Tilt Derivative Research Articles

Geophysical and geospatial insights into surface and subsurface characteristics for groundwater potential analysis, Ras Sudr, West Sinai, Egypt

Ras Sudr has garnered significant interest owing to various initiatives aimed at expanding and developing this area. It holds considerable strategic importance, serving as a key development hub in Sinai and a focal point for tourism destination. Moreover, it has a remarkable event with flashfloods which can be utilized for groundwater or direct usage. Integrating geophysical and geospatial analyses to study the surface and subsurface characteristics as well as identify groundwater potential areas in Ras Sudr, west-central Sinai is the main objective of this study. Firstly, geophysical data including gravity and magnetic methods have a crucial importance in qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the subsurface elements. Filtering techniques were implemented to distinguish between regional and residual anomalies. Geophysical data were subjected to the radial average power spectrum technique and 3D Euler deconvolution to identify the depth of the subsurface sources. The structure pattern that characterizes the interested region was defined by employing bandpass filter and edge detection appoarches using residual anomaly maps, regional anomaly maps, tilt derivatives and total horizontal gradient maps reflecting four distinct structural trends; NW-SE parallel to the Gulf of Suez, NEE-SWW parallel to the Syrian arc system, N-S parallel to the the Nile Valley, and NNE-SSW parallel to the Gulf of Aqaba. A basement relief map was constructed using 3D magnetic modelling showing that the depth of the basement ranges from 1.6 to 6.3 km. Secondly, the remote sensing data including Sentienl-2 and SRTM datasets were employed to extract the surface analyses in the GIS environment to develop the occurrence of groundwater potentiality utilizing seven factors; LU-LC, soil, geology, slope, drainage network and lineament density and rainfall data of the study area which were ranked from 1 to 5 and weighted according to their effective contribution to the infiltration of groundwater using AHP-GIS based multi criteria method. The resulting Groundwater Potential zone (GWPZ) was categorized into five zones from poor to excellent and validated using 41 observed wells. A significant quantity of wells was identified in the areas of high potential located to the west of the region, while five wells were situated within the moderate potential zone. Thereby, the GWPZ map identifying locations with viable groundwater resources suitable for habitation, development and economic plans in Sinai for decision makers.

Magnetometric and seismic investigation of the Nova Colinas impact structure, Parnaíba Basin, Brazil

Nova Colinas (NC) is a complex-type impact structure located in the northeast region of Brazil. It was formed in the volcano-sedimentary strata of the Parnaíba Basin, in the northern part of Western Gondwana. With an apparent diameter of approximately 6.5–7 km, its rim exhibits a distinctive magnetic signal, likely associated to basic volcanic rocks from the Mosquito Formation. These rocks present shock deformation, bracketing the maximum age of the impact event to 197 Ma. We use the magnetometric and seismic methods to establish the geophysical signature of NC and it is the structural framework in subsurface, as well as for characterizing the occurrence and extent of the volcanics. The magnetometric maps present two distinct magnetic domains in the region of NC: (i) the northern area is characterized by short-wavelength magnetic anomalies related to the basaltic flows of the Mosquito Formation; and (ii) the southern region, where sedimentary rocks from the Sambaiba Formation occur, which lacks significant magnetic anomalies, a typical pattern of siliciclastic sedimentary strata. The magnetic sources at the structure's rim reach an estimated depth of ∼250 m, and the position of the rim itself has been effectively established by the total horizontal derivative of the tilt derivative (THDR_TDR) technique. The regional magnetic anomaly suggests a deeper source at the center of the structure, possibly caused by strata with high magnetic susceptibility uplifted in the modification stage of crater formation. Magnetometric modeling using the magnetization vector inversion (MVI) method allowed detailed mapping of the volcanic rocks that form NC's rim. Additionally, analysis of the seismic data allowed the identification of two well-marked horizons, interpreted as diabase sills, located at depths of 600 m and 1200 m, respectively. Impact-related deformation represented by structures such as fractures, a central uplift, and reflector discontinuities associated with faulting, fracturing, and brecciation, were also unveiled by the seismic data, as well as the establishment of the depth of the crystalline basement at ca. 2200 m.

