Tiempo De Research Articles

Ultrasound for Routine Lumbar Puncture

The objective was to determine if use of ultrasound (US) by emergency physicians (EPs) to localize spinal landmarks improves the performance of lumbar puncture (LP). This was a prospective, randomized, controlled study conducted in a county teaching hospital. Subjects, adults 18years of age or older who were to receive LPs for routine clinical care in the emergency department (ED), were randomized either to undergo US localization of the puncture site or to have the puncture site determined by palpation of spinal landmarks. Primary outcomes were the number of needle insertion attempts and success of the procedure. Secondary outcomes were pain associated with the procedure, time to perform the procedure, number of traumatic taps, and patient satisfaction with the procedure. One-hundred patients were enrolled in the study, with 50 in each study group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), indication for LP, or ease of palpation of landmarks. For both primary outcomes and secondary outcomes there were no significant differences between those undergoing US localization and those with palpation alone. These data do not suggest any advantage to the routine use of US localization for LP insertion, although further study may be warranted to look for benefit in the difficult to palpate or obese patient subgroups.

Tiempo de Carnaval

Tiempo de CarnavalOn Friday, March 9, 2012, Murcia's Cambalache Teatro, under the experienced direction of Francisco Garcia Vicente, delighted the Chamizal audience with their performance of Tiempo de Carnaval. Their production consisted of the comical compilation of three entremeses, including Luis Quinones de Benavente's El abedejillo, Agustin Moreto's El poeta, and Pedro Calderon de la Barca's El entremes de Carnestolendas, that depict the jovial and playful character of Carnival through practical jokes and metadramatic allusions. The festive nature of Tiempo de Carnaval began even before the curtain was raised, as masked actors and musicians welcomed the arriving public to the performance. The company seamlessly connected the three short works, or aperitivos, as their director called them, creating the impression of a single dramatic work while highlighting the merry and playful atmosphere of Carnival.Cambalache Teatro skillfully linked the three entremeses. The comediantes musicales' live performances of several brief upbeat songs frame the play. Composed specifically for Tiempo de Carnaval by a music faculty member of Murcia's Escuela Superior de Artes Escenicos, the songs were presented before the beginning of the production, between each piece, and upon its conclusion. The company also created original dialogue between the poet (Ricardo Sierra Arqueros) and his friend Qaime Lorente Lopez), two characters from Moreto's El poeta, to situate the dramatic action and serve as a transition between the three entremeses. The production utilized a simple but effective stage design to create the three environments: a spotlight in front of a closed curtain for the transitional material, a simple banner advertising the presence of a traveling group of comediantes in front of a closed curtain for El poeta, and a bright backdrop with a door-like opening serving as a comfortable and noble home for El abedejillo and El entremes de Carnestolendas. Casting choices aided in creating the sensation of a single play by having certain characters participate in multiple roles in the drama, such as the poeta and his friend. Furthermore, the costume design also contributed to the creation of a unified work, as all characters remained in the same costume throughout the play with the exception of the articles of clothing they put on during their makeshift comedia in El entremes de Carnestolendas. The transitional action, uncomplicated set, and consistency of casting and costuming demonstrated the connection between the three entremeses, creating the perfect environment for a production treating the themes of Carnival.Cambalachee conception of the production created the sense of a single dramatic work through the order of the entremeses and the progressively more elaborate practical jokes in each one. The first entremes, and first act of the production, El abedejillo, commenced with the four female characters announcing their excitement to play a game that depended on an innocent passerby in honor of the festivities. …

Comparison of Outcomes for Children With Cervical Spine Injury Based on Destination Hospital From Scene of Injury

