Tillage Machines Research Articles

ПРОГРАММНЫЕ И АППАРАТНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ДЛЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ТЯГОВОГО СОПРОТИВЛЕНИЯ РАБОЧИХ ОРГАНОВ МАШИН ДЛЯ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ

The efficiency of the use of agricultural machinery depends on various factors, one of which is the rational acquisition of machines with energy resources based on the calculation of traction resistance. The purpose of the study is to describe an experimental setup for measuring, accumulating and analyzing data on the traction resistance of working bodies of machines for basic tillage and the results of research based on it. The main method of research is conducting an experiment using software and hardware; methods of mathematical statistics were also used. The authors consider the features of the software and hardware used to measure the traction resistance of working bodies for basic tillage. The hardware of the experimental installation consists of a personal computer, an acid GP-1223 battery, a 3.5 mm Jack microcontroller power cable, a panel, an RS-485 – USB-B Aries AC4 interface converter, a microcontroller, a 15-pin COM port, Type DEE 500 kg load cells. The software allows you to get interactive graphs of the traction resistance of the working body, change settings, in particular, scaling, the limits of measurement of the ordinate scale, the displacement of the abscissa axis. Studies of tag resistance are given on the example of the paws of a cultivator for stubble after buckwheat (at a processing depth of 14, 18 cm, an operating speed of 5, 10, 15 km/h), and an experimental setup is proposed. Cultivator racks were used for experiments: vertical rigid and spring-loaded with replaceable paws and tips. The measurement results confirm that an increase in the speed of movement significantly affects the growth of the traction resistance of the studied working organ for cultivation.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ МЕТОДОВ ОБРАБОТКИ ДЛЯ ОБЕЗЗАРАЖИВАНИЯ ПОЧВЫ

To reduce the chemical load on the soil, plants and fruits, it is important to use alternative methods of soil and plant cultivation, which include irradiation with non-ionizing radiation. To establish the range of technological parameters and operating modes of the developed machines for tillage with non-ionizing radiation, the authors developed a technique and an experimental installation capable of providing infrared and ultraviolet radiation. To study the soil intended for use as protected greenhouse ground, standard methods for determining the physical, microbiological, and qualitative properties of the soil were applied. In the course of research, fi ve modes of soil cultivation were implemented: infrared radiation for three hours with and without the mechanical mixing of the soil; ultraviolet radiation for one hour; exposure for one hour to one infrared and one ultraviolet emitters with the mechanical mixing of the soil; processing for one hour with three infrared emitters and one ultraviolet with the mechanical mixing of the soil. Microbiological studies of the soil treated at the experimental unit were carried out within one hour after the selection of the material according to the presented method. It has been experimentally established that, depending on the modes of soil cultivation, the number of microorganisms decreases by 14…98%. The combination of infrared and ultraviolet radiation with a simultaneous threefold increase in the thermal power of radiation for one hour helps to reduce the number of microorganisms up to 98%. The decrease in the content of microorganisms in the soil due to non-ionizing radiation is the fi rst step to establish the design and technological parameters and operating modes of the developed machines used for tillage in protected greenhouse conditions.

Eksperimentalno proučavanje različitih metoda tretmana zemljišta u cilju maksimalnog očuvanja strništa i orezivanja korova

In Northern Kazakhstan, the main task of agrarians is to accumulate and retain the maximum amount of moisture. In this regard, effective agrotechnical moisture conservation methods are high-quality autumn non-moldboard processing of stubble backgrounds with maximum preservation of stubble on the surface and a mechanical method of weed control in a fallow field. The obvious disadvantages of existing tillage machines are the poor deepening ability of flat-cutting working bodies, embedding stubble into the soil, and incomplete cutting of weeds. Machine-tractor units with single-operational specialized machines and their multiple passes over the field recompact about 60% of the cultivated area. The most promising for the implementation of these technological operations are combined tools. However, the technical process of the joint interaction of lancet, disk, and bar working bodies with the soil in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan has not been sufficiently studied so far. In this regard, the work aims to study the effect of technological schemes of a combined tool on agrotechnical and energy indicators and to test an experimental sample under production conditions.