The structural elements controlling the subsurface mineralization as deduced from the integration of magnetic and self-potential methods, Wadi Khosh El-Daba area, southern Sinai, Egypt

Significant copper mineralization are observed to be associated, in most cases, with some radioactive anomalies related to increased uranium and thorium contents in Southern Sinai, Egypt. These mineralizations are related to intense post-magmatic, structurally controlled hydrothermal activities in many localities. Wadi Khosh El-Daba area is one of these locations which is mainly composed of monzogranites dissected by andesite dyke and pegmatite vein. This work deals with the application of ground magnetic and self-potential methods to establish the magnetic sources governing the mineralization, to interpret the significant trends that affected the study area, and to delineate the mineralized zones. The magnetic data were processed, enhanced and interpreted using advanced techniques, such as the first-order vertical derivative (FVD), the tilt derivative (TD), Euler deconvolution (ED), and source parameter image (SPI). The main structural lineaments/contacts that control the distribution of hydrothermal alterations and mineral distributions are oriented to the NW–SE, NE–SW, and NNW–SSE directions. The self-potential (SP) data show that there are numerous mineralized zones; most of them are distributed mainly along the structural lineaments deduced from the magnetic study. The quantitative interpretation revealed that the mineralized bodies are at shallow depths ranging from 5.6 m to 12.7 m, with half-width from 5 m to 13 m. These bodies are shallow to moderate dipping towards the south and north directions. Based on this study an anomaly map is originated to locate the preferred structural elements that may be controlling the mineralization in the area for further future exploration.

The Magnetic Anomaly Map of Paraná State: An Integration of Airborne Surveys Performed Over the Years

Over the last decades, several aerial survey campaigns have been conducted in the State of Paraná. However, we did not have a complete magnetic data integration and analysis focused on the Paraná’s geological context. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to provide the integration of all available data and realize a general analysis to make the Integrated Magnetic Map of the Paraná State, in collaboration with the Geological Survey of Brazil (SGB-CPRM). After integrate the data we have applied processing techniques on public airborne magnetic data, available from the Geological Survey of Brazil database (GeoSGB). For this integration, it was used the minimum curvature interpolation, with cell sizes according to each survey. All gridded data was extrapolated upward from the original height to the altitude of 1800 m. Afterwards, we applied the upward continuation for 2700 m and the following filters: vertical gradient (VDR), total horizontal derivative (THDR), analytic signal (AS), or tilt derivative (TDR), tilt angle of the horizontal derivative (TAHG) and vertical integral of the analytic signal (VIAS). The final results provide valuable maps (and grids) that can be used by the community for future works. In this work we tried to do a simple overview of the structural framework of Paraná State, representing the main magnetic structures of the Paraná State basement and compare them with the most important structures already mapped in surface over the years. All the data present in this work and other filters tests are available and can be access in the supplementary material (https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/ https://hdl.handle.net/1884/89075 and also at zenodo repository https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12820642).

Remote sensing and aeromagnetic mapping for unveiling mineralization potential: Nuqrah Area, Saudi Arabia

Lately, Saudi Arabia has been developing its mineral exploration. However, comprehensive studies of the collected data are not accessible. Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify and map the hydrothermal alteration zones and structural lineaments that regulate the mineral occurrences in the Nuqrah region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using remote sensing and aeromagnetic data. To achieve the desired goal of the study, ASTER remote sensing data were employed, and they were processed in several ways, including principal component analysis, band ratio, and false color composites to reveal the zones of alteration and structure lineaments. In addition, aeromagnetic data was employed to map the lineaments controlling the mineralization. These datasets were integrated using GIS tools to generate a new mineralization potential map of the Nuqrah area, which was classified into three classes: low, moderate, and high probability mineralization. The results showed thirteen intriguing anomalies (high potential mineralization) dispersed over the research area to be prospected. Additionally, techniques such as residual, regional, first vertical derivative, and tilt derivative were utilized to detect the potential mineral-related geologic structures. The results were validated by plotting known mineralization sites on our maps. Six significant faulting trends have been found, according to the lineament map and rose diagrams from remote sensing: NE–SW, WNW–ESE, N–S, ENE–WSW, NNE–SSW, NW–SE, and E–W. The research region is most affected by the NW–SE, ENE–WSW, E–W, and N–S trends, which are organized in decreasing order of magnitude, according to the rose diagram of the aeromagnetic maps. The applied approach can be employed to map potential mineral deposits in Saudi Arabia and similar zones around the globe.