Pediatric cervical spine injury is rare. As a result, evidence-based guidance for prehospital triage of children with suspected cervical spine injuries is limited. The effects of transport time and secondary transfer for specialty care have not previously been examined in the subset of children with cervical spine injuries. The primary objective was to determine if prehospital destination choice affects outcomes for children with cervical spine injuries. The secondary objectives were to describe prehospital and local hospital interventions for children ultimately transferred to pediatric trauma centers for definitive care of cervical spine injuries. The authors searched the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) cervical spine injury data set for children transported by emergency medical services (EMS) from scene of injury. Neurologic outcomes in children with cervical spine injuries transported directly to pediatric trauma centers were compared with those transported to local hospitals and later transferred to pediatric trauma centers, adjusting for injury severity, indicated by altered mental status, focal neurologic deficits, and substantial comorbid injuries. In addition, transport times and interventions provided in the prehospital, local hospital, and pediatric trauma center settings were compared. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data. The PECARN cervical spine injury cohort contains 364 patients transported from scene of injury by EMS. A total of 321 met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 180 were transported directly to pediatric trauma centers, and 141 were transported to local hospitals and later transferred. After adjustments for injury severity, odds of a normal outcome versus death or persistent neurologic deficit were higher for patients transported directly to pediatric trauma centers (odds ratio [OR]= 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.03 to 3.47). EMS transport times to first hospital did not differ and did not affect outcomes. Prehospital analgesia was very infrequent. Initial destination from scene (pediatric trauma center vs. local hospital) appears to be associated with neurologic outcome of children with cervical spine injuries. Markers of injury severity (altered mental status and focal neurologic findings) are important predictors of poor outcome in children with cervical spine injuries and should remain the primary guide for prehospital triage to designated trauma centers.

Antona García

Antona García Rosie Seagraves The 2012 Siglo de Oro Drama Festival, hosted in El Paso, Texas, at the Chamizal National Memorial, featured only three plays. Although the festival ran for the customary span of five nights, from March 7 through March 11, two of the productions (Antona García and Tiempo de Carnaval) were performed twice. Also, the 2012 festival featured just two groups. The first, a student group from Grand Valley State University in Michigan, performed a translation of Antona García, complete with two adapted and translated entremeses. The second group, a professional theater company based in Murcia, Spain, known as Cambalache Teatro, staged Tiempo de Carnaval, a compilation of three short plays, as well as Los milagros del desprecio. Taken as a whole, this year’s festival provided the spectators with plays in English and Spanish, translations, adaptations, more ‘faithful’ productions, and entremeses alongside comedias. Although the number of plays and companies was significantly reduced in comparison with previous Siglo de Oro festivals held at Chamizal, the audience’s experience was still richly varied in language, genre, and production, much to the delight of all in attendance. Antona García As pointed out by Jason Yancey, translator (along with James Bell) of this year’s opening play of the Chamizal Siglo de Oro Drama Festival, Tirso de Molina’s Antona García (staged by the Grand Valley State University theater program) is a striking exception to the rule: it has a bit of everything, enough to upset any tried and true statements about what the comedia does or does not do. Its eponymous heroine, for example, readily gives birth (twice) in the midst of fighting off soldiers, negotiating her problematic romance with the Count, and spearheading resistance within a heated political dispute over Queen Isabel’s and Queen Juana’s claims to the Castilian throne. Antona emerges victorious, in an early modern version of the “how does she do it?” cliché of recent Hollywood lore, reducing her political nemesis to a cowering heap while marriage and two babies wait patiently in the wings. Yancey’s excellent translation brings this eccentric and comic play to a wider audience while preserving some of the original Spanish text. The pleasing blend of linguistic registers connected with Grand Valley State University’s approach to the play’s staging, which integrated [End Page 215] traditional seventeenth-century dress with modern theatrical flair, namely, a lit screen that changed colors to signal shifts in scene, time of day, and mood. The mix allowed for two fine moments of theater: first, when Antona brandishes a burning stick at the end of Act 2, reclaiming her political agency and avenging her husband’s death, and, second, a slow-motion fight sequence during the final battle of Spanish and Portuguese supporters, complete with red screen, dimmed lighting, smoke, and the soundtrack of a heartbeat, creating a pulse that accentuated bodily movement during the fight. The play, directed by Karen Libman, worked best during its crowd and fight scenes, when strength in numbers and animated fight choreography allowed the actors the highest level of expression and dramatic energy. Despite the generally solid nature of Grand Valley State’s English version of the play, which went through eleven sets of revisions from its original translation during rehearsal (a testament to the transformative nature of moving from page to stage), some of its one-on-one scenes would have benefited from further cutting to cater to its student actors. The initial scene between the Count (Chaz Bratton) and Antona (Genesis Loza) lost its momentum once the two had established their mutual romantic interest and distressingly crossed political loyalties, dragging on until spectators may have felt as desperate for a resolution as the characters themselves. The cast, a compilation of students from the university (some drama majors, some not), displayed varying levels of acting ability. Overall, line delivery lacked intention, with the notable exception of Sarah Tryon’s rendition of María Sarmienta, the play’s villainous antiheroine, who made her every word cry out, daring the audience to detest her. Both Antona and the Count played the serious moments well, but these were few and far between. Antona...

