Tiger Shrimp Penaeus Monodon Research Articles

Polychaete consumption increased prostaglandin biosynthesis in female Penaeus monodon.

The polychaete Perinereis nuntia is preferred over commercial feed pellets for boosting ovarian maturation of the female black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. High levels of prostaglandins in polychaetes are believed to enhance shrimp ovarian development. However, the impact of polychaete feeding on shrimp prostaglandin biosynthesis and fatty acid regulatory pathways have yet to be investigated. As polychaetes contain higher levels of arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) than feed pellets, we examined the effects of polychaete feeding alone and in combination with eyestalk ablation on shrimp hepatopancreases and ovaries. Shrimp fed with polychaetes contained higher levels of EPA, PGE2 and PGF2α in hepatopancreases than those of pellet-fed shrimp. Similarly, higher levels of ARA and higher transcription levels of cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS) were detected in ovaries of polychaete-fed shrimp compared to those of pellet-fed shrimp. The combination of polychaete-feeding and eyestalk ablation, commonly practiced to induce ovarian development, increased levels of ARA and EPA and transcription levels of COX in hepatopancreases and ovaries of polychaete-fed shrimp compared to those of pellet-fed shrimp. In ovaries, prostaglandin biosynthesis gene transcripts were induced by polychaete feeding while transcriptional levels of fatty acid regulatory genes were regulated by shrimp feed and eyestalk ablation. Our findings not only elucidate the effects of polychaete consumption on shrimp prostaglandin biosynthesis and fatty acid regulatory pathways during larvae production, but also suggests that high levels of dietary ARA, EPA and prostaglandins are essential during P. monodon ovarian development.

Comparative Proteomics for Identification of ReproductionRelated Proteins in Testes of the Giant Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon

Testicular proteome of wild and domesticated 14- and 18-month-old broodstock of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was examined. Among 344 differentially expressed proteins identified, 11 proteins (e.g. p97/VCP-binding protein p135, lipoxygenase homology domains 1 and dipeptidyl-peptidase, accounting for 4.95% of proteins with known functions) were found in wild broodstock but not in domesticated broodstock while 152 (68.47%) proteins were commonly found in all groups of samples. Reproduction-related proteins such as vasa-like protein, Wee1-like protein kinase, serine/threonine protein kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 2, GTP-binding protein alpha subunit, seven membrane helix receptor, nuclear receptor subfamily 3, were identified. To examine a possible role of the signal transduction system in development of testes of P. monodon, the expression level of testicular serine/arginine rich-protein kinase 3 (PmSrpk3) mRNA of domesticated juveniles and broodstock was examined and it was significantly lower than that of wild P. monodon broodstock (P<0.05). PmSrpk3 expression was significantly induced by serotonin (P<0.05) but not progesterone (P>0.05) injection. The expression profiles of PmSrpk3 indicated reduced reproductive maturation of domesticated male P. monodon and exogenous administration of serotonin may be applied for promoting the testicular development of captive P. monodon

Multi-omics analysis to examine microbiota, host gene expression and metabolites in the intestine of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) with different growth performance.

Understanding the correlation between shrimp growth and their intestinal bacteria would be necessary to optimize animal’s growth performance. Here, we compared the bacterial profiles along with the shrimp’s gene expression responses and metabolites in the intestines between the Top and the Bottom weight groups. Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) were collected from the same population and rearing environments. The two weight groups, the Top-weight group with an average weight of 36.82 ± 0.41 g and the Bottom-weight group with an average weight of 17.80 ± 11.81 g, were selected. Intestines were aseptically collected and subjected to microbiota, transcriptomic and metabolomic profile analyses. The weighted-principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on UniFrac distances showed similar bacterial profiles between the two groups, suggesting similar relative composition of the overall bacterial community structures. This observed similarity was likely due to the fact that shrimp were from the same genetic background and reared under the same habitat and diets. On the other hand, the unweighted-distance matrix revealed that the bacterial profiles associated in intestines of the Top-weight group were clustered distinctly from those of the Bottom-weight shrimp, suggesting that some unique non-dominant bacterial genera were found associated with either group. The key bacterial members associated to the Top-weight shrimp were mostly from Firmicutes (Brevibacillus and Fusibacter) and Bacteroidetes (Spongiimonas), both of which were found in significantly higher abundance than those of the Bottom-weight shrimp. Transcriptomic profile of shrimp intestines found significant upregulation of genes mostly involved in nutrient metabolisms and energy storage in the Top-weight shrimp. In addition to significantly expressed metabolic-related genes, the Bottom-weight shrimp also showed significant upregulation of stress and immune-related genes, suggesting that these pathways might contribute to different degrees of shrimp growth performance. A non-targeted metabolome analysis from shrimp intestines revealed different metabolic responsive patterns, in which the Top-weight shrimp contained significantly higher levels of short chain fatty acids, lipids and organic compounds than the Bottom-weight shrimp. The identified metabolites included those that were known to be produced by intestinal bacteria such as butyric acid, 4-indolecarbaldehyde and L-3-phenyllactic acid as well as those produced by shrimp such as acyl-carnitines and lysophosphatidylcholine. The functions of these metabolites were related to nutrient absorption and metabolisms. Our findings provide the first report utilizing multi-omics integration approach to investigate microbiota, metabolic and transcriptomics profiles of the host shrimp and their potential roles and relationship to shrimp growth performance.