Eigen-6c4 Gravity and Alos Palsar Radar Data Integration for Delineating Geological Lineaments in North Ghadames Basin, NW Libya

Introduction The ambiguity regarding the geological interpretation has the potential to be significantly decreased with the use of remote sensing, geophysical data, and the history of geology. Aims The objective of this work is to delineate geological lineaments and faults using EIGEN-6C4 satellite gravity and ALOS PALSAR radar data in the north Ghadames basin, of northwest Libya. Methods The satellite gravity dataset of the study region was used to perform a complete Bouguer anomaly map of the study area to start the gravity interpretation. Then different filters were performed on the gravity dataset, such as the total horizontal gradient (THG), CET grid analysis, 3-dimensional Euler solution (ED), and a tilt derivative (TDR) using the commercial Oasis Montaj programme. The techniques of edge identification (THG, TDR, and also CET grid analysis) are utilised for locating and identifying the boundaries or edges of geological structures that contribute to gravity anomalies. The 3-dimensional Euler solution, in conjunction with the TDR method, is employed to precisely figure out the positions and estimated depths associated with subsurface sources. Radiometric calibration, speckle filtering, and geometric correction were applied to preprocess the ALOS PALSAR L 1.1 image via the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) software. For automatic extraction, the PCI Geomatica software's LINE module was applied. Results The gravity data results indicate that the main trends of the identified geological lineaments are oriented in the North-South, East-West, Northwest-Southeast, and North-Northwest to South-Southeast directions. Furthermore, the depths of the sources observed underneath the study region differ from 250 m to 2750 m. The orientation of extracted lineaments from the ALOS PALSAR L1.1 images, specifically the horizontal-horizontal as well as horizontal-vertical polarisation images, predominantly have orientations in the north-south, north-northeast to south-southwest, east-west, north-northwest to south-southeast, and northeast-southwest directions within the study area. Conclusion All these findings of lineaments are associated with the tectonic features of the area. Consequently, identifying these lineaments/faults is important to reduce the ambiguity of geological interpretation and provide more information on the dominant trends for future exploration activities in the study region.

2DOF-PID-TD: A new hybrid control approach of load frequency control in an interconnected thermal-hydro power system

The Load Frequency Control (LFC) scheme, with its primary aim being the maintenance of uniform frequency, has been a heavily researched topic for decades. Achieving a consistent frequency necessitates a delicate balance between load demand and power generation. Researchers strive to find an optimal solution within the LFC domain—one that can effectively withstand drastic load fluctuations. Despite a plethora of efforts, the LFC dilemma remains unresolved, complicated by factors such as dwindling demand-supply and the rapid integration of renewables. Furthermore, the lack of innovation in controller structure design exacerbates the complexity of solving modern LFC problems. Consequently, a robust control approach capable of handling uncertainties while simultaneously regulating system frequency becomes crucial. In light of this, we propose a novel hybrid control architecture called 2DOF-PID-TD. This architecture combines Two Degrees Of Freedom Proportional-Integral-Derivative (2DOF-PID) and Tilt-Derivative (TD) controllers. To optimize the proposed controller, we employ a metaheuristic called the Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer (AGTO), which mimics the social behavior and intelligence of gorilla troops. The proposed approach is analyzed in a realistic multi-area multi-source hydro-thermal system, accounting for nonlinearities, random load perturbations, and system parametric uncertainties. Experimental results, when compared with current state-of-the-art optimization algorithms and traditional controller structures, demonstrate the prowess of our approach in terms of precision, robustness, and resilience.