Tumor fibroso solitario de la pleura. Descripción clínico quirúrgica de 10 casos

Palabras clave: Tumores fi brosos solitarios, mesotelioma, celulas submesoteliales, complicaciones, tiempo de supervivencia. ABSTRACT. Objective: To describe clinical features and surgical treatment results in patients with solitary fi brous tumor (SFT) of the pleura. Patients and methods: Retrospective, descriptive study, with data obtained from a prospective data base of 10 patients with SFT treated betwen January 1995 and December 2013. We studied demographic (age, sex), and tumor characteristics (size, pleura of origin, surgical technique employed, diagnostic, surgical morbidity and survival. Results: Six patients were females and 4 males. Age ranged betwen 34 and 71 years old (median, 62 years). Six tumors affected left hemithorax and 8 originated in the visceral pleural. Tumor size ranged betwen 5 and 29 cm (median, 11 cm). There were 8 benign tumors, 1 malignant and 1 with potentiality for local recurrence. Two patients developed com- plications: one tracheobronchitis and respiratory failure and one wound infection and dehiscence. Patients were followed betwen 6 and 143 months (median, 48.5 months). There were not postoperative deaths. Conclusions: Solitary fi brous tumor of the pleura is a rare neoplasm, which has a biological behavior of diffi cult prediction. With surgical resection is possible to reach acceptable complications and mortality rates, and satisfactory survival rates, even in cases of local recurrence.

Los milagros del desprecio

Los milagros del desprecio Jonathan Wade On Saturday, March 10, 2012, Cambalache Teatro de Murcia, under the direction of Francisco García Vicente, presented a musical adaptation of Lope de Vega’s Los milagros del desprecio. This was not Cambalache’s first musical at the Siglo de Oro Festival or its first dramatic attempt at merging the Spanish Golden Age with 1930s music, dance, and dress. García Vicente is not shy about his high regard for the decade he considers the end of the classical era. In contrast to their well-rehearsed and brilliantly executed performance of Tiempo de carnval the night before, Los milagros del desprecio was somewhat out of step, even if quite entertaining. Cambalache’s production included a simple skyline-themed set with small variations in color to reflect male (blue) and female (pink) spaces. The night scene at the end of the work suspended both colors in favor of a darker ambience. Although the production had a definite New York City feel to it, the generic skyline gave it a more universal look that could represent any major city. Similar to the set, the costumes were simple and effective. Music from the thirties provided a melodious backdrop to most of the play, including several scene changes. What time and resources they saved by going with a simple set design, they definitely made up for with an ambitious production. It was evident that not all of the actors had a musical theater background, and even those with more trained voices (e.g., Alberto Sogorb Javer, who played Alonso) struggled at times. Issues of timing, unison, and vocality compromised much of the singing. Some of this will work itself out as the company continues to rehearse and perform (it is a relatively new production), but some of the musical choices need rethinking. Early on in the play, for example, Alonso, Juana (Clara Ruiz [End Page 219] Rufino), and Leonor (María Josefa Capel Luna) sing a confusing number put to the melody of “Miracle of Miracles” from Fiddler on the Roof. This upbeat tune hardly fits with the sharp words of criticism and offense coming from Alonso and Juana. Moments such as these undermined the choice to turn Lope’s comedia into a musical in the first place. Music definitely reinforced Sogorb Jover’s character, though, creating a strong sense of pathos within the audience and a clear sense of identity for the actor. Furthermore, it allowed the group to navigate passages of the play that otherwise might have proven cumbersome to stage. Some kind of basic choreography accompanied most of the songs. In the roundtable discussion that followed the play, several of the actors acknowledged their inexperience and difficulty with dancing, and it showed throughout the performance. Similar to the singing and the dancing, the blocking of the play left something to be desired. Timing, again, was somewhat of an issue. Moreover, much of the movement within the production consisted of pacing back and forth. After a while, this became both predictable and monotonous. Ricardo Sierra Arqueros (Hernando) put in a very strong performance. Both the actions within the play and the audience’s favorable reception revolved around his character. While a lesser actor might have struggled with such a central role, Sierra Arqueros consistently delivered. Credit is due to García Vicente for identifying the importance of Hernando within the work and casting his best actor in the role. He brought the humor within Lope’s verse to life, adding his own inventiveness to the comedia as well. Some of Arqueros’s best moments came alongside Capel Luna, who played Juana’s servant, Leonor. Her performance was also one of the highlights of the night. She brought energy, enthusiasm, and believability to her role. Although a minor character in the comedia, Don Juan (Alfonso José Enrique Gallego) delighted the audience with his dizzying entrances and befuddled ways. He made the most of a relatively small role. Los milagros del desprecio ends according to comedia convention, with a happily-ever-after pairing off of the characters. That the audience, too, left happy can be attributed to Cambalache Teatro’s energetic, fun-filled production. As a musical...

