lateral tilt (P = .001; d = 1.04), and lateral rotation (P < .001; d = 0.89) in the affected knee compared with the contralateral knee from 15° to 75° of knee flexion. There was a strong positive linear correlation between knee extensor strength and patellar inferior shift (r = .747; P = .008). A knee extensor strength limb symmetry index <90% was 89% sensitive and 9% specific for limited patellar inferior shift. Patients with arthrofibrosis after ACL reconstruction presented decreased patellar mobility in the arthrofibrotic knee compared with the contralateral knee. The strong correlation between knee extensor strength and patellar inferior shift of the arthrofibrotic knee demonstrates the importance of knee extensor strength in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with knee arthrofibrosis. The knee extensor mechanism strength has high sensitivity but low specificity in identifying a decrease in patellar inferior shift in patients with arthrofibrosis after ACL reconstruction.

Efficacy of TheraTogs orthotic undergarment on modulation of spinal geometry in children with diplegic cerebral palsy

BackgroundThe use of TheraTogs orthotic undergarments has been suggested to improve the ability to stabilize the posture, to correct or prevent deformities, to improve functionality, and to enable the user a more appropriate functional pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of TheraTogs orthotic undergarment on modulation of spinal geometry in children with diplegic cerebral palsy. Forty children with diplegic cerebral palsy, with ages ranging from 6 to 9 years, were selected for this randomized controlled study. They were randomly assigned to (1) an experimental group that received TheraTogs orthotic undergarment (12 h/day, 3 days/week) plus traditional physical therapy for 3 successive months and (2) a control group that received only traditional physical therapy program for the same time period. Spinal geometry was measured at baseline and after 3 months of intervention using the Formetric system.ResultsChildren in both groups showed significant improvements in the spinal geometry (P < 0.05), with significantly greater improvements in the experimental group than the control group. The post-treatment mean values of lateral deviation (mm), pelvic tilt (mm), trunk imbalance (mm), and surface rotation (mm) were 5.45, 6.35, 8.8, and 3.65 and 8, 8.9, 11.2, and 5.9 for the experimental and control group, respectively.ConclusionsTheraTogs orthotic undergarment may be a useful tool for improving spinal geometry in children with diplegic cerebral palsy.Trial registrationThis study was registered in the ClinicalTrial.gov PRS (NCT04271618).

Three-Dimensional Motion of the Shoulder Complex during Activities of Daily Living in Youths with Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To investigate the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral joint motion necessary to perform common activities of daily living in youths with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS). <h3>Design</h3> Cohort, prospective, cross-sectional. <h3>Setting</h3> Motion Analysis Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. <h3>Participants</h3> Five female and 4 male youths (mean±SD age: 14±2.9 years) with hEDS. <h3>Interventions</h3> Participants completed a single experimental session. Participants performed four unilateral activities of daily living (ADLs): reach across body, reach behind back, comb hair, and drink from cup. A 15-camera Vicon motion capture system recorded three-dimensional thorax and upper extremity motion. Joint angles and ranges of motion were computed for the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral joints. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Three-dimensional sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral joint motions. <h3>Results</h3> The sternoclavicular joint moved through both elevation (max: -8±6.5°) and depression (max: 11±4.7°), while maintaining some degree of retraction (max: -44±4.4°) throughout the four ADLs. The acromioclavicular joint maintained some degree of upward rotation (max: 56±8.3°), protraction (max: 62±8.1°), and posterior tilt (max: 28±14.3°) regardless of the activity. Finally, glenohumeral joint motion was the most diverse, requiring it to perform adduction (max: 19±6.4°), abduction (max: -64±11°), internal rotation (max: 19±6.4°), external rotation (max: -91±33°), flexion (max: 55±9.8°), and extension (max: -46±9.2°). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Although hEDS has the potential to significantly disrupt shoulder complex motion, our results suggest that youths with hEDS can perform certain ADLs largely without operating at extreme shoulder joint positions. Moreover, children with hEDS perform these ADLs using similar scapular and glenohumeral kinematics to that reported for able-bodied individuals. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> No conflicts of interest to disclose.

