Tilia Research Articles

Temperature and Precipitation Affect the Radial Growth of Berlin Poplar and Small-leaved Linden Trees in Saint Petersburg

The effect of temperature and precipitation on the change in the radial growth of wood of Berlin poplar (Populus × berolinensis Dipp.) and small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) in Saint Petersburg was studied. Cores were taken from old trees in the Forestry Technical University park, in the Palevsky square, in the city of Pushkin (poplar trees) and in the Moscow Victory Park (linden trees). To eliminate the influence of the samples’ age factor on the change in its growth rings’ width, the generally accepted detrending methods were used; the calculations were carried out in the Arstan software. Precipitation and temperature fluctuations during the winter period do not significantly affect the growth of poplar and linden in Saint Petersburg. Summer precipitation has a positive, but overall not a decisive effect, in some cases, the radial growth increases with increasing rainfall. Temperature has no significant effect on standardised (age-adjusted) growth rates. Non-standardised average values of growth under the increasing temperature conditions in July–September significantly decrease. The effects of temperature and precipitation appear to be indirect, exacerbating or offsetting the effects of other factors, especially the air pollution. The impact of pollutants increases with the increase in temperatures at the end of the growing season, because they accumulate on the leaves’ surface. Precipitation washes away pollutants, reducing the intensity of their impact. Growth decline in poplar trees in the second half of the 1990s, in the absence of such an occurrence in linden, can be explained by the consequences of a prolonged outbreak of the poplar moth (Phyllonorycter populifoliella) mass reproduction in 1991–1999. The above assumptions require additional research; in particular, determining the level of leaf contamination during the growing season and taking into account the impact of other factors.

DENDROFLORA UZHHOROD CITY RIVERFRONTS: CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

The paper presents the results of inventory surveys of tree and shrub plantations on six riverfronts of the city of Uzhhorod: Pravoslavna, Kyivska, and Slovianska are on the left bank, Botanichna, Nezalezhnosti, and Studentska are on the right bank. The taxonomic composition of the dendroflora was determined and analysed, the ratio of introduced and native species, as well as the distribution by age and height were established. The general condition of green areas was characterised. The main species that dominate the plantings are species of the genus Tilia L., Aesculus L., Populus nigra L. var. italica Duroi, Platanus acerifolia (Ait.) Willd., Sophora japonica L., Ginkgo biloba L., and less often highly decorative, flowering sakura Cerasus serrulata (Lindley) G. Don ex Loudon, Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck ex Koehne, Catalpa bignonioides Walter, as well as coniferous trees of Pinus sylvestris L., Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco. Among the exotic species, S. japonica and P. acerifolia have proved to be particularly well established in the landscaping of Uzhhorod. Trees of these species in Uzhhorod are durable, resistant to falling out, and differ little in size and shape in plantings, so they retain their aesthetic appearance for a long time and are suitable for forming linear plantings. In total, 1147 specimens of 51 species of trees and shrubs belonging to 23 families grow on the five riversides of Uzhhorod city (excluding Botanichna). The most widespread is linden, with different species totaling 332 specimens present on four riverfronts (Nezalezhnosit, Studentska, Kyivska, Slovianska). By origin, 33 species (63.5 %) are introduced. Trees are represented by 37 species, shrubs by 15 species. Among the species represented, the total number of introducing is 984 specimens (68 % of the total number). The age gradations of the riverfront tree species coincide with the historical periods of planting: Czechoslovakian (70-90 years), Soviet (30-50 years), and modern (5-25 years). Most of the trees on the riverfronts, even those that have been growing since their planting, have not yet reached the limit of their biological age and have a good or satisfactory condition. The analysis revealed the need for a number of measures to improve the riverfronts in order to improve the existing landscapes and enhance their recreational properties.