Efecto del tiempo de congelación en la capacidad de rehidratación de la pitahaya amarilla (Selenicereus megalanthus) liofilizada

En la investigación se determinó el efecto del tiempo de congelación en la capacidad de rehidratación de la pitahaya amarilla (Selenicereus megalanthus) liofilizada, se congelo las muestras a -10 °C, y se ensayaron cuatro tiempos; 6, 9, 12 y 15 horas, La liofilización se realizó a temperatura de 55 °C, en condiciones de vacío a una presión de 4.6 Torr, por 8 horas. La capacidad de rehidratación se estimó mediante la inmersión de las muestras en agua destilada hasta 180 minutos, la relación peso de muestra: agua destilada fue de 1:15. Los resultados se procesaron con SPSS 15.0, evidenciando al final del proceso diferencias significativas en la capacidad de rehidratación y características organolépticas de los tratamientos, el mejor tiempo de congelación es de 9 horas, con una capacidad de rehidratación de 2.832 (kg agua / kg m.s), equivalente al 65.57 % en relación a su humedad inicial de 4.319 (kg agua / kg m.s), y con resultados satisfactorios en la evaluación sensorial (color, sabor y textura).

History of Regulatory Requirements for Poultry Biologics in the United States, 1970s to 1990s

By the end of the 1960s, The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) had established the basic purity and safety standards for poultry biologics in the United States and had licensed products to address many of the major poultry diseases of concern at that time. The emergence of new diseases, advances in scientific technology, and changes in poultry husbandry practices that occurred in the 1970s to the 1990s required the development of many new and amended regulatory requirements to keep abreast of the changing needs of the poultry industry. Veterinary Services often approved the use of special or conditional licensing procedures to shorten the time to license products needed to address emerging diseases. Infectious bronchitis, bursal disease, fowl cholera, duck virus enteritis, avian influenza, and other vaccines were rapidly licensed to address emerging disease problems using this procedure. Changes in labeling and packaging requirements were made to address changing vaccination practices. Veterinary Services permitted diluents to be shipped separate from product, first for Marek's disease vaccine and later for vaccines recommended for administration by automatic vaccinating machines. The maximum number of doses permitted to be in one container and package were also amended to address the increased size of poultry flocks. Veterinary Services also approved the use of split manufacturing procedures that permitted two or more licensed manufacturers to work together in the production of a product. This innovative use of licensing products for further manufacture allowed the industry to use production facilities more efficiently and provided a wider variety of combination products. In 1985, Congress passed an amendment to the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act that gave USDA the authority to regulate all veterinary biological products shipped in or from the United States. This amendment brought intrastate biologics manufacturers under federal jurisdiction and ensured all biological products shipped in or from the United States met the same standards of purity, safety, potency, and efficacy. The development of new recombinant DNA (r-DNA) techniques for the production of vaccines required USDA to establish new procedures and rules for the review of these products prior to their release into the environment and eventual licensure. Compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act required the preparation of environmental risk assessments and public participation in the field testing and licensing of live r-DNA products. This article addresses some of the history of these and other changes in regulatory requirements for poultry products that took place in the 1970s to the 1990s, but space does not permit us to address all of the changes that have occurred. We have presented some of what we consider the most notable events in this process and leave it up to future historians to address events that may not have been included.