Technical and technological foundations of soil cultivation in conditions of climate change

Purpose. To determine promising directions for the development of the technical and technological foundations of soil cultivation in the conditions of climate change. Methods. Monographic, abstract-logical, graph-analytical, induction and deduction, regression analysis of results. Results. Modern soil cultivation technologies are considered, their advantages and disadvantages, development trends are defined. It has been established that climate change will significantly affect the terms of execution of works, the conditions of interaction of working bodies of technical means with the soil environment. The parabolic relationship between traction resistance and soil moisture means that climate change will increase fuel costs for tillage. Therefore, the further search for new technical and technological solutions should be aimed at reducing energy consumption and preventing physical degradation of soils, substantiating structural and functional schemes of technical means for soil cultivation, parameters of working bodies and modes of operation, under which the number of dust particles in the surface layer of the soil will be minimal. Conclusions. The main direction of the development of the technical and technological base for the production of plant products in the conditions of climate change is the harmonization of the interaction of the working bodies of tillage machines with the soil, which will ensure the reduction of physical soil degradation and energy consumption to create a favorable environment for plant development and crop formation. In the conditions of global climate change, agricultural production is being reoriented towards precision farming systems, therefore, crop production technologies should be based on targeted tillage with the simultaneous introduction of a full dose of mineral nutrition into the seed sowing area for the planned harvest, sowing of seeds and preservation of plant residues on the surface of the soil for protection it from overheating and loss of moisture. Keywords: technical means, soil cultivation technologies, interaction of working bodies with the soil, soil moisture, soil resistance, energy consumption, physical soil degradation.

Підвищення технічного ресурсу і довговічності робочих органів ґрунтообробних сільськогосподарських машин

The working bodies of tillage agricultural machines (ploughshare, plow shelf, cultivator paw, harrow disc) work in conditions of abrasive operation, shock loads and the impact of external aggressive environment. Their repair is to restore the original size of parts and wear resistance of functional work surfaces. During the operation of tillage machines and units, the working surfaces are subjected to uneven wear, which reduces the life of parts and increases the cost of their replacement and restoration. The working bodies of tillage agricultural machines (ploughshare, plow shelf, cultivator paw, harrow disc) work in conditions of abrasive operation, shock loads and the impact of external aggressive environment. Their repair is to restore the original size of parts and wear resistance of functional work surfaces. During the operation of tillage machines and units, the working surfaces are subjected to uneven wear, which reduces the life of parts and increases the cost of their replacement and restoration. The current level of operation of agricultural machinery is characterized by increased speeds and high productivity, which, in turn, leads to increased wear of parts. accordingly, the reliability of the recovered machines will depend on the wear resistance and fatigue strength of the recovered parts. The leading place in the repair of machines is occupied by welding and surfacing processes, which account for about 80% of all restorative parts. Surfacing makes it possible to obtain layers of any thickness and chemical composition on the working surfaces of parts; apply a welded layer with different properties, ie high hardness and wear resistance. In this work we use point (point) hardening, which consists in micro-dripping of the hard alloy into the surface structure of parts that undergo intense abrasive wear. The geometry of the hardening point is a spherical sector, which facilitates the rapid removal of heat from the surfacing bath in the base metal and the environment, so the hardening points harden at high speed and in a short time. At point strengthening of details one of the main conditions providing stable quality of process - coordination of welding current and arc voltage. The sawtooth profile of the ploughshare blade (cultivator paws) is maintained throughout its service life. providing effective cutting even with the blades worked.