Современное состояние насаждений парковой части дворянской усадьбы Н.Н. Григорьева (Костромская область)

An important problem in the protection of cultural heritage is the preservation of a provincial Russian noble estate, historical parks, as an element of the political, economic and cultural life of pre-revolutionary Russia. The aim of the study was to assess the current state of plantings in the park part of the noble estate of N.N. Grigoriev in the village of Ivanovo, Kologrivsky municipal district, Kostroma region. The research was carried out in several stages using the following methods: historical and archival expertise, field surveys, graphic-analytical method. The creation of the park took place in two stages during the 19th century, on the fi rst of which a regular park with linden alleys was laid, and on the second, larch-birch plantations were created. Currently, the park part of the estate is represented by linden-larch two-tier stands. The site is dominated by linden undergrowth of medium density, with asparse undergrowth. Fragaria moschata and Aegopodium podagraria noticeably dominate in the herbaceous cover. In the studied park plantings, the differentiation of trees according to morphometric parameters is strongly pronounced. The largest number of linden trees is concentrated in diameter classes with a thickness of 36-40 cm (45.2% of all registered trees). Diameter classes with the largest number of larch trunks are 48-56 cm (37.3% of all considered trees). An assessment of the sanitary condition of plantings and the structure of the tree canopy made it possible to conclude that an active process of decay of park plantings is taking place. To preserve the historical and cultural value of the object, it is necessary to carry out measures for its reconstruction. Modern use of the territory may include the creation and implementation of a tourist route.

Особенности транслокации кадмия в насаждениях липы мелколистной (Tilia cordata Mill.) в условиях загрязнения окружающей среды (стерлитамакский промышленный центр)

The purpose of the research is to assess the vital state of woody plants and study the features of the accumulation and distribution of cadmium (Cd) in the underground and aboveground organs of the small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) under conditions of pollution of the Sterlitamak industrial center and in the conditional control zone. It was established that in the impact zone of the Sterlitamak industrial center the relative vitality of small-leaved linden trees is «weakened» (Ln=72.75%), and in the conditional control zone – «healthy» (Ln=88.25%). In the contaminated zone in the upper soil layer of 0‑10 cm, the saturation with absorbing linden roots was 32.42 ± 1.52 g/m2, at a depth of 10‑20 cm – 52.34 ± 2.50 g/m2, and at a depth of 20‑30 cm – 31.30 ± 3.21 g/m2. In the conditional control zone, a similar pattern is noted: in the upper soil layer of 0‑10 cm, the saturation with absorbing roots was 55.53 ± 2.52 g/m2, at a depth of 10‑20 cm – 69.34 ± 4.62 g/m2. Technogenic Cd accumulates in the upper soil layers of 0‑10 (20) cm, which leads to a decrease in the proportion of absorbing roots. The coefficients of biological absorption (0.71) and accumulation (1.30) of Cd in linden roots under conditions of environmental pollution were calculated. It was shown that according to the content of Cd in the organs of linden, the following series is formed (in descending order): roots>branches>leaves. A decrease in Cd entry into the above-ground organs of linden was revealed, which indicates that the root system performs a barrier function in relation to pollutants. Linden plantations successfully grow in conditions of industrial pollution and generally perform environmental stabilizing functions.

СРАВНЕНИЕ ОРГАНОЛЕПТИЧЕСКИХ И ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ НАТУРАЛЬНОГО И ФАЛЬСИФИЦИРОВАННОГО МЕДА

Currently, such falsifications of honey as «sugar honey» (obtained by feeding bees with sugar syrup during the honey collection time) and «artificial honey» (obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of sucrose) are the most common and difficult to detect. To identify them, the comprehensive assessment of organoleptic and physicochemical parameters is carried out. It’s a labor- and time-consuming process, and, unfortunately, doesn’t always guarantee obtaining objective results. The paper presents the results of palynological, organoleptic and physicochemical analyzes of these falsifications, as well as samples of natural linden tree honey. It has been established that both falsifications were characterized by a low content of pollen grains. The analysis of their organoleptic parameters didn’t reveal significant deviations from the standards. The reliable data have been obtained as the result of a comprehensive assessment of physicochemical parameters, both regulated by State Standards and some additional ones. The determination of hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2 ) is the most promising additional indicators.