Imported malaria: a possible threat to the elimination of malaria from Sri Lanka?

To discuss epidemiological aspects of imported malaria and the potential impact of imported malaria cases reported in Sri Lanka 2008-2011 in terms of a possible resurgence of the disease. The national malaria database was used to assess details regarding country where the infection was possibly acquired, species of Plasmodium, number of days lapsed between disembarkation in Sri Lanka and diagnosis, compliance with national treatment guidelines including percentage of patients followed up as per the national guidelines. After the strengthening of malaria surveillance, during the 4-year period, 152 imported malaria cases were recorded: an increase of 176% in the number of cases. Most of the imported malaria infections were acquired by Sri Lankan Nationals mainly from South Asia, especially India. Plasmodium vivax accounted for 64% of the infections. Approximately 50% of the cases were diagnosed in the Western Province. The average period from disembarkation in Sri Lanka to malaria diagnosis was 3.6days. Patients were managed and treated according to the national guidelines. 82% of the patients were followed up for 28days to ensure parasite clearance. There is a possible increasing risk of re-introduction of malaria to the country from imported cases. Enhanced surveillance activities and the increase in international travel have contributed to an increase in recorded case numbers. There is a need to further strengthen surveillance, especially for monitoring and timely addressing of imported malaria, if the country is to prevent the re-establishment of transmission within. The importance of having an efficient response mechanism to deal with imported malaria is also highlighted.

The impact of routine cryptococcal antigen screening on survival among HIV‐infected individuals with advanced immunosuppression in Kenya

To test the hypothesis that a screening and treatment intervention for early cryptococcal infection would improve survival among HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 cell counts. Newly enrolled patients at Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES) in Kenya with CD4≤100 cells/μl were tested for serum cryptococcal antigen (sCrAg). Individuals with sCrAg titre≥1:2 were treated with high-dose fluconazole. Cox proportional hazard models of Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare survival among individuals with CD4≤100 cells/μl in the intervention and historical control groups. The median age was 34years [IQR: 29,41], 54% were female, and median CD4 was 43 cells/μl [IQR: 18,71]. Follow-up time was 1224 person-years. In the intervention group, 66% (514/782) were tested for sCrAg; of whom, 11% (59/514) were sCrAg positive. Mortality was 25% (196/782) in the intervention group and 25% (191/771) in the control group. There was no significant difference between the intervention and control group in overall survival [hazard ratio (HR): 1.1 (95%CI:0.9,1.3)] or three-month survival [HR: 1.0 (95%CI:0.8,1.3)]. Within the intervention group, sCrAg-positive individuals had significantly lower survival rates than sCrAg-negative individuals [HR:1.8 (95%CI: 1.0, 3.0)]. A screening and treatment intervention to identify sCrAg-positive individuals and treat them with high-dose fluconazole did not significantly improve overall survival among HIV-infected individuals with CD4 counts≤100 cells/μl compared to a historical control, perhaps due to intervention uptake rates or poor efficacy of high-dose oral fluconazole.