Increased wear resistance of subsoiler bits

Purpose. Improve wear resistance of subsoiler bits by coating with new wear-resistant materials. Methods. Graphic, micrometer, comparative and field tests of locally hardened experimental parts of tillage machines. Results. A technology has been developed for restoring and strengthening subsoiler bits using new wear-resistant materials. Conclusions 1. According to the results of laboratory comparative tests of samples of wear-resistant materials deposited by detonation and plasma methods, compression sintering and surfacing, it was found that materials made of tungsten carbides Kutrite Carbide size and VK-8 have the highest relative wear resistance, respectively, 96.15 and 50 times higher, compared with hardened steel 65G, and titanium, chromium and nickel carbides – 54.34 times higher. 2. Based on the results of a production inspection of a batch of restored and strengthened deep-rippers bits in the soil conditions of UPI-AGRO LLC, it was found that the operating time of experimental deep-rippers bits is at the level of original parts and their resource is about 480 hectares per TG Gaspardo Artiglio R17820721 unit and 240 hectares on the Dante Macchine unit. Keywords: hardening, wear resistance, subsoiler bits.

Theoretical justification of the parameters of the device for vertical measurement of soil hardness

When evaluating tillage machines, one of the important places is occupied by agrotechnical assessment of the quality of the technological process of tillage. The properties of the soil as an object of cultivation, as well as the processes occurring during the interaction of the soil with any materials, are studied by agricultural mechanics, created by V.P. Goryachkin. One of the most important characteristics of the soil condition is the hardness of the soil, or the resistance provided by the soil to the penetration of any deformer into it. This article describes the forces and stresses that occur when the plunger penetrates into the soil. According to the theoretical provisions, friction force F, drag force Q, total force P, stresses σ1 and hardness T are calculated, theoretical dependences of soil hardness on the tip diameter on compacted and loose soil are given.

Wear resistance of working bodies of ground treatment machines strengthened by composite electrolytic coatings

The results of researches of influence of composite electrolytic coverings (CEP) on abrasive wear resistance of working bodies of tillage machines: paws of cultivators, disk harrows, plowshares are resulted in work. The influence of SiC (silicon carbide) filler particle sizes and their volume content in the nickel matrix on the tribological characteristics of QES applied to steel samples 45 was studied. QES with inclusions of silicon carbide fractions 28/20 and 50/40 microns, which have the least wear at all loads. The content of filler in such coatings is, respectively, 24 and 28 vol.%. Compared with galvanic nickel, such coatings have a reduction in wear of 13 and 5 times at loads of 20, 40, 60 N, respectively. Analysis of the test results showed that with increasing load, such as the coefficient of friction decreases and with increasing SiC particle size for the range of particle sizes of the filler 40… 60 μm, the coefficient of friction is minimal. For coatings with large filler particles (fraction 100/80) the coefficient of friction is higher. Thus, tribological studies show the prospects and effectiveness of CEP to increase the wear resistance of the working bodies of tillage machines.

Yield and economic analysis of maize production using various combined tillage machines and comparison to the conventional tillage systems

Yield and economic analysis of maize production using various combined tillage machines and comparison to the conventional tillage systems

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE HYDRAULIC DRIVE OF THE SECTIONS OF A WIDE-COLLECTING CULTIVATOR WITH SEQUENTIAL ACTIVATION OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS

The publication discusses the issues of mathematical modeling of dynamic processes occurring in a complex hydromechanical system of the hydraulic drive of the wide-cut cultivator sections with consistent wear of the hydraulic cylinders. The analysis of known designs of wide-cutting tools and agricultural units is carried out. It is noted that one of the tendencies in the development of domestic agricultural engineering is an increase in the width of coverage of tillage machines. In this regard, hydraulic drives for decomposition and assembly of sections of these machines are widely used. The use of this type of drive is due to its compactness, speed and power. The basic schematic diagrams of hydraulic drives for decomposition of wide-cut tillage machines are considered. On the basis of the analysis, a schematic diagram of the hydraulic drive for assembling (decomposing) sections of a wide-grip cultivator with sequential actuation of hydraulic cylinders is proposed and the principle of its operation is described. A mathematical model has been developed for the hydraulic drive of the wide-grip cultivator sections in the working and transport position. The mathematical model consists of the equations of the continuity of the flows of the working fluid, which describe the processes occurring in the hydraulic drive, and the equations of moments and forces, from which it is possible to determine the force factors acting on the elements of the system. It is difficult to obtain an analytical solution to the resulting system of equations, therefore, to find solutions, numerous methods were applied, namely the Runge-Kutta-Feldberg method with an automatic change in the integration step. On the basis of the obtained dependencies, an analysis of the operation of the hydraulic drive with sequential wear of the hydraulic cylinders was carried out and recommendations were proposed on the design device and directions for improving the hydraulic drive of the tillage unit sections.