Identification of a Growth-Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in Cyclin C of the Giant Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon.

The full-length cDNA of cyclin C of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (PmCyC) was isolated by RACE-PCR. It was 1443bp in length containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 804bp and 267 deduced amino acids. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that PmCyC was more abundantly expressed in ovaries and testes than other tissues of female and male juveniles (P<0.05). A pair of primers was designed, and an amplification product of 403bp containing an intron of 123bp was obtained. Polymorphism of amplified PmCyC gene segments of the 5th (3-month-old G5, N=30) and 7th (5-month-old G7, N=18) generations of domesticated juveniles was analyzed. Four conserved SNPs (T>C134, T>C188, G>A379, and T>C382) were found within the examined sequences. A TaqMan genotyping assay was developed for detection of a T>C134 SNP. Association analysis indicated that this SNP displayed significant association with body weight (P<4.2e-10) and total length (P<2e-09) of the examined G7 P. monodon (N=419) with an allele substitution effect of 5.02±0.78g and 1.41±0.19cm, respectively. Juveniles with C/C134 (22.80±2.51g and 12.97±0.53cm, N=19) and T/C134 (20.41±0.93g and 12.77±0.21cm, N=129) genotypes exhibited a significantly greater average body weight and total length than those with a T/T134 genotype (14.72±0.53g and 11.37±0.13cm, N=271) (P<0.05).

Assessment of the function of gonad-specific PmAgo4 in viral replication and spermatogenesis in Penaeus monodon

Argonaute family is phylogenetically subdivided into Ago and Piwi subfamilies that operate either transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation in association with particular types of small RNAs. Among the four members of Ago subfamily (PmAgo1-4) found in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, PmAgo4 exhibits gonad-restricted expression and takes part in transposon repression as the Piwi subfamily. While PmAgo1-3 participate in RNA interference (RNAi)-based mechanism, the role of PmAgo4 in RNAi is still mysterious, and was therefore investigated in this study. The results showed that knockdown of PmAgo4 in shrimp testis did not have a significant effect on the potency of PmRab7 silencing by dsPmRab7. In addition, replication of YHV as well as YHV-induced cumulative mortality in PmAgo4-knockdown shrimp are comparable to the control shrimp, suggesting the irrelevant association of PmAgo4 with RNAi-mediated gene silencing and antiviral immunity. Since PmAgo4 did not function in common with the Ago subfamily, its potential function in gametogenesis of male shrimp was further investigated. The reduction of PmAgo4 transcript levels in male shrimp revealed significant defect in testicular maturity as measured by Testicular Index (TI). Moreover, the numbers of mature sperm in spermatophore of PmAgo4-knockdown shrimp were significantly decreased comparing with the control shrimp. Our studies thus suggest a distinctive role of PmAgo4 that is not consistent with a dsRNA-mediate gene regulation and virus replication, but has a key function in controlling spermatogenesis in P. monodon.