Influencia de la temperatura, tiempo de residencia y relación carbón activado/zumo de fruta en la absorbancia y retención de compuestos indeseables en el zumo filtrado de uva verde (Vitis vinífera)

En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la proporción adsorbente/solución, el tiempo de residencia y la temperatura de residencia del carbón activado en la adsorción de jugo de uva (Vitis vinífera) sin pepa y pelada, previamente filtrada dos veces con un paño doble de tocuyo y la ganancia de sólidos del carbón activado usado; para este fin se utilizó un Diseño Compuesto Central Rotacional (DCCR), obteniendo como resultado que la temperatura, el tiempo de residencia y la relación carbón activado/zumo de frutas influyen de manera significativa en la absorbancia en el zumo de uva. Así mismo se pudo determinar que solo la relación carbón activado/zumo de fruta influye significativamente en el peso retenido por el carbón activado.

The Birds

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsHomero AridjisHomero Aridjis was born in Contepec, Michoacán, Mexico, in 1940. One of Latin America's most prominent writers and eco-activists, Aridjis was the founder of the Group of 100. He has served as president of PEN International (1997–2003) and as Mexico's ambassador to Switzerland, The Netherlands, and UNESCO. His latest publications include Solar Poems (2010), Los Invisibles (2010), Diario de sueños (2011), Los perros del fin del mundo (2012), Tiempo de ángeles/A Time of Angels (2012), and, with Betty Ferber, Noticias de la Tierra (2012)Betty FerberBetty Ferber has translated three novels by Homero Aridjis. With poet George McWhirter she co-edited Eyes to See Otherwise: Selected Poems of Homero Aridjis (2002). As International Coordinator of the Group of 100, she shared the Mikhail Gorbachev/Green Cross Millennium Award for International Environmental Leadership with Aridjis

Cáncer, chabolas y castración: el Madrid de la posguerra en <i>Tiempo de silencio</i>, de Luis Martín-Santos

A partir de tres elementos textuales: el cáncer en ratones, la vida en chabolas y la castración, se construye una metonimia del Madrid de la posguerra española en la novela Tiempo de silencio. Los valores simbólicos de estas imágenes construyen una ciudad que condiciona el fracaso y la exclusión final del protagonista y, por ende, plantean una crítica al ambiente de la dictadura franquista.

Tiempo de pensar

La complejidad del mundo actual en el que globalización, multiculturalismo, interculturalidad, consumo sostenible, ecología y tantos otros, son términos tan usados como poco clarificados; en que los docentes son aplastados por una normativa exhaustiva y poco comprensible; en que se dice complejidad donde sólo hay confusión, parece pertinente volver a restaurar los términos y los conceptos en su acepción básica, asumir la paradoja de simplificar nuestra mente para aceptar la complejidad como suma de elementos que, juntos y no desmembrados, forman la realidad. No se trata de una yuxtaposición de elementos sino de una imbricación de todos en un pensamiento conductor. A un mundo que se transforma en proceso vertiginoso, en el que los conocimientos devienen obsoletos o incompletos casi cada día, hay que responder con un pensamiento abierto, flexible, comprensivo amplio y humilde en el sentido de saber que vivimos en un constante aprendizaje y que en el desarrollo de ese ejercicio exigente de adaptación reflexionada, encontramos nuestra identidad y tratamos de colaborar a que, quienes están en formación la adquieran. Por ello reivindico así el derecho como la obligación del docente a pensar, asumiendo la responsabilidad de su pensamiento.

Evaluación por el método de superficie de respuesta del efecto de la temperatura y tiempo de transesterificación en el rendimiento y poder calórico del biodiesel obtenido a partir del aceite de piñón (Jatropha curcas)

Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron la evaluación por el método de superficie de respuesta del efecto de la temperatura y el tiempo de transesterificación en el rendimiento y poder calórico del biodiesel obtenido a partir de aceite de piñón y la determinación de las mejores condiciones de temperatura y tiempo que permitan obtener el mayor rendimiento y mayor poder calórico de biodiesel. El nivel óptimo de las variables del proceso se determinó mediante un diseño compuesto central rotacional (DCCR), el cual permitió obtener los modelos que definen el comportamiento de las variables de respuesta. Las condiciones óptimas para lograr el máximo rendimiento de biodiesel (85%) se obtuvieron cuando se trabajó a una temperatura de 65 – 75ºC y un tiempo de 55 – 70 minutos. Además se evaluaron las propiedades del biodiesel obtenido en las condiciones óptimas con las especificaciones técnicas ASTM D6751 – 07, EN 14214 y NTP 321.003 2005.

