Blood Ties Research Articles

From De-Tribalisation to Re-tribalisation: Conflict and Organisation Models in Discussing the Structural Transformation of Kurdish Tribes

The concept of tribe has a long history in Kurdish society, signifying a common origin through blood and place ties, corresponding to a strong collective identity and having socio-political implications. This form of social organisation, which emphasises tradition, locality and hierarchy, was expected to disappear with the modernisation movements. However, neither political actors nor modernity have been able to achieve de-tribalisation. On the contrary, the tribe has managed to reproduce itself in all processes, structures and formations. So what are the basic dynamics that make this adaptation possible? This article argues that the main dynamics that have sustained the tribal structure, and thus prevented de-tribalisation, are tribal-specific organisational models and inter-tribal conflicts, especially in accordance with the segmentary lineage system. Elections, capitalist relations, non-governmental organisations, etc. are considered in this article as intermediaries that keep these dynamics alive. Drawing on the theoretical knowledge and perspectives of anthropology and political science, the article concludes that micro-political issues such as conflict and conflict resolution strengthen the spirit of togetherness, ensure unity of action and thus make re-tribalisation possible.

Revisiting the effect of height on wages in a historical context: the case of the city of Zaragoza (Spain), 1924

ABSTRACT Several recent European studies conducted over the past 50 years have documented a positive connection between a person’s height and their salary. However, there are very few studies for earlier periods and for southern Europe. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the height of conscripts born between 1888 and 1907 and their daily wages in 1924. Data for the Spanish city of Zaragoza was used. The results showed that for every additional 10 cm of height, an individual earned approximately 3% more. Furthermore, the shortest 25% of individuals suffered a considerable penalty in their income (about 15%). To understand the causes of this discrimination, we then analyzed the data by socioeconomic group. We found that people in low socioeco nomic groups essentially suffered wage discrimination. This finding could be linked to the fact that a tall stature conveys an image of strength and productivity. It should be noted that these results were found mainly for the urban areas, with their relatively large labor supply and weak blood ties rather than rural areas or among immigrants. In other words, the height penalty affected the weakest groups of society (low socioeconomic level and immigrants).

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Suksesi Keberhasilan Bisnis Keluarga

Family businesses are controlled by family members through blood ties or marriage and reflect characteristics such as family commitment, learning environment, reliability, spiritual strength, and dual leadership. Sustainability in family businesses is considered a core goal of business, but challenges arise from internal conflicts, generational differences, and adaptation to non-traditional methods. Heritage values and family traditions play an important role in in decision making. Factors such as inheritance for generations, risk management, and organizational culture also affect family business identity and performance. A literature review discusses preparation, family relationships, and planning as important factors in family business succession.

고구려사에 보이는 ‘政變’과 역사적 의미

In this article, I looked at the aspects of the political coup d'etats that occured in Koguryo history and examined their historical significance. For convenience of understanding, the period before A.D. 300 has been termed the early period and the period after the 6th century has been termed the later period. The period in between has been excluded because records of coup d'etats are unclear. The number of political coup d'etats which occurred are more numerous in the early period compared to the later period. This is due to insufficient records during the later period. This can also be due to royal authority becoming relatively stabilized and the principles of succession to the throne becoming firmly established. In addition, according to the『Suseo(隋書)』 and『Gudangseo(舊唐書)』, strict punishment for treason was imposed and the law was rarely violated. In the early period, political coup d'etats were justified by blood ties and force. In later periods, they were due to real problems such as the ruler being 'too young', 'senile', and 'tyrannous'. During the early period, the leaders of political coup d'etats had a strong blood-related character, whereas the leaders of coup d'etats of the later period had a strong territorial character. In the process of Koguryo's development into a centralized ancient state, King Taejo, King Shindae, and the Changjori coup d'etat, which dealt with the problems of the period, had a positive influence. However, political coup d'etats motivated by power struggles not only caused confusion but also had a negative influence. Examples include the coups of King Minjung, King Chadae, King Anwon, Chugun and Segun, Yeongaesomun, and the coup of the Yeon clan brothers

Legal nuances of implementation by members of military servicemen’s families the rights to housing and utility benefits