Development and validation of a RAD-Seq target-capture based genotyping assay for routine application in advanced black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) breeding programs

BackgroundThe development of genome-wide genotyping resources has provided terrestrial livestock and crop industries with the unique ability to accurately assess genomic relationships between individuals, uncover the genetic architecture of commercial traits, as well as identify superior individuals for selection based on their specific genetic profile. Utilising recent advancements in de-novo genome-wide genotyping technologies, it is now possible to provide aquaculture industries with these same important genotyping resources, even in the absence of existing genome assemblies. Here, we present the development of a genome-wide SNP assay for the Black Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) through utilisation of a reduced-representation whole-genome genotyping approach (DArTseq).ResultsBased on a single reduced-representation library, 31,262 polymorphic SNPs were identified across 650 individuals obtained from Australian wild stocks and commercial aquaculture populations. After filtering to remove SNPs with low read depth, low MAF, low call rate, deviation from HWE, and non-Mendelian inheritance, 7542 high-quality SNPs were retained. From these, 4236 high-quality genome-wide loci were selected for baits-probe development and 4194 SNPs were included within a finalized target-capture genotype-by-sequence assay (DArTcap). This assay was designed for routine and cost effective commercial application in large scale breeding programs, and demonstrates higher confidence in genotype calls through increased call rate (from 80.2 ± 14.7 to 93.0% ± 3.5%), increased read depth (from 20.4 ± 15.6 to 80.0 ± 88.7), as well as a 3-fold reduction in cost over traditional genotype-by-sequencing approaches.ConclusionImportantly, this assay equips the P. monodon industry with the ability to simultaneously assign parentage of communally reared animals, undertake genomic relationship analysis, manage mate pairings between cryptic family lines, as well as undertake advance studies of genome and trait architecture. Critically this assay can be cost effectively applied as P. monodon breeding programs transition to undertaking genomic selection.

Surveillance of Vibrio spp in Penaeus monodon collected from shrimp pond of Satkhira, Bangladesh

Vibrio is the most common genera associated with crustaceans and often causing significant economic losses. Many Vibrio species are pathogenic to human and have been implicated in food borne diseases. The present study was conducted to identify Vibrio spp. from the tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) of shrimp pond at Satkhira, Bangladesh. A total number of 33 Vibrio species isolates were identified from 20 shrimp samples through a series of morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. The work reports the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in the pond environments and the existence of three Vibrio species such as V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi were identified. In the study of antibiogram, all isolates were shown 100% sensitive to streptomycin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Maximum 41% isolates were shown resistant to co-trimethaxozole whereas 30% and 24% resistant to azithromycin and novobiocin respectively.

Bioactive compounds from by-products of shrimp processing industry in Vietnam

Shrimp heads from the shrimp processing industry in Vietnam can be a good source for production of bioactive compounds. It is estimated that there is an amount of 200,000 metric tons of shrimp by-products annually from two main species: black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). We found that the shrimp by-products can be used as raw materials for extraction of chitosan and lipid-mineral-rich carotenoprotein by combining chemical and biological treatment. Chitosan has been recognized as a multifunctional bioactive compound and has been used widely in food, biotechnology, cosmetics and medicine. Lipid-mineral-rich carotenoprotein can be used as a supplement in food and aqua-feed with good nutrional and functional properties. Besides, the characteristics of these products have been evaluated and reported. These results proved that high quality chitosan and lipid-mineral-rich carotenoprotein can be obtained from shrimp by-products.

Host associated mixed probiotic bacteria induced digestive enzymes in the gut of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon.

The shrimp Penaeus monodon was used for the isolation of digestive enzyme producing host-associated probiotic bacteria. Gut was isolated from a healthy animal completely and morphologically different bacterial isolates were screened for the production of hydrolytic enzymes, such as, protease, amylase, lipase and cellulases. Based on their ability to produce enzymes, the potent probiotic bacteria were identified as Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis and these two were used for the preparation of probiotic diet for experimental trials. Probiotic diet was prepared by mixing the shrimp feed with 2 g probiotic/100 g artificial diet (F1), 4 g/100 g (F2), 6 g/100 g (F3), 8 g/100 g (F4) and 10 g/100 g (F5). Juvenile shrimp was fed with probiotic and control diet for a period of 7 weeks at 5 and 8% body weight for the first 3 and 7 weeks, respectively. After seven weeks, whole gut was dissected out and protease activity was estimated as 145 ± 12.3 U/g in control animal and increased as 710 ± 15.2 U/ g in F5 feed groups. Amylase activity was 139 ± 10.4 U/g in control and increased as 209 ± 13. 3 U/g in F5 group. Cellulase activities were 171 ± 9.3 in F5 groups and the control group showed only 102 ± 12.4 U/g. Lipase activity was 78 ± 3 U/g in F1 groups and it increased as 85 ± 5 U/g in F3 groups. These findings indicate the potential of host-associated bacteria to enhance the production of enzymes in the gut of juvenile P. monodon.