After the Biopsy, and; On Hearing News of Another Shot Black Man

After the Biopsy, and; On Hearing News of Another Shot Black Man Kwame Dawes (bio) After the Biopsy She weighs her joy and finds it wanting,a body is a conundrum of betrayals—how easily we forget that the nailgently brushing a nipple sends light—oh, the bright light of the worldpiercing through our bodies, spreadingthe irritable sweetness of delightand needle pricks, but now, cupped,her breasts, she knows, carry the weightof all fears; and the nipples have growninto wounds, this alarm of milkturned into a warning of what used to be pleasure.These days it is hard not to knowthat we grow used to our truestselves, that left alone, untouched,the body returns to a native smell,the smell of earth, of decay,of corruption, and this is the sublimemeaning of faith. We waitfor the conductor of our last daysto arrive, in a lab coat and with handssmelling of antiseptic creams.No one has to prophesy death,the bones pushing against the skinare the portent of all ends.We become the memory of substance.Here is where they say her endbegins, this purple spot, this complexof dark veins and stone-hard flesh, [End Page 14] this abuse, this intrusion. Her fingershave grown used to the riseand roll of a tiny pebbleunder the skin. She is playingwith her unmaking. The doctoroffers to remove it all, to takeaway the weight of her old pleasure,to flatten the ground she walks on,and only then, cupping these ordinary things,does she begin to weep, her bodywarming with the confusingand overwhelming washthat she cannot quiet. This isthe shame and pleasure of the songof loss and the passing of light. [End Page 15] On Hearing News of Another Shot Black Man I am in the lemon-green room. This roomas if the color has exploded the softeningcomfort of green, covering the wornbooks, the discarded folders. Let me saythat this is a green of the shade of lightfiltering through leaves. Imagine a bowlof green olives or grapes in their varietyof shades, this is the green I speak of,and I must be clear about this, for greenis as fickle as the bodies we live in.This green has exploded over the room and settledgently over the reams of paper, the boxesin the multi-voiced shades of my island.And I sit here, dappled as if the treesabove are the filter over me,and that lime tree, stunted by the entanglementof its roots in the pot, smiles sheepishlyin the corner. I am here thinkingof the sensuality of the dye that covers usand turns us into creatures longing for shadowsor startling light, because I am feeling the news,the chattering noise of a body broken by bullets,by the illogic of why, by the heavy sorrows.Forgive me for asking you to takeme into your verdant backroom,forgive me if I sit quietly in the cornerrocking, maybe, but hoping forearth to hold my vegetable self steady. [End Page 16] Kwame Dawes Kwame Dawes is the author of several books of poetry as well as fiction, criticism, and essays. Dawes is the George W. Holmes University Professor of English and the Glenna Luschei Editor of Prairie Schooner. He teaches in the Pacific MFA Program and edits the African Poetry Book Series for the University of Nebraska Press. Copyright © 2022 Yale University

THE ROOTS ‘GOD’ AND ‘HOLY’ IN LATVIAN TOPONYMY

The article provides a short review of Latvian toponyms deriving from the root Dievs ‘God’ and svēts ‘holy’. The name ‘God’ (Latv. Dievs) is quite infre- quent among Latvian place-names: altogether there are about 70 place-names mentioned in the ‘Dictionary of Latvian Place-Names’, among them around 10 hydronyms. If we compare this with Latvian hydronyms derived from the root Velns ‘Devil’, we see that Veln- toponyms are much more common – about 2000 Latvian place-names. Most instances of the root Dievs are recorded in mi- crotoponyms (about 26), hydronyms (10), oikonyms (10) and oronyms (6). Ap- proximately the same number of place-names with this root have been recorded in Lithuania. Altogether, Latvian toponyms with the root svēts ‘holy’ constitute about 200 items in the card index, most being names of hills (about 30), springs (about 20), the water of which was thought to be curative, as well as several river- names (about 20), lake-names (about 15) and names of holy trees (about 30 al- together – the largest proportion being oak and lime trees). Most of this material comes from the card index of the Latvian Language In- stitute and is relatively new: the most ancient records of place-names with the root ‘God’ and ‘holy’ are from the 18th century.