The effects of muscle fatigue on scapulothoracic joint position sense and neuromuscular performance

BackgroundFatigue of the scapular musculature might affect the sensorimotor system and neuromuscular control and therefore impair the dynamic alignment of the scapula. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of scapular muscle fatigue on joint position sense and the neuromuscular performance of the scapulothoracic joint. MethodsThirty healthy subjects were recruited. The joint position sense (measured as reposition errors during the scapular elevation and protraction task) of the scapulothoracic joint and scapular kinematics and muscle activation (% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction) during scaption, shoulder elevation in the scapular plane, before and after the fatigue task (modified push-up) were measured. The repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the effects of fatigue on scapular reposition error and neuromuscular control. ResultsAlthough joint reposition sense did not change after fatigue, muscle activation of the serratus anterior increased significantly (18.5%–26.3%, p = 0.006, elevation task; 15.2%–27.4%, p = 0.037, protraction task). At 120° scaption, the scapula showed a decreased posterior tilt (13.8°–10.3°, p < 0.001), increased protraction (10.2°–13.3°, p = 0.004) and lateral rotation (52.8°–54.4°, p = 0.005). Muscle activation of the serratus anterior increased (65.9%–84.6%, p = 0.002) during 90°–120°scaption. ConclusionScapular muscle fatigue did not alter the scapulothoracic joint position sense, but increased serratus anterior activation and resulted in a more anteriorly tilted, protracted, and laterally rotated scapula during scaption. Whether or not these fatigue-related changes are linked to the development of shoulder problems needs to be investigated further.

Comparing invivo three-dimensional shoulder elevation kinematics between standing and supine postures.

BackgroundIt is often assumed that body posture, standing vs. supine, changes shoulder muscle activation and range of motion, but these altered shoulder mechanics have not been objectively assessed. We expected the supine posture might facilitate scapular rotation and change subacromial pressure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of body posture on shoulder kinematics during arm elevation.MethodsTen males and eight females with a mean age of 33 years participated in this study. Shoulder kinematics were assessed during scapular plane elevation in the standing and supine postures by using single-plane fluoroscopic images. Kinematics were measured using 3-dimensional to 2-dimensional model-image registration techniques: matching the 3-dimensional bone model derived from computed tomography onto each fluoroscopic image. Glenohumeral superior/inferior translation, acromiohumeral distance, and scapular rotations were compared between the postures. The effect of sex also was evaluated.ResultsWith the arm at the side position, the humeral head in the supine posture was located 0.5 mm superior compared to the standing posture (P < .001). During humeral elevation, the humeral head significantly shifted more inferiorly in the supine posture than in standing; the biggest mean difference was 0.6 mm, P = .003. But acromiohumeral distance during elevation was not significantly affected by the body posture (P = .05). Scapular upward rotation and posterior tilt were significantly different between the postures (P < .001). Sex had statistically significant, but quantitatively small, effects on shoulder kinematics.ConclusionsBody postures affect shoulder kinematics during humeral elevation. This knowledge will be useful to optimize rehabilitation exercises and for diagnostic insight.

Effectiveness of hydrotherapy in congenital muscular torticollis

Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT); is one of the musculoskeletal diseases seen in the neonatal and infant period. It is formed as a result of stretching the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle in childhood. Due to unilateral contraction of the SCM muscle, ipsilateral head tilt, contralateral face and jaw rotation occur. Exercise and positioning in physical therapy constitute the conservative treatment of CMT. Hydrotherapy treatment has not been used in CMT cases. However, most of the CMT which are not treated early are resolved by surgical intervention. In this case, the effectiveness and success of exercise and hydrotherapy on the patient with CMT were presented.