Efecto del tiempo de fritura y del porcentaje de reemplazo de harina de trigo en las características sensoriales de snacks a base de harina de raquis de banano (Musa cavendish)

En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto del tiempo de fritura y el porcentaje de reemplazo de harina de trigo, sobre las características sensoriales de snacks a base de harina de raquis de plátano (Musa cavendish) utilizando el método de superficie de respuesta. Las variables seleccionadas para el proceso fueron los tiempos (35 – 55 s) de fritura y los porcentajes (0 – 80%) de reemplazo de harina de trigo, las variables analizadas fueron las características sensoriales (sabor y crocantez), utilizando para ello un panel de jueces no entrenados. Se procedió a la elaboración de la harina de raquis mediante la recepción de la materia prima, selección, lavado, desinfección, pelado, troceado, inmersión, secado, molienda y tamizado, y posteriormente a la preparación del snack mediante formulación, pesado, mezclado, moldeado, secado, fritura y escurrido. Por medio del análisis sensorial se evaluó los atributos de sabor y crocantez por parte del consumidor de los snacks a base de harina de raquis de plátano para determinar el nivel de agrado de las muestras mediante una escala hedónica. Posteriormente se analizó estadísticamente los resultados mediante el método de superficie de respuesta a un nivel de significancia del 5%. La mejor combinación de tiempo de fritura y porcentaje de reemplazo resultó ser la de 43-49 s a 21-52% de harina de trigo.

Analyzing the time-to-detection – generation time relationship of Escherichia coli Análisis de la relación entre el tiempo de detección y el tiempo de generación de Escherichia coli

The relationship between the time-to-detection (TTD) and the generation time (GT) of Escherichia coli was studied under different pH values (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.4) and temperatures (30°C, 35°C, 37°C or 42°C). An adequate linear relationship was found between both parameters (R 2 = 0.899). The regression of the ratio ln(TTD/GT) only introduced the pH in the model. The validation of the model was carried out with a new dataset. Differences were observed at 30°C, and they increased with pH 5.5. The relative rate to detection (RRT) and the relative GT (RGT) were calculated. The results suggest that both are equivalent measures, so the GT could be obtained from the TTD and the RRD under optimal pH values. This conclusion would reinforce the initial statement, i.e. the relationship between the TTD and the GT. Se ha estudiado la relación entre el tiempo de detección (TTD) y el tiempo de generación (GT) de Escherichia coli bajo distintas condiciones de pH (4,5, 5,5, 6,7, y 7,4) y de temperatura (30, 35, 37 y 42°C). Se encontró una relación lineal entre ambos parámetros (R2 = 0,899). La regresión de la relación ln(TTD/GT) sólo introdujo el pH en el modelo. La validación se realizó con un nuevo grupo de datos. Se observaron diferencias a 30°C, que aumentaron con un pH 5,5. Se calcularon la tasa de detección relativa y el GT relativo. Los resultados sugieren que ambos son equivalentes, por lo que el GT podría obtenerse a partir del TTD y de la tasa de detección relativa bajo valores de pH óptimos. Esta conclusión refuerza la idea inicial: la relación entre el TTD y el GT.