The article notes that the legal aspects of providing housing and utility benefits for family members of military personnel are particularly relevant and sensitive at the same time since this category of persons needs special support from the state in connection with the fact that military personnel, standing on the guard of the security of Ukraine, often sacrifice their health and life, and therefore, as gratitude and compensation from the state of such victims, preferential housing and utility services should be provided both to the military personnel themselves and their family members.
 The author of the article has proved that after the death of a person discharged from military service who received a disability during military service, the need for additional social protection for dependent family members does not disappear, but rather increases, and therefore the provision of such a benefit can- not be terminated after the death of a person released from military service. In order to maximally protect family members who have lost such a close person, discharged from military service, who became a person with a disability during military service, it should be provided that the provision of benefits provided for in Part 5 of Art. 12 of the Law of Ukraine “On Social and Legal Protection of Military Men and Members of Their Families” [5], family members after the death of a person discharged from military service, who received a disability during military service, are not terminated. This will contribute to legal certainty, which means that it will significantly reduce the likelihood of litigation regarding these issues.
 The article states that in order to be recognized as having the status of “family member of a service- man”, it is sufficient to have at least one of three conditions: (1) blood (family) ties or marital relations with a serviceman; (2) permanent residence with a serviceman; (3) running a joint household with a serviceman, and not all three together.
 It was established that the legal constructions “family member of a serviceman” and “family member dependent on a serviceman” are not identical categories. Establishing the circle of dependents of a ser- viceman is not used to provide housing, while housing is provided to a serviceman and members of his family. The content of the specified decision does not give grounds for the conclusion that, for example, an adult daughter who got married automatically ceases to be a member of the plaintiff’s family as a military serviceman. To resolve the issue of whether a child of a serviceman who has reached the age of majority and is married remains a member of his family, it is necessary to clarify the issue of joint residence and management of a joint household.

The Boundary of Light

This meditation on diasporic belonging, the limits of light and vision, and the practices people enact to become one with the earth examines watercolors done by British artist William Berryman while he lived in Jamaica between 1808 and 1816. It focuses on depictions of the provision ground, small plots of land enslaved people and their families used to grow food and, ultimately, forge a connection with the land. The author peels back the layers of Berryman’s scenes, looking beyond what has been rendered visible, countering European representations of landscape that privilege vision and light. She contemplates what we cannot see in these images: buried entities that formed a network of power known to enslaved people, engaging Katherine McKittrick’s theory of Black geographies. Through these entities, people of African descent established blood ties with the earth of Jamaica, thus—to use Sylvia Wynter’s term—“transplanting” their culture to the island.

Ethnicity of Second-generation Japanese Indonesians in North Sumatra

The author has examined the ethnicity1 formation process of Japanese Indonesians in North Sumatra from various perspectives to determine their type of individuals. The diverse points of view are as follows: their common historical perspective as Japanese Indonesians, friendships between Japanese Indonesians from the time of the Issei2 to the present, the influence of Japanese culture in each family, their involvement with the Medan branch of the Yayasan Warga Persahabatan3, and the impact of working and living in Japan, among others. In the study of ethnicity among Japanese Indonesians, three factors are especially significant: blood ties, a sense of being the descendants of residual Japanese soldiers, and the Japanese influence from the Issei within the family. This paper is a compilation of the author’s research findings to date, with the addition of Nisei narratives to illustrate aspects of the Japanese Indonesians’ personality type.

The Effect of Family Communication on Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Who Have Step-parents