Geological controls of mineralization occurrences in the Egyptian Eastern Desert using advanced integration of remote sensing and magnetic data

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of mineralization exploration in the Egyptian Eastern Desert (ED), one of the most sought-after areas for those interested in mining industry, by integrating Landsat-9 images and geophysical magnetic data. Employing advanced techniques like Principal Component (PC) analysis, Minimum Noise Fraction (MNf) transform, and Band-Ratio (B-Ratio), the research focuses on mapping lithological units, hydrothermal alteration regions, and structural elements. Composite images derived from specific PC, and MNf bands, and B-Ratio exhibit superior lithological unit identification. The findings emphasize that there are significant variations in the types of rocks extend from the southern to the northern parts of the ED. Hydrothermal alteration mapping, guided by B-Ratio results, aids qualitative lithological discrimination. A novel false color composite image optimizes Landsat-9 B-Ratios, enhancing rock unit discrimination. Correlation analyses reveal associations between mineralization types and major lithological units, while exploration of the magnetic anomaly map highlights its role in correlating mineralization sites. Structural features, analyzed through Center for Exploration-Targeting Grid-Analysis (CET-GA) and Center for Exploration-Targeting Porphyry-Analysis (CET-GA) with Tilt Derivative of RTP (TDR) techniques, contribute to a robust association between regions with medium to high structural density and porphyry intrusions and mineralization. The study significantly supports the advanced exploration geoscience, providing insights into the geological structures and dynamics governing mineralization in the Egyptian ED.

Using Edge Detection Techniques on Aeromagnetic Data to Delineate Structures Controlling Orogenic Gold Deposits in the Sefwi Greenstone Belt, Ghana

ABSTRACT The orogenic-style gold deposits in the Sefwi greenstone belt are associated with quartz veins and occur along shear zones. Edge detection techniques (i.e., analytic signal, vertical, and tilt derivatives) were employed to delineate regional planar fabrics (e.g., shear zones, faults) using aeromagnetic data. The enhancing techniques aided the delineation of NE-SW striking lineaments associated with the Kenyase-Yamfo, Hwidiem, Ketesso, Bibiani, and Afema shear zones in the study area. These shear zones are within the Sefwi belt and at the contact zones between the belt and the adjacent metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Sunyani-Comoé and Kumasi-Afema basins. Low-displacement N-S to NNE-SSW trends which are oblique to the NE-SW shear zones, were also delineated. The local bend and offset along the NE-SW striking faults created by the cross-cutting N-S to NNE-SSW faults serve as favourable trap zones to focus fluids migrating along these shear zones. Fry analysis of known orogenic gold occurrences in the study areas shows that the NE-SW lineaments, with an azimuth of 40°-50°, are predominant in controlling the distribution of deposits. There is also a significant structural control in the N-S to NNE-SSW direction with azimuths 0°-10° and 10°-20°.

Structural interpretation of the basement beneath the Southern Desert of Iraq based on aeromagnetic data