Effect of Scapular Retraction Exercise on Shoulder Alignment, Pulmonary Function and Aerobic Capacity in Subjects with Forward Shoulder Posture

Background: Forward shoulder posture is identified when the acromion process is most anteriorly positioned when compared with the position of mastoid process, which is characterized by acromion protraction infront of the line of gravity as well as protraction, downward rotation and anterior tilt of scapula. It is one of the common postural abnormality that accounts for 60% of shoulder abnormalities, with an incidence of 75% in the right side and 66% in left side. The study aims to find the effect of scapular retraction exercises on shoulder alignment, pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in subjects with forward shoulder posture. Methods: The study was conducted on 14 subjects with FSP within the age group of 18 to 25. Scapular retraction exercises were given to the subjects for a duration of 3 weeks. Pre and post test values of scapular index, chest expansion, incentive spirometry and six minute walk test was taken. Results: Subjects showed statistically significant differences with a mean difference of 0.7(cm) for scapular index right, 0.68(cm) for scapular index left, 0.59(cm) for upper chest expansion, 1.21(secs) for inspiratory hold time using incentive spirometry and 6.79(m) for aerobic capacity (p&lt;0.05, CI =95%). Pre and post mean scores of scapular index, chest expansion, inspiratory hold time and 6 minute walk test reveals that scapular retraction exercises has a positive impact on improving shoulder alignment, pulmonary function, and aerobic capacity Conclusion: Scapular retraction exercises is effective in improving shoulder alignment, pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in subjects with Forward shoulder posture KEY WORDS: Forward shoulder posture, rounded shoulder, pulmonary function, aerobic capacity, scapular retraction exercises, lung volume.

Improvement in scapular dyskinesis after rotator cuff repair and subacromial decompression.

To investigate the incidence of scapular dyskinesis (SD) in patients with rotator cuff tears using pre- and postoperative 3D computed tomography, analyze the changes in scapular kinematics that occur after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, and identify the contributing clinical factors. Thirty-five patients (mean age, 62.5 ± 8.4years) were included. Four scapular angles (upward rotation, internal rotation, protraction, and posterior tilt) were measured. The patients were categorized into three pre-existing SD types according to the difference in measured scapular angles between the affected and unaffected sides (type 1 SD, posterior tilt angle difference < - 5°; type 2 SD, internal rotation angle difference > 5°; and type 3 SD, upward rotation angle difference > 5°). The prevalence, factors influencing SD, and outcomes were compared between the improved and sustained SD groups. Twenty three of the 35 patients (65.7%) with rotator cuff tears had SD (type 1, 11; type 2, six; type 3, six). Of the 23 preoperative SD patients, 12 (52.1%) showed improved SD postoperatively. Most of the patients with improved SD (9/12) had type 1 SD (p = 0.021) and a significantly improved posterior tilt angle (p = 0.043). The improvement in SD was correlated with a higher range of motion of forward flexion and higher Constant scores (all p < 0.05). No healing failure occurred in the improved SD group (p = 0.037). The prevalence of SD was high in patients with degenerative rotator cuff tears. More than half of the SD cases, especially type 1 SD, improved postoperatively. SD recovery correlated with better function and successful rotator cuff healing. IV.

Micro‐motion parameter extraction of rotating target based on vortex electromagnetic wave radar

The vortex electromagnetic (EM) wave radar has the potential to obtain more accurate micro-motion parameters for target recognition. However, with the existing algorithms of micro-motion parameter extraction it is difficult to obtain the real rotation radius and tilt angle of a rotational target in the presence of multiple scattering points in the radar beam. A micro-motion parameter extraction algorithm for rotating targets based on the vortex EM wave radar is proposed in this article. The angular Doppler is obtained from the dual-mode vortex EM echoes. The time interval between the maximum and minimum angular Doppler frequency is derived. The relationship between the time interval and micro-motion parameters is shown. By combining the linear Doppler and the angular Doppler, the micro-motion parameters are roughly estimated. Then, fine micro-motion parameters are obtained by using an iterative soft threshold algorithm. The proposed algorithm can extract the real rotation radius and tilt angle in the case of multiple scattering points. The performance and robustness of the algorithm are proved by simulations.