The relationship between adolescents and their stepparents is a unique one because the relationship is established without blood ties. Family functioning is the ability of each member to interact and take roles in the family so that closeness is established with each family member. This research looks into how family functioning affects the depression symptoms of adolescents who have stepparents. The research used a quantitative approach with an incidental sampling technique. Research subjects were 100 15–19 years old adolescents with stepparents (Mean = 16.89, SD = 1,188). The research instruments used were McMaster Family Functioning Scale (short version) and Beck Depression Inventory. The statistical programs used were Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 and Past3. The result of a simple linear regression analysis tested showed a significantly negative effectof family functioning on the depression symptoms of adolescents who have stepparents (R = –0.92, R2 = 0.85, Pvalue = 0.00). That is, the presence of one of the new parents can predict if the teenager will develop depression in their life. The implications of this reseach are expected to provide understanding to parents of the importance of family communication and it is hoped that parents can provide understanding and reasons for remarriage to children so that children can be more accepting of their stepparents. On the other hand, adolescents who have stepparents are expected to always learn to open up, obey stepparents, and accept their existence as caregivers and educators in the family. The existence of a reciprocal relationship between parents and stepchildren is expected to establish good family relations between the two.
 Keywords: depression, family functioning, stepparent, teenagers

텔레비전드라마 “서른, 아홉”(2022)에 구현된 가족의 의미와 한계

The purpose of this study is to analyze the aspects, meanings, and limitations of the family in the television drama Thirty, Nine. In Korean society, the framework of “normal family” became a standard for discriminating against the forms of family that did not meet this, but recent changes in social perceptions are reflected in the aspects of family in television dramas. Thirty, Nine presents care and intimacy as the standard of a new family. It is emphasized that the family does not consist solely of blood ties by dealing with the issue of adoption. This work divides the good and bad composition of characters based on their perceptions and attitudes toward the family and omits specific conflict situations. It also distorts the real reality in that commitment to each other is mainly based on strong economic power and time. In addition, the main characters choose marriage based on heterosexual relationships at the end. It deals with the problem of adoption within this typical family structure of parents and children. This shows that various imaginations of the family are not fully realized in television dramas.

The Role of Local Wisdom on the Tradition of the Prohibition of KEBO BALIK KANDANG Marriage as an Effort of Family Resilience in Bendo Village, Ponggok Sub-District, Blitar (Javanese Spiritually Perspective, Customary Law)

Kebo Balik Kandang marriage is said to be a mythical procession in the community where the bride is prohibited from marrying a man who lives in the same region as her biological father. This means that even though the bride comes from a village outside the region, if there is a track record of the bride’s village-born origin categorized as a Kebo Balik Kandang marriage type design, mythically it has a significant influence on the pattern of her family’s resilience. Family resilience means managing physical and non-physical resources and facing problems with the aim of achieving a quality family as a foundation in maintaining national resilience. Research in Bendo Village aims to examine the community’s views on kebo balik kandang marriages and how they maintain household resilience. The results show that the perpetrators of kebo balik kandang marriages face many challenges in their marriage journey. However, there is one family who managed to live a good marriage through mutual submission, love, care, good communication, and pleasant interaction. According to Islamic studies, their marriage is in accordance with sharia and there are no prohibited blood ties.

The Concept of Lineage, Types of Lineage and a General Evaluation of the Establishment of Lineage

The aim of this study is to examine the legal and bioethical problems that arise in the field of lineage in our Civil Law. While these problems were examined, the concept of lineage, its types, the establishment of paternity and its provisions were discussed theoretically. Comparisons were made to better understand the development of the problems. With the entry into force of the new Turkish Civil Code(TCC) No. 4721 on January 1, 2002, very important changes were made. One of the most important changes among these changes is the changes made in the field of "lineage Law". With our new Civil Code, the concepts of valid lineage and non-authentic lineage have been abolished and only the concept of "lineage" has been included. An attempt has been made to envisage common provisions between the child born within marriage and the child born outside of marriage and to minimize privileges. In order for the provisions of lineage regulated in Articles(art.) 321-334 of the Turkish Civil Code to be implemented, lineage must be established between the child and the mother and father. In order to establish lineage in the Turkish Civil Code, a blood bond or an adoption relationship is required between the child and his/her parents. Family lineage based on blood ties; birth from the mother's side, paternal lineage between the child and the father; It can be established through marriage with the mother, recognition, judgement, and adoption. Paternity case; It is filed by the mother and/or the child against the man who is claimed to be the biological father of the child. If the child has a lineage relationship with another man, a lineage relationship cannot be established between the biological father and the child by recognition. In terms of the provisions of paternity in the Turkish Civil Code, no distinction is made according to the way in which the filiation based on blood ties was established between a person and his parents, and whether the person was born within or outside of marriage. Children born within marriage and children born outside of marriage are considered equal in rights and duties in terms of their relations with their parents and are subject to the same provisions. These provisions of the Turkish Civil Code regarding paternity are also applied to the adopted child in cases where there is no special provision regarding adoption. In the study, although it is not very detailed, it has been tried to clarify the solution of the problems related to the determination of lineage by making use of the new Civil Code and the views in the doctrine.