Investigation of the process of surfacing and vibration deformation during the restoration of plowshares and discs of tillage machines

The analysis of ploughshare wear is given in the article and the characteristic requirements to the technological process of restoration of their worn surfaces are established. The choice of restoration technology was justified taking into account the nature of defects and the degree of wear of the working surfaces of cutting elements, their material, hardness, design parameters, accuracy of processing and cost of repairs. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the reliability of the cutting elements of the plowshares of tillage machines, restored by different methods, was carried out by comparison with the same indicators of the new ones. Analysis of the condition of restored and new plowshares was carried out on their wear in the process of laboratory and operational tests. Laboratory researches on strengthening of plowshares by a method of vibration deformation were carried out on the specially made installation consisting of the following main knots: vibroexciter IV-105 with adjustable unbalance; hydraulic lifting systems; auxiliary equipment. The deformation rate was regulated by a V-belt double-circuit variator of the pump drive. To study the effect of normal and vibration load on the strength characteristics of the processed material, the study was performed on samples-models, and then - on the details. The samples were new plowshares, experimental studies on which provided the identity of the nature of the course of wear of their cutting elements. It is experimentally established that the hardness of the material on the surface of the blade, depending on the technological process of restoration was: restored by welding tires of steel 45 with surmaite surfacing and vibration hardening - 71-74 HRC; new plowshares made of L-53 steel, subjected to vibration hardening 66-68 HRC; new from 65G steel and strengthened by vibration deformation 57-59 HRC

Technological Methods of Increasing the Resource and Efficiency of Fast-Wearing Working Bodies

The working bodies of tillage machines are operated in a soil abrasive environment and, due to wear, they change their shapes and sizes, which negatively affects tillage agrotechnical and energy indicators. The problem of increasing the durability and operability of the working bodies of tillage machines remains relevant. In particular, this is reflected in the reduced resource of serial tillage working bodies. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to ensure the increased durability and efficiency of agricultural machines. (Materials and methods) The downtime of agricultural machinery due to the failure of tillage working bodies negatively affect the efficiency of agricultural operations and entail up to 15-20 percent reduction in subsequent yields. The cost of purchasing and reinstalling spare parts is up to 18 percent in the structure of the cost of agricultural products. The most technological method of plasma-powder surfacing (hardening) has been used, which is up to two times more productive and 2.2-2.7 times more economical in comparison with the known technology of plasma surfacing in argon medium. The most high-strength (σВ at least 1600 megapascals) steels of the type 25XGTYUR, 30XGSA, 27XGR were selected for the manufacture of the developed tillage working bodies. (Results and discussion) Parts made of high-quality materials according to the created technology are not inferior in resource and wear resistance to the best foreign surfaced analogues, and non-melted imported products are 1.5-1.7 times superior. New materials and technological surfacing methods for strengthening domestic and import-substituting working bodies of agricultural machines allow, in terms of resource and operational indicators, to achieve a level of competitiveness with leading foreign manufacturers. (Conclusions) According to the «quality-price» criterion, new working bodies with reasonable materials, structural and technological parameters have a 1.5-2.5 times advantage over the best foreign analogues.

Modeling features of the technological process of forestry machines parts strengthening by the method of gas-thermal spraying

The efficiency of the working bodies of tillage forestry machines is determined by the sharpness of their soil-cutting elements. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the modes of the technological process of strengthening and recovery of cutting working forestry machines by the method of gas-flame spraying of wear-resistant coatings to increase their wear resistance and preserve the blade sharpness by implementing the self-sharpening effect, which allows increasing their life by 2-3 times. Technical and economic indicators of the gas-flame spraying process, as well as the scope of its application, depend on how well the technological modes of the spraying process are selected. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to increase the durability of tillage tools by strengthening their surfaces treatment. Such effective methods include the technology of recovery and strengthening of the working bodies of tillage machines using the technology of gas-flame spraying. In this regard, the issues of conducting research have become particularly relevant: to identify the relationships of technological parameters during the gas-flame application of wear-resistant coatings; to change the strength characteristics of the material of parts during their recovery, providing the necessary reliability and durability.