Creating optimal nutrient conditions in soil and plants during the flower induction process of sweet lime (Citrus limettioides) under calcareous soil conditions to increase the yield

A study was conducted on 6-year-old sweet lime trees on the Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) rootstock in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and three replications in southern Fars to determine the appropriate time of plant supplementary feeding to increase flower production and the yield in calcareous soils. In 2016 and 2017, 40 trees that had the same planting and growing conditions, were selected to determine the flower induction time. Ten times (22nd of October, 1st, 11th, and 20th November, December, and January), four branches that had a length of 120 cm and a diameter of half a centimeter were selected on each tree in four geographical directions. At each time, the branches of three trees were ringed at a distance of 120 cm from the tip of the branch, and all the leaves were removed. At the time of flower emergence, the number of flowers was counted. The results showed that the flower induction in these trees was in early December. Based on the results of this experiment and previous research in this field, in September 2017, the 7-year-old trees grafted on the Mexican lime rootstock were treated with the foliar application of nitrogen as urea [CO(NH2)2] and zinc as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at three concentrations including 0, 3, and 5 g∙L–1, alone and by combination in two separate pieces in a randomized complete-block factorial design including nine treatments and three replications to increase the yield using elements involved in the flowering. At the harvest time, fruit juice, TSS, TA, vitamin C, average fruit weight, and single tree yield were measured. According to the results, the combination of urea and zinc sulfate at a concentration of 5 g∙L–1 led to an increase in the average fruit weight (58 g) and the yield (68 kg) compared to the control.

Модели для оценки биомассы и объема коры деревьев липы мелколистной (Tilia cordata Mill.)

The research is aimed at analyzing variability and developing mathematical models for estimating bark biomass and volume, volume of trunk with bark, and bark proportion of small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) trees growing in natural coppice and artificial stands. The models are based on data from 107 and 95 destructively sampled trees in natural coppice and artificial stands, respectively. There were 10 sampling areas per stand type, representing different growth stages. The model trees were sawn into 2-meter sections, the volumes of which with and without bark were calculated using the Huber formula. The total volume of the tree trunk with and without bark is obtained by summing the volumes of all sections and the conical volume of the tree top. The bark volume was the difference between these two parameters. The bark biomass was determined by direct weighing, followed by conversion to absolutely dry mass. The correlations between the dendrometric parameters and the selected tree characteristics were estimated. The effectiveness of 3 regression models using the diameter at breast height (dbh = 1.3 m) and the tree height (h) as independent variables was studied in a comparative aspect. The bark biomass and volume, and the volume of trunk with bark are strongly influenced by these values. This correlation is very weak for the bark volume proportion in natural coppice stands, and insignificant in artificial stands. The bark volume proportion for each tree was calculated as the ratio of the difference between the volume of trunk with and without bark and the volume of trunk with bark. The equation that showed the best statistical characteristics in terms of consistency was chosen in order to predict the bark biomass and volume, the volume of trunks with bark of small-leaved linden trees. These models were estimated using the weighted least squares method taking into account the inherent errors and heteroscedasticity, by assigning each model its weight function separately for natural coppice and artificial stands that differ significantly from each other in morphometric features.

Balanço de Radiação e Partição de Fluxos de Calor Sensível e Latente Sobre Um Pomar de Lima ácida na Amazônia Oriental

Abstract We investigate the balance of radiation and energy over a lime orchard in Eastern Amazon and how it relates to environmental conditions. We found that lime trees aged between 6 and 7 years old reflect 11.0% to 14.5% of incoming shortwave radiation, and the latent heat flux corresponds to 57.6% and 66.6% of the daily net radiation in the dry season (August - November) of 2020, and 2021, respectively. The soil heat flux represents 1% to 2% of the daily net radiation. Evapotranspiration was much lower than the reference evapotranspiration from August to November in 2019 and 2020. Evapotranspiration increased proportionally to the reference evapotranspiration from August to November 2021. This increase may be explained by weather conditions, such as the frequent rainfall during the dry season of 2021, in the same period when the energy for evapotranspiration is higher. Also, the high relative humidity between August and November 2021 may have favored the opening of stomata, increasing the orchard's evapotranspiration. The crop coefficient ranges between 0.74 and 0.84.