The Southern Desert (SD) of Iraq is located in the southernmost region of Iraq and is tectonically located on the stable part (proximal domain) of the Arabian Platform. The area is characterized by a considerable thickness of nonmagnetic Phanerozoic sediments overlying a reworked Proterozoic basement. Due to the intense nature of the karst near-surface geology, the basement has neither been seismically imaged nor drilled. In such situations, potential field (gravity and magnetic) exploration methods can often help to identify and map the deep structure of the basement. Here, the aeromagnetic field data, which cover all of the SD, are used to determine the structure and approximate depth of the basement. We use the combined results of the tilt derivative and phase preserving dynamic range compression (PPDRC) methods to qualitatively delineate the main basement structures and then use the source parameter imaging (SPI), tilt-depth (TD), and finite SPI (FSPI) methods to determine the basement depths. The qualitative interpretation of the tilt derivative and PPDRC methods identifies three north–south to northeast–southwest-trending linear negative anomalies that could represent extensional grabens in the basement surface. These grabens divide the basement into three blocks: the northwest block, the central block, and the southeast block. The magnetic anomalies over the basement blocks suggest that the northwest and central blocks are cut by a set of north–south to north-northwest–south-southeast and northeast–southwest faults. Depth estimation methods over the uplifted blocks have minimum depths between 4 and 5 km, whereas, over the graben, the depths range from 7 km to in excess of 12 km. The FSPI method, unlike the SPI and TD methods that use an infinite depth source body, gives depths generally deeper by up to 1.1 km if the assumed Curie-point depth is 21 km. A more realistic Curie-point depth of 32 km is used in the final interpretation model. These inferred basement blocks, grabens, and subbasin structures agree in general with the regional structures associated with the Arabian Peninsula and could provide an important framework for developing future hydrocarbon exploration strategies of the SD.

Determination of structural lineaments of the mafic-ultramafic belt of the Southern Argentine Precordillera

In central-western Argentina, an Early Paleozoic belt including mafic-ultramafic bodies and marine metasedimentary rocks occurs along the western margin of the Precordillera and in the eastern Frontal Cordillera. In this paper, we present the analysis of aeromagnetic data and its processing focused on mapping geological limits, structures and the relation at depth of the southern Precordillera. With this main objective were applied filtering algorithms, reduction to the pole, tilt derivative, analytic signal, and particularly, the use of Improved Logistic Function (IL) as a new method of edge detection, in combination with the inversion map obtained from the Magnetization Vector Inversion (MVI) method. The results allow us to describe at depth the main trend of the Southern Precordillera Mafic Ultramafic Belt as two separated bocks, one in Peñasco and another in Cerro (Co.) Cortaderas, passing through Cerro (Co.) Pozos with a possible NNE-SSW direction. The combination of this techniques also can be used as prospecting guide to Pb–Zn–Ag vein deposits and High sulfidation Au-Epitermal deposits.

Optimum Fractional Tilt Based Cascaded Frequency Stabilization with MLC Algorithm for Multi-Microgrid Assimilating Electric Vehicles

An important issue in interconnected microgrids (MGs) is the realization of balance between the generation side and the demand side. Imbalanced generation and load demands lead to security, power quality, and reliability issues. The load frequency control (LFC) is accountable for regulating MG frequency against generation/load disturbances. This paper proposed an optimized fractional order (FO) LFC scheme with cascaded outer and inner control loops. The proposed controller is based on a cascaded one plus tilt derivative (1+TD) in the outer loop and an FO tilt integrator-derivative with a filter (FOTIDF) in the inner loop, forming the cascaded (1+TD/FOTIDF) controller. The proposed 1+TD/FOTIDF achieves better disturbance rejection compared with traditional LFC methods. The proposed 1+TD/FOTIDF scheme is optimally designed using a modified version of the liver cancer optimization algorithm (MLCA). In this paper, a new modified liver cancer optimization algorithm (MLCA) is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the standard Liver cancer optimization algorithm (LCA), which contains the early convergence to local optima and the debility of its exploration process. The proposed MLCA is based on three improvement mechanisms, including chaotic mutation (CM), quasi-oppositional based learning (QOBL), and the fitness distance balance (FDB). The proposed MLCA method simultaneously adjusts and selects the best 1+TD/FOTIDF parameters to achieve the best control performance of MGs. Obtained results are compared to other designed FOTID, TI/FOTID, and TD/FOTID controllers. Moreover, the contribution of electric vehicles and the high penetration of renewables are considered with power system parameter uncertainty to test the stability of the proposed 1+TD/FOTIDF LFC technique. The obtained results under different possible load/generation disturbance scenarios confirm a superior response and improved performance of the proposed 1+TD/FOTIDF and the proposed MLCA-based optimized LFC controller.