Kinematic and Dynamic Modeling of the Rotary Harrow

Abstract The actual energy situation and the significant energy demand of agricultural production require the exploration and analysis of the general laws of the main processes in the field of energy, which is part of the borderline between the technical sciences and the agricultural sciences. Tillage machines change the physical properties of the soil, but at the same time the mechanical properties of the soil react to the implement. One of the basic works of seedbed preparation is harrowing. In this work we study the kinematics and dynamics of the active rotary harrow implements, taking into account the cutting resistance of the soil. The results obtained with the developed modeling methods, give reliable approximations to the experienced tilling processes.

Применение 3D-камер для оценки качества обработки почвы в сельском хозяйстве

Currently, electronic devices are widely used in modern precision farming technology. Soil surface measurement is solved with single-purpose handheld instruments that are placed in the field before passing a tillage machine such as a plow or harrow and after tilling the soil. Laser, photogravimetric and synthetic aperture radar systems are used for non-contact measurement of soil roughness and uniformity. Measurements to calibrate the camera output were carried out at three height levels: 500 mm, 1000 mm and 1500 mm. The indicated measuring heights have been selected for possible applications in agricultural soil research, for example when determining the quality of the treated soil during plowing after passing the tillage machine. Measurements can be used to determine the condition of the soil before and after treatment. The system is easy to use and does not require special and additional expensive software. The use of 3D cameras is effective for determining the state of soil cultivation and a promising direction for adjusting the parameters of the tillage machine. Keywords: 3D CAMERA; MODEL; UNEVENNESS OF THE SOIL, TILLAGE MACHINE

Экспериментальное исследование S-образного силового элемента стойки почвообрабатывающей машины

This article discusses the design of the strut of a tillage machine in the form of an S-shaped power element, using flexible tubular elements (Bourdon springs). Racks of this type are proposed for copying the soil microrelief, maintaining the depth of soil cultivation using a hydraulic drive. The possibility of using the S-shaped rack of the tool of the tillage machine, using flexible tubular elements, to ensure the copying of the soil micro-relief, compliance with the specified working depth, has been experimentally proved. Evaluation of the sensitivity and traction capacity of the S-shaped load-bearing element of the rack will allow us to speak of the ability to create displacements within 120 mm and traction forces up to 1600 N, at a maximum pressure of 6 MPa. Keywords: SOIL TILLAGE, TOOL TILLAGE, FLEXIBLE TUBULAR ELEMENT, DEPTH OF SOIL TILLAGE

Cultivator points of the rotary tillage loosening and separating machine of the stratifier

The object of the study is the process of functioning of the working bodies of a rotary tillage machine, with the help of which the lifting and feeding of the soil cut by them to the loosening and separating device is carried out. The technological process of the machine operation is described with the cultivator points from the chisel working body installed in the front part of the pointed paw, which are located at an angle of 260 to the horizon and properly ensure the penetration of the working bodies into the soil. Using the method of variational calcification, the form of the minimum traction resistance cultivator points for lifting and feeding the soil to the loosening and separating device is justified. It was experimentally determined that a cultivator points with a theoretically justified profile has a traction resistance 38.7% less than a cultivator points with a straight profile. The relevance of the study is to ensure the minimum traction resistance of the working bodies for cutting and lifting the soil of a rotary tillage machine, which will make it possible to reduce energy costs for pre-sowing tillage. The target group of consumers of information in the article is designers, specialists engaged in the development of tillage machines.