Ortet Age Effect, Anatomy and Physiology of Adventitious Rooting in Tilia mandshurica Softwood Cuttings

Tilia mandshurica is recognized as one of the most valuable timber, ornamental and nectariferous tree species, and its cutting propagation is very difficult. To evaluate the influence of ortet age on the rooting of T. mandshurica cuttings and the relationship between the variations of nutrients, enzyme activities, endogenous hormones and the formation of adventitious roots, a series of softwood cuttings of T. mandshurica were collected from 2-, 7-, 15- and 20-year-old healthy ortets, respectively. The rooting percentage, mean root number and total root length were investigated after 60 days of cultivation. Phenotypic and anatomical changes and the variations of organic nutrients, enzyme activities and endogenous hormones were measured during adventitious root formation. The results showed that ortet age effect existed in T. mandshurica softwood cuttings. The adventitious rooting of 2-year-old ortets was superior to that of 7-, 15- and 20-year-old ortets. No root primordium was visible in T. mandshurica softwood cuttings before cultivation, and the root primordia were induced after planting. The adventitious roots derived from vascular cambium and callus in cuttings. Soluble sugar increased during root primordium induction and decreased in adventitious root elongation. Soluble protein decreased during root primordium induction and increased in adventitious root elongation. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity increasing and peroxidase (POD) and 3-indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAO) activities decreasing were conducive to root primordium induction. High 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA3) level could promote root primordium induction and low IAA and GA3 level was beneficial to adventitious root elongation. Abscisic acid (ABA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) inhibited root primordium induction and adventitious root elongation. IAA, ABA and ZR coordinated with each other in the process of root primordium induction and adventitious root formation. IAA/ABA increasing could promote root primordium induction, and IAA/ZR increasing was beneficial to root primordium induction and adventitious root elongation. The soluble sugar content, PPO activity, IAA/ABA and IAA/ZR of softwood cuttings from 2-year-old ortets were relatively high, which may be the reason for the better adventitious rooting. The present study provides a reference to build a propagation by cuttings technology of linden trees.

Vegetation cover and spatial distribution of small mammals in the conditions of woodland large city park (Nizhny Novgorod)

The paper is devoted to the study of ecological connectivity vegetation cover and microtine rodents spatial distribution in the conditions of the Nizhny Novgorod woodland park. The oak forest of National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod Botanical Garden with partial anthropogenic transformation was chosen as a site of the study. We used five various plant communities represented by linden trees. The dominant in all ecosystems on the test areas is the red vole (73%), the codominant is the pygmy wood mouse (21%). The yellow-necked mouse has been observed only in several communities. It has been revealed that a decrease in the biodiversity of plant communities due to an increase in the degree of individual species dominance marked by BergerParker index doesnt entail significant negative consequences for small mammals. It is possible that the dominants in vegetation cover create a favorable microclimate for small mammals. The PCA analysis shows the presence of two significant factors for the distribution of microtine rodents. The first factor is associated with the balance of humidity and illumination, the second with nitrogen availability in combination with low illumination. The ecological divergence of niches in two species of mice (pygmy wood mouse and yellow-necked mouse) was observed. In relation to the projective cover, the bank vole occurs both at very high (90%) and low (30%) values, which confirms the ecological plasticity of that species. For yellow-necked and pygmy wood mice, the optimal values of projective cover in studied communities range from 70 to 90%. However, yellow-necked mice can also live in plant communities with a plant cover index about 4050%.

Comparative and Correlation Analysis of Young and Mature Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC) Leaf Characteristics

Kaffir lime is leaf-oriented minor citrus that required extra attention to study. This study aimed to (i) comparatively analyze the young and mature leaf morpho-ecophysiological characters; and (ii) perform a correlation analysis for revealing the relationship among the physiological characters. Plants were ten one-year-old kaffir lime trees cultured under full sun condition. Leaf size was measured by using a specific allometric model. The Li-6400XT portable photosynthesis system was used to observe the leaf ecophysiological characters. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in leaf size and physiology as the effect of leaf age. A significant size enlargement in mature leaves was noticed, especially in terms of leaf length, area, and weight, of about 77%, 177%, and 196%, respectively. Young leaves experienced a significant improvement in photosynthetic rate and actual water use efficiency for about 39% and 53%, respectively. Additionally, a strong, significant, and positive correlation between leaf chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and photosynthetic rate was found in the present study. Further studies using a multi-omics approach may enrich the science between kaffir lime leaf maturation as the basis of agricultural modification practice.

