Ticular Interest Research Articles

All’antica life style: private thermae in Italian Renaissance architecture

The heritage of antiquity was the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture and inexhaustible source of inspiration for its masters. Among the facilities of par - ticular interest for architects and lovers of the epoch were the Roman thermae. Their parts and elements brought to life a variety of spatial solutions in architecture of tem - ples, villas and cathedrals. However the attempts to lit - erally build the thermae similar to Roman ones in time of Renessaince were rare to encounter. The most detailed description of Renessaince ther - mae was given by Giorgio Vasari in the life story “ On Le - one Leoni Aretino and other sculptors and architects” which involves the brief biography of Galeazzo Aless - si. It narrates, among others, about the thermae built by Galeazzo Alesssi on Grimaldi (later Sauli) villa in Bisagno nearby Genova (the building was not saved). According to Vasari, the thermae were octagonally planned pavilion with the round pool in its centre. The interior was worked in antique style. The article gives an insight into efforts to build the private thermae during Renaissance, prior to Villa Grimaldi’s pavilion, which testifies to customers’ looking to reconstruct all’antica lifestyle in private life particularly on the villa which, following an - cient men of latters was regarded as ‘temple of muses’.

Motor and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease who underwent ischemic stroke

Importance: Cognitive impairment (CI) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common non-motor manifestations of the disease. An expanded neuropsychological study allows detecting CI in 90-95% of patients with PD. Severity of CI in PD depends on the age of debut and the duration of the disease, the level of education, the severity of motor disorders, the nature of the therapy, vascular risk factors. Of par- ticular interest is the assessment of motor and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinsonism who have suffered a stroke.

Pearl: An Edition with Verse Translation ed. by William Vantuono

REVIEWS WILLIAM VANTUONO, ed. and trans. Pearl: An Edition with Verse Translation. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995. Pp. xxxiv, 255. $29.95 cloth, $15.95 paper. Reinforcing his position as the preeminent contemporary editor of the Pearl poems, Vantuono now furnishes readers with an edition of Pearl as well as a verse translation on pages facing the text. Employing a con­ servative Middle English text (twelve emendations) reproduced from volume 1 of The Pearl Poems: An Omnibus Edition (1984), Vantuono of­ fers a carefully framed translation, one arranged to reflect the original's complex web ofrefrain words and concatenations. Explanatory notes­ ranging from glosses for individual words to extensive textual com­ mentary-are supplied at the bottom ofeach page ofthis edition. Such notes, Vantuono contends, serve as guideposts to "the literal sense ofthe Middle English vocabulary" (p. xxxii) whenever he coins translations that alter the original words' denotations. As Vantuono freely admits, however, the intricate patterning of Pearl's word play could not always be echoed in the translation, notably in his rendition of the link-word date (p. xxxiii). Apart from these features-the true heart of his book-the editor­ translator provides a fully documented introduction (pp. xiii-xxx); ex­ tensive variorum commentary (pp. 95-166) that appraises Pearl schol­ arship "through the early 1990s" (p. xi); detailed appendices (pp. 167-80) on Pearl's verse form, dialect, language, and sources; sev­ eral bibliographies (pp. 185-215); and a full glossary (pp. 217-55). The introduction, a painstaking review of the progress of Pearl criti­ cism, charts the history ofthe British Library's Cotton Nero manuscript as well as its dating, dialect, and illustrations. After discussing the or­ dering ofthe four Cotton Nero works, Vantuono explores the thicket of scholarly argument (Huchown or Ralph Strode up to John de Masey of Sale) about the Pearl-poet's identity and audience. Then, highlighting the multivalent nature of Pearl-at once a fusion of elegy, consolatio, dream allegory, and theological tract (p. xxiii)--the editor justly claims that Pearl employs "no single theme, and yet the multiple concepts merge and unify in one great vision" (p. xxiv). Vantuono's analysis con­ cludes with an examination of both the poem's "triple-three structure" (p. xxvii) and symmetrical design, particularly the import of the vine­ yard parable, numerical patterns, and circularity. 333 STUDIES IN THE AGE OF CHAUCER The elaborate variorum commentary, however, enriches the critical terrain cultivated in the introduction. Keyed to individual words, lines, or passages, such annotations unearth the conventions (rhetorical, lap­ idary, amour courtois), motifs (noli me tangere), and imagery (vegetative, apocalyptic, liturgical) at the core of Pearl. Furthermore, the extensive commentary section discloses the critical history of glosses for key words in Pearl, identifies important symbols (crowns, flowers, animals, glass, water), and unveils the ties between diction in Pearl and similar phraseology in the other Cotton Nero works. Vantuono's attention to scholarly comprehensiveness is reflected fur­ ther in his appendices. The most illuminating appendix ("Poetic Mastery in Pearl"), for instance, reveals the crucial roles of 101 and 12 X 12 in the poem's structure, discusses the work's musical qualities, and elucidates Pearl's refrains, link words, and concatenations. Of par­ ticular interest to students and scholars of Pearl is the editor's classifi­ cation of medieval verse patterns, an exercise substantiated by scansions of individual lines from Pearl. Demonstrating clearly that Pearl is rooted in the Old English syllabic tradition, Vantuono then argues (p. 174) that Pearl's rhythms are analogous to those found in the other Cotton Nero poems. The remaining appendices, however, focus on di­ alect, language, and the numerous source materials (literary, artistic, liturgical, and Vulgate) for Pearl. The editor's comprehensive bibliographies represent the scholarly moorings for his introduction, variorum commentary, and appendices. Targeting Pearl criticism through the early 1990s, presumably 1991 or 1992, Vantuono supplies 425 entries in the first bibliography. Inasmuch as Vantuono's primary goal is to produce the first Pearl edi­ tion combining a sound Middle English text, graceful verse translation, and thorough scholarly commentary, bibliographical lacunae are un­ avoidable. Accordingly, a number of items should be appended to his...