Economic feasibility of Gabal Um Takha leucogranitic intrusion, South Sinai, Egypt: Integrated remote sensing, geochemical, aeromagnetic, and geotechnical approach

Variable granitic rocks are widely used as decorative stones. The present work conducted accurate mapping and the utilization of a large leucogranitic intrusion (Um Takha area) as a decorative stones through physico-mechanical tests, mineralogical and geochemical compositions. These leucogranites are medium-grained, classified as syenogranites, peraluminous, calc-alkaline, and highly evolved granites developed during the post-collisional setting. This study utilized various remote sensing techniques to identify the Um Takha leucogranitic using ASTER and Landsat-9 data. A novel FCC band ratio of the ASTER image (RGB: b1+b3/b2, b2/b1, b7+b9/b8) was created, along with the Landsat-9 FCC band ratio of (4/7, 3/4, and 2/1) in the RGB, to effectively map the distribution of in the study area. These results, combined with field observation, led to the creation of a new modified geological map of the Um Takha area. The analysis of magnetic data reveals that the depth of magnetic sources under the study area ranges between 170 m and 2215 m, as calculated by source parameter image and Euler deconvolution techniques. The application of horizontal gradient, tilt derivatives and improved logistic techniques reveals that the major structural trend affecting the study area is in the N–S, NNE-SSW and NNW-SSE direction. The physico-mechanical properties of leucogranitic rocks (M13) fulfilled the requirements of dimension stone in terms of bulk density, compressive strength, and to some extent water absorption. Therefore, they could be acceptable for interior use and the light-duty purposes of exterior use, such as facades and cladding. This suggest that a large resources of leucogranitic can be used as a decorative stones.

A Systematic Load Frequency Regulation in Two Area Renewable Micro-grid Cluster Utilizing Bald Eagle Search Algorithm

This paper works on the systematic load frequency and tie-lie power transfer regulation within the prescribed limit. The proposed two area renewable energy based micro-grid cluster comprises of dish stirling solar generator, micro hydro turbine, biogas generator as energy generators in area 1. Also, wind turbine, tidal generator, biogas generator as energy generators in area 2. The Flywheel and battery act as mechanical and electrical energy storage devices in their respective areas. Moreover, to make the frequency oscillation die out quickly super magnetic storage devices are connected in the system. A comparison of performance of system with respect to objective function error is made to determine superior controller with minimum error and most stability. The controller parameters is adjusted with Bald eagle search optimizer, Black widow optimizer algorithm, Giza pyramid construction, Teaching learning based optimizer and Genetic algorithm. Lastly, best controller-algorithm i.e. (tilt integral tilt derivative with filter - Bald eagle search optimizer) combination with minimized objective function integral square error is examined under different scenarios.

Contrasting structures of the Southern Benue trough and the contiguous crystalline basement as observed from high-resolution aeromagnetic data

The present study investigated crustal structures and geological bodies within selected areas of the southern Benue trough and the adjacent crystalline basement. It utilized high-resolution aeromagnetic data to provide original insights into the contrasting structures and geological bodies within the area, while also identifying promising areas for further mineral and hydrocarbon investigations. The aeromagnetic anomaly data were analyzed using various techniques, including total gradient magnitude, pseudo-gravity transformation, tilt derivative, and source parameter imaging. The total gradient magnitude anomalies revealed a considerable component of the basin affected by block faulting which may have resulted from severe tectonic and structural deformation of the metamorphic basement and the subsequent injection into the sedimentary sequence, a few intrusions. The pseudo-gravity transformation identified a large igneous body in the sedimentary basin which is characterized by positive pseudo-gravity anomalies and surrounded on both sides by linear negative anomalies that signify a rift zone. The positive amplitude of the tilt derivative identified subtle linear magnetic minerals associated with the geologic structure and igneous bodies that suggest considerable mineral exploration prospects. A two-dimensional model of the source parameter imaging reveals the basement below the sedimentary basin to be intensely fragmented and variably subsided with the floor of the basin forming irregular upward and downward folds. In conclusion, the findings suggest promising prospects for mineral exploration along the margin of the sedimentary basin and potential hydrocarbon resources in the northeastern segment of the basin, which is characterized by fewer intrusions.