Tissue-specific expression of Ruby in Mexican lime (C. aurantifolia) confers anthocyanin accumulation in fruit.

Tissue specific promoters are important tools for the precise genetic engineering of crop plants. Four fruit-preferential promoters were examined for their ability to confer a novel fruit trait in transgenic Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia). The Ruby transcription factor activates fruit anthocyanin accumulation within Moro blood orange and has been shown to function in activating anthocyanin accumulation in heterologous plant species. Although the CitVO1, CitUNK, SlE8, and PamMybA promoters were previously shown to confer strong fruit-preferential expression in transgenic tomato, they exhibited no detectable expression in transgenic Mexican lime trees. In contrast, the CitWax promoter exhibited high fruit-preferential expression of Ruby, conferring strong anthocyanin accumulation within the fruit juice sac tissue and moderate activity in floral/reproductive tissues. In some of the transgenic trees with high levels of flower and fruit anthocyanin accumulation, juvenile leaves also exhibited purple coloration, but the color disappeared as the leaves matured. We show that the CitWax promoter enables the expression of Ruby to produce anthocyanin colored fruit desired by consumers. The production of this antioxidant metabolite increases the fruits nutritional value and may provide added health benefits.

Water status and thermal response of lime trees to irrigation and shade screen

Most lime trees are cultivated under open-field conditions. However, in the Mediterranean area some growers use shade screen to protect their orchards against abiotic and biotic stresses, inducing changes in the plant’s surrounding microclimate that could affect its water status. This field experiment focuses on the effect of shade screen (high density polyethylene white net with 76% light transmission) and irrigation on plant and soil water status of Bearss lime trees. Two irrigation treatments were applied during the summer-autumn to open-field and shaded lime trees: irrigated (control) and non-irrigated (stress). Volumetric soil water content (θv), air temperature (Ta) and canopy temperature (Tc) were real-time monitored and several derived thermal indices were calculated. Stem water potential (Ψstem) and leaf gas exchange: net photosynthesis (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs) were measured on representative days. Withholding irrigation caused a gradual decline in soil and plant water status. θv decreased from the outset in the non-irrigated treatments, showing breaking point connecting the rapid and the slower soil drying processes. Significant differences in Ψstem, and gs values were observed between controls and stressed trees 15 days after stress initiation. During early stages of water stress, lime trees cultivated in open-field showed lower values of soil and plant water status than those grown in shaded conditions. However, at the end of stress period, similar values were noted for both cropping systems, pointing to severe water deficit. Tc and Tc-Ta values reflected the current lime tree water status. The soil water content sensors anticipated the plant water stress situation respect to thermal ones. The higher θv, Ψstem, gs, Pn and Tc values registered in shaded lime trees revealed that shading allowed better soil-plant water status and a 12-day window of opportunity to respond to the imposed soil water deficits. Threshold thermal-based values are proposed for precise irrigation management of lime trees in open-field and shaded conditions.

Specified host plants of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) - are lime trees and beech trees really at risk?

The Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB) is a dreaded quarantine pest that attacks a wide range of hardwood tree species. However, some of the specified host plants which have to be eradicated in infestation zones such as lime and beech trees almost never get infested or may even be resistant to the ALB. As a result, the specified host plant list needs to be revised based on the data from the infestation areas in the EU, in order to avoid further felling of whole lime avenues and major clear-cutting in parks with old growth. As large differences may exist between species of the same genus, exact species not merely genera should be specified on the host list.

Chloroplast Genomes of Genus Tilia: Comparative Genomics and Molecular Evolution.