Effects of Vinegars on the Growth Performance of Black Tiger Post Larvae Shrimp, Penaeus monodon

This study aimed to investigate the effect of acidifying the diet of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon on its growth and feed efficiency by supplementing coconut sap vinegar CSV) or sugar cane vinegar (SCV) or their 1:1 combination. Three hundred and sixty post larva shrimps (average initial weight of 0.01g) were randomly distributed into 12 50-L plastic containers. Four experimental diets, namely, control diet, 2% CSV, 2% SCV and 2% CSV+SCV were fed to groups of shrimps. After 90 days, all shrimps fed with diets containing vinegar exhibited significantly higher final average body weight (FABW), weight gain (WG), feed intake, specific growth rate (SGR), and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed the control diet. Attractability tests showed that the CSV and CSV+SCV diets attracted significantly the highest percentage of shrimps after 10 min of feed placement. Survival rate was not significantly different among the treatments. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the vinegars tested could be used as growth enhancers in shrimp and that the combination of coconut sap and sugar cane vinegars supplemented to the diet resulted in the best growth and feed efficiency as well as attracted the most percentage of shrimps.

Chemical Biopreservative Effects of Red Seaweed on the Shelf Life of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon).

Hypnea musciformis (HM) and Acanthophora muscoides (AM) red seaweeds were evaluated for their antioxidant properties and efficacy to extend the chemical shelf life of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) during 14-daystorage. Treated shrimp were soaked in five percent ethanolic solution with 500 µg/mL of AM or HM powder for 30 min. HM had more phenols and flavonoids, increased radical scavenging activity, and greater H2O2 reducing power than AM in vitro. Biochemical quality indicators were significantly higher in the control group, followed by HM- and AM-treated samples during storage. On day 14 of storage, controls contained significantly higher amounts of biogenic amines than HM- or AM-treated samples. The shelf life of chilled stored shrimp increased due to the presence of compounds of butylated hydroxytoluene, sulfurous acid, heptadecane, mono (2-ethylhexyl), and 1,2-propanediol found in AM extract and sulfurous acid and 1,2-propanediol found in HM extract. A control group was soaked in the same ethanolic solution as treated samples without algae powder for 30 min. Each group was kept ice-cold during the soaking period. The results obtained demonstrate the usefulness of two seaweed extracts, Hypnea musciformis and Acanthophora muscoides, combined with ice by decreasing the formation of toxic biogenic amines in shrimp, enhancing its shelf life during ice storage.

Vibrio harveyi virulence gene expression in vitro and in vivo during infection in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon.

Luminescent Vibrio harveyi is common in sea and estuarine waters. It produces several virulence factors and negatively affects larval penaeid shrimp in hatcheries, resulting in severe economic losses to shrimp aquaculture. Although V. harveyi is an important pathogen of shrimp, its pathogenicity mechanisms have yet to be completely elucidated. In the present study, isolates of V. harveyi were isolated and characterized from diseased Penaeus monodon postlarvae from hatcheries in Kerala, India, from September to December 2016. All 23 tested isolates were positive for lipase, phospholipase, caseinase, gelatinase and chitinase activity, and 3 of the isolates (MFB32, MFB71 and MFB68) showed potential for significant biofilm formation. Based on the presence of virulence genes, the isolates of V. harveyi were grouped into 6 genotypes, predominated by vhpA+ flaB+ ser+ vhh1- luxR+ vopD- vcrD+ vscN-. One isolate from each genotype was randomly selected for in vivo virulence experiments, and the LD50 ranged from 1.7 ± 0.5 × 103 to 4.1 ± 0.1 × 105 CFU ml-1. The expression of genes during the infection in postlarvae was high in 2 of the isolates (MFB12 and MFB32), consistent with the result of the challenge test. However, in MFB19, even though all genes tested were present, their expression level was very low and likely contributed to its lack of virulence. Because of the significant variation in gene expression, the presence of virulence genes alone cannot be used as a marker for pathogenicity of V. harveyi.