EKSISTENSI SENI ORMATAN TARAWANGSA: FUNGSI TARAWANGSA DI TENGAH EKOSISTEM MASYARAKAT BANJARAN

The existence of Tarawangsa Cangkungan, which is still alive and 
 continues to grow, cannot be separated from its existence which is 
 still functioned in many contexts, such as hajat overtime, ngaruat, 
 and treating the sick. In the context of the ecosystem, the study in 
 this paper takes focus and limits. 
 The times have become one of the factors contributing to the loss of 
 traditional culture and arts. Therefore, the continuity of an art 
 cannot be separated from how the artists maintain and continue the 
 tradition. The art of tarawangsa Banjaran is an example of a case 
 where this art was once alive and well known in the community, 
 but due to the lack of regeneration efforts and the decreasing 
 number of artists who continue it, this art has finally experienced 
 a period of vacuum and is now almost extinct. So far, one of the 
 main problems has been the strict restrictions on the regeneration 
 process of Banjaran's tarawangsa art. This policy requires 
 prospective heirs to have blood ties to the previous presenting artist 
 as the main requirement. This condition has become a barrier for 
 the younger generation who are interested in learning this art.

가족의 구조와 기능에 대한 초등교사의 인식 유형 분석

Objectives With nontraditional family types increasing, this study aims to derive elementary school teachers’ perception types of family structure and function and to analyze the characteristics of each type.
 Methods In order to achieve this purpose, Q methodology was applied to this study. Q-samples representing perception of family structure and function was selected from 481 statements obtained through open questionaires and literature review, and Q-sort was conducted with the Q-samples to derive P-samples’ perception types of family structure and function.
 Results The result of this study are as follows. There were four types of elementary school teachers’ perception in family structure: Open minded type-opens up various possibilities in both the scope of family members and the method of distributing power within the family, Mixed type-aims for a nuclear family based on marriage or blood ties in which equal power distribution is achieved, Conservative type-emphasizes family solidarity through blood and marriage, Extended type-accepts the family form that has varied by social changes and recognizes objects as family even not human. And three types of elementary school teachers’ perception in family function: Affection exchange type which is more interested in internal functions based on affection exchange within the family, Growth support type which values solving family problems, children’s education and their socialization. Last, Saving system type which pursues members to perform their respective roles for maintenance of family and society.
 Conclusions Through this study, the unique characteristics of each perception type in family structure and function were confirmed, and it was suggested that elementary school teachers need support to form their inclusive family concept.

A Study of Folk Aesthetic Culture of Minnan Ancestral Hall in the Context of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence

In the past, people with the same family name gathered in a region were made into a family, and each family had its family temple for worshipping ancestors and remembering their forefathers, and such family temples with special significance were called ancestral halls. The southern Min region has experienced more hardships compared to the northern region, so it pays more attention to the family and places an important place on the transmission of blood ties. The values of people are subtly changed in this environment, and through the inculcation of generations, the people of southern Fujian internalized the values inherited from this architecture of ancestral halls into their aesthetic consciousness. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of technological development on the evolution of regional aesthetic characteristics in the context of Big data and Artificial intelligence, starting from the folk aesthetic culture of Minnan ancestral halls. The architecture of Minnan ancestral halls is characterized by the adaptation of ancestral hall architecture to the climate of Southern Fujian, the unique architectural framework of ancestral halls, the use of vibrant colors in Minnan ancestral halls, and the Minnan ancestral halls. The art of stone carving and aesthetic literacy are two major aesthetic features of Minnan's ancestral halls. The number of Minnan ancestral halls is huge, and to analyze their aesthetic characteristics it is necessary to use the ability of Big data storage to analyze massive data and to extract some representative ancestral hall buildings from the database of Minnan ancestral halls for analysis. The various aesthetic features of the database are clustered and analyzed through Big data analysis technology to summarize the representative aesthetic features of Minnan ancestral halls. At the same time, some people in the Minnan area were selected as the research subjects, and the data related to the folk aesthetic consciousness of the people were obtained using a questionnaire survey, and then the "aesthetic elements" and "aesthetic consciousness" were input into the artificial intelligence training model by combining Big data and Artificial intelligence technology. The relationship between elements is explored through artificial intelligence decision-making. Finally, this conclusion is illustrated in four dimensions. From the dimension of color, the residents of Minnan mostly use relatively bright colors to decorate their houses, which is consistent with the use of red and black colors in Minnan's ancestral halls. In terms of shape, the architectural style of Minnan ancestral halls also influenced the development of later buildings, some of which evolved from Minnan ancestral halls as prototypes. In terms of materials, the Minnan ancestral halls were built with a combination of wood and stone, while later generations only increased the proportion of stone. In terms of culture, the development of folk aesthetic consciousness is echoed by the core values of blood and clan ties transmitted by the Minnan ancestral halls left.

Fungsi dan Makna Perapian di Permukiman Desa Kalidesel, Wonosobo, Jawa Tengah

Fireplaces for people in mountainous areas have several functions including those that function for cooking, heating and preserving agricultural products. One of the villages in the mountainous region is Kalidesel Village, Wonosobo, Central Java. The fireplace in the Kalidesel village consists of several elements including a furnace known as a pawon, a small wooden table known as dingklik, a seat known as jengkok, a cupboard for furniture known as an Anjab and a place to put agricultural products known as para. The fireplace is maintained by the community because it has meaning for people's lives. This research will reveal the meaning of a fireplace in the Kalidesel Village Settlement, Wonosobo, Central Java. The method used is descriptive method with observation and interview strategies. Observations were made on several houses in the village of Kalidesel that still maintain a fireplace. Interviews were conducted in several communities in the Kalidesel Village. The results of the study show the functional, social and symbolic meaning of the function of a fireplace in the Kalidesel Village Settlement. Functional meaning that arises in accordance with the function of the fireplace as a cooking tool. The function shows the ecological aspects of the use of wood fuel by using a repek system (how to extract wood without damaging the environment). The social meaning can be seen from the function of warming which is used as a means to strengthen brotherhood. Not only do you come from blood ties, but your neighbors become sedul due to frequent gatherings and encounters with a fireplace. The symbolic meaning of the hearth as a spiritual means. The fireplace is believed to be able to be an intermediary tool that can provide fortune. The meaning of a hearth for people's lives is the creation of comfort and peace in life.