Tilia is a complex genus in the family Malvaceae that has high ecological and economical values. Owing to the lack of sufficient distinguishable morphological and molecular characteristics, interspecific relationships in this genus are not clear. Chloroplast (cp) genomes are small, meanwhile most angiosperms usually undergo matrilineal inheritance. Consequently, they can be used in molecular systematics and phylogenetic analyses. Here, we sequenced and assembled cp genomes from T. endochrysea, T. tomentosa, T. miqueliana, T. americana and T. cordata, and compared them with those of seven previously reported Tilia species. Similar gene contents, gene orders and GC contents existed among the 12 cp genomes, which ranged from 162,564 to 162,855 bp and encoded 113 unique genes. Abundant simple sequence repeats (119–127) and dispersed repeats (97–135) were detected in Tilia cp genomes. In total, 11 hypervariable regions were identified that could be suitable for species identification and phylogenetic studies. A phylogenetic analysis of Malvaceae based on 5 hypervariable genes (matK + ndhF + rpoB + rpoC2+ycf1) revealed that all eight subfamilies were monophyletic groups. Additionally, the genus Tilia was divided into three groups on the basis of all 521 molecular variation loci. The current study provides valuable insights into the genomic evolution of the genus Tilia.

Imagery, Irony, and Transcendence in Carl Jonas Love Almqvist's The Queen's Tiara

Imagery, Irony, and Transcendence in Carl Jonas Love Almqvist's <i>The Queen's Tiara</i>

Farmers’ Perception on Pestilence and Management of Chinese Citrus Fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Citrus Orchards of Nepal

This study, during period of 2018 and 2019, was conducted with an objective of assessing the farmers’ perspective on the pestilence of B. minax on their citrus orchards and following thereby its pest management measures in the selected eight citrus growing districts of Nepal. Respondent citrus growers were male dominated (75.8%) where Brahmin and Chhetri castes (54.3%) were dominantly involved in the citrus cultivation in the survey districts. Only 25.7% respondent citrus growers had above school level education. The highest reported land holding area, 2.35 ha, was in Sankhuwasabha district followed by Dhankuta (1.72 ha) and Syanjya (1.67 ha). According to the respondents, an average of 234.12 mandarin trees in Syanjya, 159.60 sweet orange trees in Sindhuli, 9.68 lemon trees in Sindhuli, and 11.83 lime trees in Gulmi were calculated maximum acreage of different citrus fruit trees by the each citrus grower. Among the cultivated Citrus spp., lemon fruit found to be extremely vulnerable to Chinese citrus fly infestation. Chinese citrus fly's maggot infestation peak in fruits in orchards was observed in October in the citrus crop cycle. Twenty citrus dominated districts in Nepal found to be regularly invaded of Chinese citrus fly in citrus particularly in lemon, sweet orange and mandarin.

Characterization of unifloral Italian (Piedmont region) honeys by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

AbstractBackgroundThe characterization of five different types of Italian unifloral honeys was performed by means of headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The main volatile compounds of the honeys were identified and semi‐quantified. Pattern recognition methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and k‐nearest neighbors (k‐NN) were performed to classify honey samples with different botanical origins, and identify the most discriminating parameters.ResultsMore than 100 of compounds were unambiguously identified in the honeys sampled. Methyl salicylate was present in honeydew honeys only, and this permitted to differentiate this kind of honeys from the others. Dandelion honeys featured high levels of nitriles, while lime tree honeys displayed the presence of carvacrol and of the terpenes cis and trans‐p‐mentha‐2,8‐dien‐1‐ol. Acacia honeys did not display potential chemical markers but were characterized by low levels of benzaldehyde and high levels of cis‐linalool oxide. Chestnut and rhododendron honeys did not show a volatile profile markedly different from those of other honeys. Application of PCA and k‐NN methods did not allow a complete classification of honeys of different botanical origin on the basis of their volatile profile.ConclusionUnifloral honeys from Piedmont (Italy) displays a rich and variegate profile of volatile compounds, some of which are candidates as markers. Nonetheless, to classify honeys, further studies are necessary likely comprising a larger set of samples and the determination of different chemical parameters in conjunction with volatile compounds.