Real-time Analysis of Online Product Reviews by Means of Multi-layer Feed-forward Neural Networks

In the recent past, the quantitative analysis of online product reviews (OPRs) has become a popular manifestation of marketing intelligence activities focusing on products that are frequently subject to electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). Typical elements of OPRs are overall star ratings, product at- tribute scores, recommendations, pros and cons, and free texts. The first three elements are of pa r- ticular interest because they provide an aggregate view of reviewers’ opinions about the products of interest. However, the significance of individual product attributes in the overall evaluation pro c- ess can vary in the course of time. Accordingly, ad hoc analyses of OPRs that have been downloaded at a certain point in time are of limited value for dynamic eWOM monitoring because of their snapshot character. On the other hand, opinion platforms can increase the meaningfulness of the OPRs posted there and, therewith, the usefulness of the platform as a whole, by directing eWOM activities to those product attributes that really matter at present. This paper therefore in- troduces a neural network-based approach that allows the dynamic tracking of the influence the posted scores of product attributes have on the overall star ratings of the concerning products. By using an elasticity measure, this approach supports the identification of those attributes that tend to lose or gain significance in the product evaluation process over time. The usability of this ap- proach is demonstrated using real OPR data on digital cameras and hotels.

Book review: Plants and Islands revisited

news and update ISSN 1948‐6596 book review Plants and Islands revisited The Biology of Island Floras, edited by David Bramwell & Juli Caujape‐Castells, 2011, Cambridge University Press, 522 pp. $120 (hardback) ISBN: 978‐0‐521‐11808‐8; http://www.cambridge.org In April 1977, David Bramwell, at the time recently appointed as director of the Canarian Botanical Garden Viera y Clavijo in Gran Canaria (Canaries, Spain), hosted a scientific meeting commemorat‐ ing the 25 th anniversary of the garden. Two years later this yielded an excellent book, appropriately entitled Plants and Islands (Bramwell, 1979), which became a classic reference on the state of knowledge on island evolution and conservation. It signalled the end of a golden age of island‐ themed books that began with Sherwin Carlquist's Island Life (1965), and included Robert MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson’s The Theory of Island Bio‐ geography (1967), Carlquist’s Island Biology (1974) and David Lack’s posthumous Island Biol‐ ogy (1976). Thirty‐two years later, close to his retire‐ ment, David Bramwell, together with the current Head of the Department of Molecular Biodiversity at the Botanical Garden, Juli Caujape‐Castells, have edited a new text. In it they revisit the sce‐ nario of island plants, but now in light of the geo‐ logical, molecular and phylogeographic tools de‐ veloped since the publication of the original Plants and Islands which have impressively enhanced our understanding of the biology of island floras. The book encompasses 21 chapters written by 48 relevant authors (of these only two are sur‐ vivors of Plants and Islands: David Bramwell and Vernon Heywood) plus a preface and subject in‐ dex. An introduction prepared by David Bram‐ well, in which the structure of the book is ex‐ plained, is followed by two interesting generalist chapters. These reflect the development, over the last three decades, of the state of knowledge on “The reproductive biology of island plants” and “Spatial methodologies in historical biogeography of islands.” In the former, Daniel Crawford et al. present an updated and easy‐to‐read synthesis, stressing the importance of comparing island plants with their continental relatives for under‐ standing the changes in mating systems induced by the selective pressure existing on islands. In the latter, Paula Posadas and colleagues provide a simple and straightforward example‐based expla‐ nation of the new possibilities that appear when phylogenetic data and spatial distribution tech‐ niques in biogeography are combined. In the central part of the book, the present knowledge on the origin and evolution of the flora of the more important islands and archipelagos worldwide are given, including Hawai’i, Galapa‐ gos, the Caribbean islands, Madagascar, Socotra, Macaronesia, Pitcairn, New Zealand and New Caledonia. From this part I would like to highlight the high level of all the contributions. Those of par‐ ticular interest may include the highly informative “Origins and evolution of the Galapagos vascular plants” by Alan Tye & Javier Francisco‐Ortega, and the chapters written by Juli Caujape‐Castells (“Jesters, red queen, boomerangs and surfers: a molecular outlook on the diversity of the Canarian endemic flora”) and by Alain Vanderpoorten et al. (“Dispersal, diversity and evolution of the Macaronesian cryptogamic floras”) in which an audacious interpretation of the role of Macarone‐ sia, and hence of islands worldwide, as climate refugia for continental back‐colonisation is sup‐ ported. Unfortunately the list of islands included is incomplete. Although a plethora of literature has been recently published in this respect, an up‐to‐ date summary of present knowledge on the origin and evolutionary features of many islands and archipelagos that have contributed significantly to our understanding of insular floras is missing. Among them are the Mediterranean islands, Sey‐ chelles, Mascarenes, Juan Fernandez, South Atlan‐ tic islands and French Polynesia. The conservation‐focused last part of the book, for me the less polished, includes several general chapters, such as “Invasive alien species © 2012 the authors; journal compilation © 2012 The International Biogeography Society — frontiers of biogeography 4.3, 2012