Optimized Multiloop Fractional-Order Controller for Regulating Frequency in Diverse-Sourced Vehicle-to-Grid Power Systems

A reduced power system’s inertia represents a big issue for high penetration levels of renewable generation sources. Recently, load frequency controllers (LFCs) and their design have become crucial factors for stability and supply reliability. Thence, a new optimized multiloop fractional LFC scheme is provided in this paper. The proposed multiloop LFC scheme presents a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) structure using the tilt–integral–derivatives with filter (TIDN) in the first stage and the tilt–derivative with filter (TDN) in the second stage. The employment of two different loops achieves better disturbance rejection capability using the proposed 2DOF TIDN-TDN controller. The proposed 2DOF TIDN-TDN method is optimally designed using the recent powerful marine predator optimizer algorithm (MPA). The proposed design method eliminates the need for precise modeling of power systems, complex control design theories, and complex disturbance observers and filter circuits. A multisourced two-area interlinked power grid is employed as a case study in this paper by incorporating renewable generation with multifunctionality electric vehicle (EV) control and contribution within the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept. The proposed 2DOF TIDN-TDN LFC is compared with feature-related LFCs from the literature, such as TID, FOTID, and TID-FOPIDN controllers. Better mitigated frequency and tie-line power fluctuations, faster response, lower overshot/undershot values, and shorter settling time are the proven features of the proposed 2DOF TIDN-TDN LFC method.

Enhanced frequency stabilization in a restructured power system leveraging Demand response strategy for source and Load Intermittency

ABSTRACT This article addresses the complexities brought about by the increased integration of renewable energy sources into power networks, a trend that can lead to system degradation and instability. In response, this study advocates for the adoption of a Demand Response (DR) approach as a pivotal component in ensuring the future reliability of the electric power system. To facilitate frequency regulation in an interconnected hybrid power system, a modified two-degree-of-freedom (fractional order proportional integral)-tilt derivative [TDOF (FOPI)-TD] controller has been developed. The controller’s parameters are finely tuned through the application of Quasi Opposition-based Harris Hawks Optimization (QOHHO), a method proven to outperform other optimization algorithms. The findings demonstrate a significant enhancement in system frequency stability with the implementation of the QOHHO-based controller, even when factoring in uncertainties, physical constraints, and high penetration of renewable energy sources. Additionally, an evaluation of variations in system frequencies and tie-line power adjustments reveals minimal deviations with DR, measuring at −3.59E–05, −1.89E–04, and 9.26E–05, respectively. In stark contrast, in the absence of DR implementation, the deviations are notably higher, recorded at −1.31E–04, −2.73E–04, and 1.73E–04, respectively. Furthermore, a real-time assessment conducted on the OPAL-RT OP4510 platform validates the proposed strategy’s applicability under source and load intermittency conditions. This substantiates its effectiveness in real-world scenarios.

2-Dimensional joint inversion modelling of the Niger – Delta basement using potential field data