Impact of imidacloprid on the nutritional quality of adult black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon).

Neonicotinoid insecticides, including imidacloprid, are increasingly being used to control insect pests in agricultural and urban areas, and are often detected in aquatic environments. The effects of neonicotinoids on non-target insects have been investigated with respect to behavioural, biochemical, physiological and population-level responses, but information of their effects on crustaceans is limited. This study investigated the adverse effects of both acute and chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid on the nutritional quality of adult Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Shrimp were continually exposed to imidacloprid in water (5μgL-1 and 30μgL-1), or through their food (12.5μgg-1 and 75μgg-1), for the entire exposure period. Imidacloprid concentrations in water and residues in tissues were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction and QuEChER extraction respectively. Within 4 days, shrimp accumulated imidacloprid at up to 0.350μg imidacloprid per g body weight from water and food exposure. Chronic exposure resulted in a significant decrease in body weight and total lipid content. Fatty acid composition in exposed shrimp was modified relative to controls. Overall, these results demonstrate that neonicotinoid exposure could lead to nutritional deficiency, which has implications for the productivity and food quality of shrimp.

Case study of mangrove ecosystem services for tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in the practical silvofishery

Mangroves are a particular form of brackish plants, estuaries, and deltas which distributed in tropical and sub-tropical areas. Mangrove has various functions including the ecological functions of mangrove forests such as nesting places, spawning, and enlargement of various types of fish, shrimp, crabs, birds, and other fauna. This study was aimed to determine the mangrove ecosystems service to produce tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in silvofishery ponds that are consisting domination of trees and saplings. Survival of shrimp at trees domination was 0.21% with a total of 125 individual, yielded as much as 1.2 kg. Shrimp survival at saplings domination was 0.31% with a total of 186 individuals, yielded of 1.8 kg. To further increase production results in silvofishery ponds, it is necessary to regulate the techniques of preventing predatory animals that enter the pond when the floodgates are opened, namely by placing a smooth net and repairing the fort.

Antiviral activity of Cynodon dactylon on white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-infected shrimp: an attempt to mitigate risk in shrimp farming

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most contagious pathogen causing huge economic losses in the shrimp industry worldwide. Several medicinal plants are known to have antiviral activity through the inhibition of viral diseases in fish and shellfish. Hence, there is a need to investigate the ability of natural remedies like plant sources to mitigate this devastating disease in crustaceans. This study was carried out to test the antiviral activity of ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon on WSSV in tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon juveniles with an average weight of 13.541 ± 2.927 g. Different doses of the extract (75, 100, and 150 mg/kg) were administrated in vivo through intramuscular injection. The antiviral activity was determined by observing survival rates, and WSSV infection was confirmed at the end of the experiment through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification. Before the in vivo experiment, presence of antiviral compounds ((+)-catechin, vanillic acid, syringic acid, (−)-epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin bioactive compounds) in C. dactylon was confirmed through high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis. The results obtained in this study show that a dose of 100 to 150 mg/kg body weight ethanolic extract of C. dactylon prevented the infection of WSSV marked by 100% survival and absence of WSSV-specific band using nested diagnostic PCR, thus demonstrating the suitability of ethanolic extract of C. dactylon as a possible prophylactic for the prevention of WSSV infections in shrimp culture.

Role of Probiotics for Reduction of Vibrio Contamination Load in Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Cultured Pond

Role of Probiotics for Reduction of Vibrio Contamination Load in Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Cultured Pond

Marine actinomycetes Nocardiopsis alba MCCB 110 has immunomodulatory property in the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