Spin-coating of dilute magnetic colloids in a magnetic field

Spin-coating of colloids is a versatile method in fabricating films of colloidal particles at a short span of time. Controlling key parameters like the rate of rotation, the initial concentration and the nature of the continuum phase is easy to perform experimentally. However, the effects of these parameters are not fully understood yet. To enhance the understanding of the coating process, we study the spin-coating of dilute magnetic col- loids. The coating process is controlled externally by means of a magnetic field and we investigate its effects by studying the morphology of the dried coating obtained after the experiments. Morphological transitions are explained through the mean area and the number density of clusters, together with anisotropy properties. Further, we relate the occupation factor of clusters to the non-planarization conditions observed in this kind of experiments. Introduction. Dispersions of magnetic particles significantly change their behaviour when introduced in a homogeneous magnetic field. The magnetic par- ticles form clusters, which change the overall properties of the dispersion under stresses. In other words, an applied magnetic field can change the rheological prop- erties of magnetic colloids. In this framework, we pour a sample of the dispersion onto a rapidly rotating substrate. We investigate the effects due to the applied field and compare them to the case of zero-field condition. If the continuum phase of the dispersion is a volatile solvent, it evaporates as the rotation continues and leaves a solid coating of colloidal magnetic particles. This process is done with the help of a commercial spin-coater and a Helmholtz pair. The fabrication of magnetic thin film devices is gaining research and commer- cial interests (1, 2). By varying the size of the magnetic particles, their applications can be classified. Among other ways, self assembly of magnetic particles is of par- ticular interest due to lower complexity during the fabrication and comparatively high quality structures (3, 4). Spin-coating of colloidal dispersion has a great advantage in producing resultant morphologies at a short span of time (5-7). Although cluster formation in magnetic colloids has been investigated numer- ically (8-15), the kind of colloidal particles (nano-sized) and the high concentration (typical of ferrofluids) have undergone difficult experimental studies. Lately some groups paid attention to core-shell superparamagnetic particles (micron-sized) at low dilution, much easier to characterize in experiments under constant magnetic fields (16), or under rotating magnetic fields ((17), among others). The main differ- ence of these works from our system is the presence of inertial effects in the fluid, such as a centrifugal force, and the existence of free surface, where the solvent is evaporating.