Sub-surficial models predict the occurrence and geometry of strata, geological structures, inclusions, tectonic settings and so on. Robust data including geologic information, airborne gravity, and magnetic data, with constraining drill–depth data are here integrated to model the topography of the basement that underlies the Niger Delta sedimentary sequence. The aim was to elucidate the existence of a petroleum system from the unexplored depths of the delta near the basement, hypothetically controlled by the basement structures. Airborne total magnetic intensity (TMI) and Bouguer gravity anomaly (BGA) of the Niger Delta, obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency that were noise–filtered and corrected are used. The gradient of the geomagnetic field was removed from the magnetic data and the data was reduced to the equator (RTE). As precursory operations, sub-surficial lineament structures were delineated from these grids using the Tilt Derivative filters, and the depths were determined using the Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) technique. Subsequently, basement topography models were generated across four (4) profiles in a gravity-magnetic joint inversion scheme. Consequently, the strata that constitute the Niger – Delta ‘cake’ from the Cretaceous to Recent were modeled. The results showed that the Late Cretaceous Synrift Clastics (LCSC) formation presumed to directly overlie the basement may vary in thickness from 2.15 to 2.74 km. The lineament structures were found to dominantly trend in NE – SW direction. The depth to the basement, from the 2-dimensional models, ranges approximately from 13.18 to 19.35 km. It is postulated that while the Tertiary Niger Delta is characterized by lineaments engendered by diapiric instability of the over–pressured Paleocene – Pliocene marine shales, there exist other lineament structures beneath with NE – SW as the dominant trends, offshoots of Mid – Atlantic fracture zones including Chain and Charcot. Basement undulations, which are relicts of the vast subsidence Passive margins undergo during their formation are observed. These resultant synclinal structures create accommodation for the extensive deposition of the LCSC. The juxtaposition of this reservoir facie, the lineament-laden undulating Passive basement escarpment, and, the Paleocene – Pliocene Marine Shale formation could make for another petroleum system.

A Gershgorin Circle Theorem Inspired Controller for Renewable Energy Source Integrated Power Systems and Multimicrogrids

Increasing load demands, variations in the operating conditions, continuous integration of the renewable energy sources constitute a multifarious challenge for the researchers to maintain the quality in performances of a load frequency controller. To contemplate such issues, a Gershgorin circle theorem inspired controller assimilated with the particle swarm optimization is proposed for multiarea power systems. The proposed method ensures system stability while abating the frequency variations in the operational areas and the power deviations in the interconnected tie-lines. The present analysis is substantiated through an interconnected photovoltaic (PV) integrated thermal power systems. Furthermore, the competence of the proposed method against increasing complexities is validated by considering an interconnected multimicrogrid systems consisting of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. The performances of the proposed controller are demonstrated considering fixed and time-varying load disturbances, and fluctuations in renewable energy sources. Results corroborate that the proposed method is successful in maintaining the system stability while mitigating the frequency and the power deviations in all such operating conditions. A comparative analysis of the proposed method with prevalent control techniques (e.g., PI and PID-based controllers, tilt–integral–derivative, integral–tilt–derivative) and optimization algorithms (e.g., genetic algorithm, gravitational search algorithm, imperialist competitive algorithm) is presented to highlight the substantial performance improvements in the considered systems.

Interpretation of the tectonic structure of Gemlik Bay using magnetic data

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the main faults and many small-scale faults and submarine structures within Gemlik Bay, on the middle strand of the North Anatolian Fault in the southeast of the Sea of Marmara. In order to produce a fault map for the study area and research tectonic structures, magnetic data were obtained using a cesium vapor magnetometer on a total of 30 profiles (340 km) with N-S and E-W orientation within the bay. Diurnal corrections were applied to obtain the necessary minimization of diurnal variations in the magnetic data. Heading correction and micro-leveling corrections were applied to remove small boat effects, and the reduction to the pole method was applied for greater differentiation of the magnetic data. Magnetic data were analyzed using advanced potential field processing techniques. Euler deconvolution technique was applied to define the extension and depth of the determined lineaments. Boundaries of structures in the region were determined using source edge detection, tilt derivative, the tilt angle of the total horizontal gradient amplitude (TAHG), and a novel edge detector based on the softsign function (SF) techniques. In order to reveal the tectonic evolution of Gemlik Bay, the structures obtained from the analysis results were interpreted and a fault map was produced. The results of the study identified the Armutlu Fault in the north, the Gemlik Fault in the east, the Zeytinbağı Fault and Mudanya Fault in the southwest and the Gençali Fault in the south within Gemlik Bay. These five essential faults significantly affected the region tectonically. These faults correlated well with the location of some previously-known major tectonic structures. Moreover, these important faults following the morphology of the bay indicate that Gemlik Bay was opened by a pull-apart basin mechanism.