Improving stability of movement of machine section for soil preparation and seeding

The subject research is operation of a combined machine for soil preparation and seeding of sunflower and corn seeds. Technological process of machine operation with installed guides, passive rotating flat discs with flanges (which properly ensure movement of soil along the plough share to loosening-separating device), a sowing device, a seed tube, a furrow former, a rotor, a separating grid, a parallelogram mechanism, a spring, a share is described. Dynamic prerequisites for increasing uniformity of depth of groove formation and seed placement in depth in soil are considered. Values of length of links of parallelogram mechanism, initial angle of their installation and stiffness of spring, values of deviations of combined machine section from given depth of movement of plough share are determined. It is proved that with an increase in length of levers of parallelogram mechanism, maximum deviations of section increase. An increase in initial angle of inclination of levers of parallelogram mechanism causes an increase in maximum deflections. As spring stiffness increases, maximum deflections decrease. Relevance of study lies in ensuring stability of copying soil surface by working bodies of combined machine while depth of seeding remains unchanged along entire length of movement, which will make it possible to increase movement speed and unit width. Target group of consumers of information in the article - designers, specialists involved in development of tillage machines.

Comparative analysis of soil discarding by spherical disks

The article presents data on the influence of various types of spherical disks on the discarding of soil in the horizontal and vertical planes during its processing. These studies were conducted in order to optimize the selection of working bodies of disk tillage machines in terms of resistance and processing quality. Three types of disks were used in the comparative analysis. Two types of discs with cutouts and one solid spherical disc. On one type of disk, the cutouts are made in the form of circular arcs, and on the other-in the form of arcs of a logarithmic spiral. The conducted studies have shown that within the working surface of the disk, the trajectories of movement of soil particles under the influence of the three types of disks under study differ little from each other. Although it can be noted that the steeper rise of the trajectory in the vertical plane provides a solid disk, and the smallest rise of the trajectory - at the disk with cutouts in the form of a logarithmic spiral. In the horizontal plane, the longitudinal movement of the soil mass is less in disks with cutouts, especially in a disk with cutouts along the arc of a logarithmic spiral. As a result of these studies, it was revealed that the disk working bodies with cutouts on the cutting edge in the form of arcs of a logarithmic spiral showed the best quality and energy indicators.

Evaluation of the significance of the contact model particle parameters in the modelling of wet soils by the discrete element method

Modelling of the tillage process by working tools based on the method of discrete elements is currently the most promising. The results of modelling the processing process obtained by the method of discrete elements adequately describe the behaviour of the soil. Due to the large number of physical and mechanical parameters included in the description of contact models of discrete elements, the calibration process takes a lot of time. Thus, we set a research goal - to evaluate the significance of the parameters of the contact model particles in soil modelling by the discrete element method and to obtain nomograms for selecting the parameters of the Hertz-Mindlin contact model particles depending on the humidity of various types of soils. The article presents the results of calibration of the physical and mechanical parameters of the particles of the soil medium model described by the discrete element method. An improved Hertz-Mindlin JKR model was used as a contact model, the model was implemented in the Rocky DEM programme. The following properties of the modelled particles are taken as the studied factors – Poisson's ratio, static and dynamic friction coefficients, Jung's modulus, surface energy, and particle diameter. The detection of the natural slope angle of the soil was carried out for black soils of clay, light loam and sandy loam mechanical composition. The calibration was performed according to the angle of the natural slope. Comparison of the simulation results with field experiments of typical soils made it possible to establish that the nature of the change in the angle of the natural slope of the simulated soil environment is significantly affected by the surface energy and the diameter of the particles. The obtained dependences of the angle of natural slope on soil moisture and surface energy allow determining the parameters for the Hertz-Mindlin contact model as a function of humidity for Black soil zones of clay, light loam and sandy loam mechanical composition. Based on the results of field and model experiments, a nomogram was obtained that makes it possible to select parameters for the contact model - the diameter of soil particles and the value of surface energy depending on humidity and soil type. The obtained values of the parameters of the particles of the soil medium make it possible to simulate the process of tillage, optimize the design and technical parameters of the newly created working parts of tillage machines.