An evaluation about not mentioning milan/milli tribe in sharafnama

The fact that the Milan Tribe was not dealt with in the Sharafnama is a matter that draws the attention of many researchers who are somehow interested in the history of the tribe and the region. The absence of Milan Tribe in an ambitious work on the Kurdish dynasty and tribes in the 16th century deserves to be questioned.
 After the Ottoman Empire established its dominance in Mardin and its surroundings in the 16th century, it is known that the Milan Tribe, whose names are frequently encountered in the censuses (tax registers, tahrir), was strong in and around Mardin. It is known that especially in a date as early as 1579, the members of the Milan rulers saved timar and ziamet in and around Mardin. It is a question that needs to be answered that this tribe and its rulers are not mentioned in the Sharafnama, which was completed shortly after this date.
 This question, whose answer is sought, requires evaluating some possibilities. The first is a claim that has been dealt with before, and according to this, the Milan confederation was not yet a political focus in this period, and some of the Milanese members were ruling around Chabakchur under the name "Sivedi". Sharaf Khan dealt with this household and tribe in his work. If this claim is taken as a basis, the Milan Tribe was not yet known with the name "Mil" at that time. The following conclusion is reached from the claim; The Sivedis, who came from the Siverek environs and established dominance in Chabakchur, formed the core of Milan.
 A second possibility is that a few titles that Sharaf Khan left incomplete in his work can be devoted to this subject. As it is known, there are incomplete chapters in Sharafnama. Would Milan tribes be included in the missing titles?
 One of the weakest possibilities is that Sharaf Khan does not have enough information about the desert region called "Barriya". As a matter of fact, as it will be remembered, he spent most of his life with the Safavids in the center of Iran and returned to Bitlis, which was his ancestral land in the end of his life. However, it is known that during this period, the Milan Tribe used the highlands on the Van-Erzurum and Azerbaijan sides as a plateau. It is unlikely that the Rojkan historiography tradition, which includes Sharaf Khan and historians such as Shukri-yi Bitlisi and İdris-i Bitlisi, does not recognize the Milan Tribe. As a matter of fact, in some periods, the Rojkan and Milan confederations were called for help by their vassals, the Ottoman Empire, and they took part in the campaigns with close statuses. The Basra Campaign in the south at the beginning of the 18th century and the Persian Campaign in the east towards the middle of the same century are examples of this.
 Finally, the fact that the Milan Tribe is not mentioned in the Sharafnama should be sought in the rapid political transformation in the nature of the tribal structure. The Kurdish tribal structure, unlike its Arab neighbors, was shaped by political and geographical factors rather than blood ties. For this reason, the tribal administration and name, which was a super structure in some periods of history, could continue to exist within another political power with a lower status after a short time. It should be remembered that the Omarans, one of the tribes of Milan, formed a great confederation that would later become known by their own name. Another example of Milan's sub-tribe tribes evolving into a larger political situation where they roamed as a new confederative structure is the Hasanans. Yezidi tribes such as Musyan and Sharafan, who were considered as Milan tribes while living nomads, are other examples of this phenomenon.

Teacher's intervention in providing understanding of association limits to girls (Cases in children who have stepfathers)

Self-protection of children needs to be introduced from an early age in order to prevent unwanted things from happening. Thus it needs adult intervention in this case. The adults in question are teachers when they are at school and parents when they are at home. One form of protection and understanding of concepts that teachers need to introduce is boundaries in association. Association is not only limited to friendships that occur between boys and girls but also interactions that exist between children who have stepfathers. The stepfather as a foreign individual around the child because he does not have direct blood ties therefore they should not interact too intensely with the child. But that doesn't stop the stepfather from being close to his stepdaughter either. This study discusses the teacher's intervention in providing an understanding of the limits of association in girls with their stepfather. The type of research used is qualitative with a case study approach. Data collection techniques used in-depth interview techniques and unstructured questions which were carried out together with teachers at the school. The sample in this study was 1, 5-year-old girl with the initials FA. The results of the research show that there are several efforts by teachers to provide an understanding to children about the boundaries of interacting with stepfathers, namely introducing the concept of stepfathers first to children, then the teacher invites children to have direct interactions in class such ass telling stories which are then interspersed with several questions.

The Social Backgrounds, Dharma Lineages, and Achievements of Women Chan Masters, 1572–1722

This article continues the investigation of my previous paper ‘Wan Ming Qing chu dongnan yanhai gangkou Fosi de biqiuni shenying’ 晚明清初東南沿海港口佛寺的比丘尼身影 (‘The Historic Image of the Bhikkhuni Who Lived at Buddhist Monasteries of Seaport Cities of Southeast China during the Late Ming and Early Qing Period’). While discussing the space of port city Buddhist monasteries and their urban environment, and how they aided or hindered the bhikkhuni monastic community, or individual bhikkhuni in their practice, life, and personal achievements, I also realized that a bhikkhuni’s family background and her connections with local gentry and eminent persons indeed contributed to the rise of her prestige. The publication and distribution of the recorded sayings of several women Chan monastics residing in the Buddhist monasteries of port cities during the late Ming and early Qing periods can be regarded as a commendable breakthrough in the Buddhist history of this period. To further clarify the resource structure that helped support these Chan bhikkhuni, including the multifaceted interplay between their blood ties, dharma connections, and regional connections, I aim here to particularly examine the backgrounds, dharma lineages, activity regions, and ultimate achievements of these women Chan monastics. I will consider how it is that these Chan bhikkhuni were able to use such resources to achieve the distinction of having their deeds recorded, while so many more of their fellow bhikkhuni have been forgotten. While in real life, there were a rather large number of bhikkhuni, only a few have been able to have their names passed down to posterity. Women have always faced greater challenges than men in having their voices known and receiving social recognition, and even for men, this has never been easy without a relevant support system—one’s own personal cultivation, the prestige of one’s family, the power of one’s dharma lineage, the strength of one’s personal connection, the disparity in the resources that one has access to in their urban or rural society, etc.; all these various factors affect one’s achievements and performance. Especially in Chan Buddhist texts, where women are greatly underrepresented, I aim to explore in this paper how a women Chan monastic could be included in the Chan historical record, have her recorded sayings published, and have a place in Buddhism or the dharma lineages of Chan.