Patient delay determinants for patients with suspected tuberculosis in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia

Indonesia has a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB), despite the successful introduction of the directly observed treatment short-course strategy (DOTS strategy). DOTS depends on passive case finding. It is therefore important to identify determinants of patient delay and reasons for visiting a DOTS healthcare provider when seeking care. The aim of this study was to assess these determinants in TB suspects (coughing for at least 2 weeks). Cross-sectional data were gathered with a structured questionnaire in which psychosocial determinants were based on an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The study was conducted in five governmental lung clinics of Yogyakarta province. In total, 194 TB suspects that registered at the lung clinics were interviewed. The median patient delay was 14 days (range 0-145). Ordinal regression analyses showed that visiting a private healthcare provider when first seeking health care, reporting travel distance/travel time as reason for choosing a certain healthcare provider when first seeking health care, discussing the symptoms with family and a reported short travel time, but no factors of TPB, were significantly associated with a shorter patient delay. An important factor negatively associated with visiting a DOTS clinic was the reported travel time. Accessibility of the healthcare provider was the main determinant of patient delay, but the role of psychosocial factors cannot be fully excluded. Urban and suburban areas have relatively good access to (private) health care, hence the short delay. Thus, future studies should be focussed on extending the DOTS strategy to the private sector.

Influence of temperature and edible coating on the physical and chemical parameters and sensory acceptance of fresh-cut organic carrots Influencia de la temperatura y cobertura comestible en los parámetros físicos y químicos y aceptación sensorial de las zanahorias cortadas frescas

The effects of storage temperature and edible coating on the microbiological, physical, and chemical properties and sensory acceptance of fresh-cut organic carrots (Daucus Carota L. cv. Brasília) were investigated. The samples were diced, sanitized in sodium hypochlorite, and the excess water was drained in a centrifuge. The dry samples were then immersed in a 2% gelatin solution, packed in multilayer polypropylene bags and sealed. The coated and non-coated samples were stored at 1 °C, 5 °C, and 10 °C for 15 days. The results showed that the weight loss was below 0.43% for all samples. The weight loss increased with temperature, and a significant effect was observed. The carrots' texture decreased with higher storage temperatures and longer storage periods for all samples, being the same behavior observed for color. Sensory analyses showed best responses for samples stored at 1 °C, for both treatments with and without coating. Fue analizado el efecto de la variación de la temperatura y el tiempo de almacenamiento sobre las propiedades microbiológicas, físicas, químicas y sensoriales, de zanahorias orgánicas, mínimamente procesadas (Daucus Carota L. cv. Brasília) con cobertura comestible. Las muestras fueron cortadas, sanitizadas en una solución hipoclorhídrica y el exceso de agua retirado por centrifugación. Las muestras drenadas fueron inmersas en una solución de gelatina al 2% y después empaquetadas en bolsas de polipropileno de múltiples capas. Muestras con y sin recubrimiento fueron almacenadas en temperaturas de 1 °C, 5 °C, y 10 °C durante quince días. Los resultados demostraron que en todas las muestras, la pérdida de peso fue inferior a 0.43%. Esta pérdida de peso tuvo un aumento significativo y proporcional con la temperatura. La textura de las zanahorias, en términos de dureza, se redujo con el aumento de la temperatura y el tiempo de almacenado, para todas las muestras. El mismo comportamiento fue observado en lo que se refiere al color. Los resultados del análisis sensorial mostraron una mejor aceptación para las muestras almacenadas a1 °C, sean ellas con o sin recubrimiento.

El mal de España: parodia de la visión organicista de la nación en "Tiempo de silencio", de Luis Martín Santos

Fecha de recepción:­9­ de ­noviembre­ de­ 2009. ­Fecha de aceptación:­27 ­de­ octubre ­de­ 2010. En Tiempo de silencio (1962), Luis Martín Santos parodia el discurso organicista que los escritores de la Generación del 98 utilizó para hablar del“mal de España”. Martín Santos reflexiona sobre la identidad nacional yla circunstancia concreta de la España de la posguerra, al mismo tiempo que pone en evidencia el esencialismo, el fatalismo y las contradicciones de los noventa y ochistas. Lo hace por medio de la caracterización irónica de Pedro, encarnación paródica del “cirujano de hierro”, ese hombre superior y providencial que supuestamente tendría que “regenerar” la patria, pero que termina fracasado e inmerso en el más absoluto nihilismo.