Shrimp farming constitutes an important source of revenue and employment in many developing countries. However, the shrimp industry has always been plagued with infectious diseases having varied aetiologies. Dominated by non - specific immune mechanism, preventive health care strategy is the most appropriate approach to protect the crop. The present study evaluated the efficacy of an actinomycete, Nocardiopsis alba MCCB 110 in eliciting non - specific immune mechanism in Penaeus monodon having Vibrio harveyi as the challenge organism. Haemocyte count, total protein, phenoloxidase, reactive oxygen intermediates, acid and alkaline phosphatase as well as the gene expression of proPO, peroxinectin, transglutaminase, alpha 2-macroglobulin, astakine, crustin, and penaeidin-3 were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the phenoloxidase, respiratory burst, total protein, acid and alkaline phosphatases were higher in the haemolymph of shrimps fed with Nocardiopsis alba MCCB 110 incorporated feed before and after challenge with Vibrio harveyi, compared to those of placebo fed animals. Up-regulation of six immune genes (alpha 2 macroglobulin, penaeidin −3, transglutaminase, proPO, crustin and peroxinectin) during the post-challenge were recorded. Survival of shrimp among the Nocardiopsis alba administered ones was 83% while it was 50% in placebo fed group. The elevated levels of nonspecific immune gene transcripts and concurrent increase in non specific immunity besides the higher survival rate in the Nocardiopsis alba administered group demonstrated the immunomodulatory property of the marine actinomycete Nocardiopsis alba MCCB 110 in the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, and on administering it through diet shrimp could be protected from vibriosis especially of V. harveyi.

Benefits of Tiwai Onion (Eleutherine americana) Extract as Phytopharmaceutical Plant to Inhibit the Growth of Vibrio harveyi Through in-Vitro and in-Vivo

HighlightsEleutherine americana was a plant that was known to contain antibacterial alkaloids, steroids, phenolics, and flavonoidsEleutherine americana extract was able to inhibit the development of V. harveyi both through in vitro and in vivo tests on tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon).The use of vibriosis antibiotics in tiger shrimp was often not controlled so the results obtained were not effective AbstractThe use of vibriosis antibiotics in tiger shrimp was often not controlled, so the results obtained were not effective. The addition of antibiotics would cause resistance to V. harveyi. Eleutherine americana is a plant that is known to contain antibacterial alkaloids, steroids, phenols, and flavonoids. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of inhibitory effects of E. americana extract against V. harveyi through in-vitro and in-vivo tests on tiger shrimp larvae. In-vitro testing consisted of 7 treatments and 3 replications, namely treatments A (0.1%), B (0.2%), C (0.3%), D (0.4%), E (0, 5%), F ethanol 70% (K-), and G chloramphenicol 0.01% (K +) treatment. The largest inhibition zone diameter of E. americana extract was shown in treatment C (0.3%), with an average value of the inhibition zone produced of 7.5 mm. Challenge test with V. harveyi concentration of 107 CFU / ml in the in-vivo test consisted of 5 treatments and four replications namely; A treatment without E. americana extract, B extract 6 ppm, C extract 12 ppm, D extract 18 ppm, and treatment E without extract and V. harveyi. The results of the challenge test with V. harveyi bacteria were significantly different in control (chloramphenicol 0.01%), where the highest survival rate was in the treatment of 12 ppm extract (43.34%). E. americana extract could inhibit the development of V. harveyi bacteria both through in-vitro and in-vivo tests on tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon).

A new record of a tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 breeding female in the coast of Campeche, Mexico

The tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is native to the Indo-West Pacific Ocean, covering the east coast of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, China, the Sea of Japan, New Guinea and Australia. A new report was recorded on the capture in the wild of a female tiger shrimp P. monodon in conditions of reproductive maturity on the coast of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. The specimen was captured by a trawler operating near the coast of Campeche, in front of Carmen Island. The specimen was identified using dichotomous keys, additionally corroborated with analysis of the sequence of a fragment of 650 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI), and compared with the sequence of P. monodon reported in GenBank. The specimen was deposited in the National Collection of Crustaceans of the Institute of Biology of the UNAM. Histological analysis of the gonads revealed that the organism was in a reproductive condition as ovaries contained oocytes in an advanced development state. The molecular data (sequenced fragments F and R) were identical with the COI sequence of P. monodon deposited in GenBank, thus confirming the presence of P. monodon from the coasts of Isla del Carmen, Campeche.

Innate immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei

Fishery resources exhaustion results from marine pollution and overfishing, hence the protein source from aquaculture plays a crucial role in the future. Shrimp industry is an important part of aquaculture, and the major species cultured in Taiwan are white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Because of the intensive farming and improper management of cultivating environment, disease occurrence and economic losses in recent years occurred. Unlike vertebrate, crustacean lack antibodies but can still carry out efficient defence against pathogens. Therefore, the roles of prophenoloxidase system, phagocytosis, coagulation and hematopoiesis in immunity of L. vannamei are reviewed.