Impact Assessment of the Implementation Effect of the Post-Relocation Support Policies of Rural Reservoir Resettlers’ Livelihoods in Energy Transition

Energy transition is a major structural change in the whole social system, and the energy system must be changed globally to replace fossil fuels. Hydropower is one of the largest sources of renewable energy in the world. However, owing to the construction of hydropower projects, involuntary resettlers are suffering from being far away from their native land, losing the land cultivated for generations and the houses they live in, and losing the social relationship network based on geography and blood ties. Based on the system evaluation theory of reservoir resettlement and referring to relevant research findings, this paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index framework for assessing the implementation effect of the Post-Relocation Support (PReS) policy. The research region is located in Zhijin County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province, China. Accordingly, a combined method of a structural equation model and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is used in this paper to analyze the implementation of the PReS policy. The results show that the total score of implementing effects of the PReS policy is 4.4, with dramatic significance. The subindex scores of the resettlers’ family income, living conditions, and production conditions; the local economy; and social stability are 4.3, 4.6, 4.4, 4.6, and 4.3, respectively, with dramatic significance. This paper has analyzed and summarized the successful practices of implementing the PReS policy for reservoir resettlers in three dimensions: poverty alleviation, beautiful home construction, and accelerating rural revitalization. Research shows that China’s rural reservoir resettlers’ PReS policy has been more effective in restoring the livelihoods of reservoir resettlers.

중국과 주변 접경국 간 경제 관계를 통해 본 북·중 경제 관계 평가

This study poses the research question, “How would North Korea-China economic relations, which have traditionally been evaluated from a bilateral perspective, be different if they were evaluated from a multilateral standpoint with one of China’s bordering countries?”. Based on analysing of economic relations, including foreign trade between China and its 14 bordering countries and foreign direct investment in China’s 13 bordering countries, this study examines North Korea-China economic relations from a multilateral viewpoint. In conclusion, North Korea-China economic relations are seen to be based on the homogeneity of “socialism” and the strategic management of North Korea risks for China’s “core interests” and North Korea’s strategic interests of regime stability and economic development. Compared to the economic relations between China and its other bordering countries, the analysis does not reveal any differentiating factors that make the DPRK-China economic relationship a unique economic relationship based on the traditional bilateral relations of blood ties and nepotism. Rather, China has reaffirmed that it prioritizes its core interests in expanding economic ties with its bordering countries.
 Under President Xi Jinping’s third term, China’s internal and external projects, including the Belt and Road Initiative, a comprehensive version of the country’s open door policy, have gained more momentum under the umbrella of great nation building. Economic relations between China and its neighboring countries have entered the “do-or-die” phase. However, North Korea-China economic relations are still at the stage of dawangyanghui (韜光養晦) and are likely to continue their quiet cooperation for the future. China’s embracing of North Korea, despite the current international political and the economic situation can be interpreted as a management decision to minimize risks to its core interests based on socialist homogeneity.
 In response to the changing international political and economic environment, China has moved away from the traditional blood brotherhood and hammer-and-sickle relationship with North Korea to develop a new, forward-looking relationship with the DPRK that is in line with the current international order. Therefore, it is necessary to objectively and comprehensively evaluate the economic relationship between North Korea and China from the perspective of a multilateral relationship as one of the bordering countries facing China, rather than the traditional, unique relationship.