Femina (Trinity College, Cambridge MS B.14.40) by William Rothwell

MLR, 102. I, 2007 227 which come about without deliberate intervention (see Chapters I-4), and changes where there is intervention, i.e. deliberate attempts to influence the formor status of a linguistic variety (see Chapters 5-7). Marn C. Jones is a French specialist, with a par ticular interest inChannel Islands French, onwhich she isprobably now the foremost academic authority,and has also published a researchmonograph on language contact in Wales, while Ishtla Singh is anAnglicist whose research has focused on English based creoles. They also look insightfullyat awide range of other linguistic fields. Each chapter consists of a general discussion illustrated by case studies. Chapters I and 2, 'InternallyMotivated Changes' and 'ExternallyMotivated Changes', assess the contribution to the topic of language change made by different schools. Chapter 3, 'Language Birth', is illustrated by such contrasting case studies as 'Proto-Indo European, Proto-Germanic and (Old) English', Tok Pisin (a New Guinea pidgin), and Scots. Chapter 4, 'Language Death', also deals with thehitherto overlooked topic of 'dialect death'; thedeath of a language comes as theend of a period ofobsolescence (atwhich stage theprocess may be reversed by revitalization, as discussed inChapter 5); the socio-political and linguistic aspects of obsolescence are illustrated by case stu dies ofEast Sutherland Gaelic and Pennsylvania German; dialect death isexamined in the context of language standardization, with case studies of French andWelsh. The second part of the book makes an important distinction betweeen revitaliza tion,which is designed to strengthen the position of languages that in one way or another are (or are perceived as being) under threat, and revival, the attempt to 're vive' a language thathas ceased tobe used as a spokenmedium. Chapter 5, 'Language Planning and Revitalisation', is illustrated by three highly contrasting case studies: in theUSA, the perceived threat to the position of English has led tomoves tohave English adopted as the official language; in Jersey, the aim is tomake Jerriais (the perhaps moribund local Norman French dialect) 'an attractive and "useful" resource formodern users' (p. I09); and in the Seychelles, measures to enhance the pres tige, codification, and range of usage of the local creole, Seselwa, are being officially adopted and implemented. Chapter 6, 'Language Revival', is largelydevoted to a case study ofCornish which explores the theoretical problems that arise in theprocess of revival and provides an admirably balanced assessment of the half-dozen different (and sometimes mutually antagonistic) schools of thought advocating 'revived' forms of the language. A finalchapter on 'Language Invention' examines the reasons forthe success, or the lack thereof,of invented languages. There are informative treatments of Esperanto and Volapiik but more space is devoted to an unsuccessful feminist language, Laadan, than to any of the other twenty case studies in the book except Cornish. If,as itfullydeserves, thebook goes into a second edition, theauthors could perhaps consider replacing this section with one or more additional case studies. These might include the adaptation of Latin over many centuries for the treatment of subjects unknown to theRomans (such as the contraceptive pill and global warm ing), and 'Rumantsch Grischun', an overarching officialwritten form drawing on the differentRomansh dialects of Switzerland but not intended to serve as a spoken medium. This is an erudite and user-friendly volume which presents awealth of new data. It is likely tobe widely welcomed. UNIVERSITY OF WALES ABERYSTWYTH GLANVILLE PRICE Femina (Trinity College, Cambridge MS B.I4.40). Ed. by WILLIAM ROTHWELL. Aberystwyth and Swansea: The Anglo-Norman Online Hub. 2005. xii+ iI8 pp.; (http://www.anglo-norman.net/texts/femina.pdf). Not on general sale. ISBN 978-O-9552124-0-6. This new edition of the single copy of the early fifteenth-centuryFemina is one of a number of freelyavailable online publications emerging from theproject atwhose 228 Reviews centre lies thepreparation of a revised version of theAnglo-Norman Dictionary. The edition ispresently available inPDF, but a searchable XML-derived version was due in 2006. Written inAnglo-French with aMiddle English translation, and comple mented by rubrics in Latin and footnotes indicating the pronunciation of French terms, the text consists principally of an abridged copy of one of themanuscripts of Bibbesworth's Tretiz, followed by extracts fromUrbain leCourtois and Bozon's Proverbes de...

Spectral imaging, reflectivity measurements, and modeling of iridescent butterfly scale structures

An innovative device for spectral imaging and reflectivity measurements is developed to study iridescent butterfly scales. Of par- ticular interest is the bright blue Morpho menelaus butterfly. The device called the microscale reflectance spectrometer (MicroRS) is used to measure spectral reflectivity for the M. menelaus between 400 and 900 nm. Different optical effects such as thin-film interference, scattering, and diffraction are examined in an attempt to understand the microstructure of an M. menelaus iridescent butterfly scale. The MicroRS apparatus uses a modified microscope and CCD camera to examine spectral re- flectivity of areas as small as 0.348 30.348 mm 2 . Some individual fea- tures of an M. menelaus scale are found to be of the same order of magnitude or smaller than the resolution of the MicroRS device. As a result, individual pixel analysis is used to determine only that the scale structure produced high reflectivity, 40 to 70%, between 450 and 550 nm and very low reflectivity, less than 8%, above 600 nm. An average reflec- tivity over a larger area is taken, resulting in a peak of 68% at 500 nm. This explains the bright blue iridescence seen from the M. menelaus wing. Results are used in conjunction with a thin-film numerical program to develop a complex model of the butterfly scale structure. The structure includes 24 alternating layers of chitin and air. A complex combination of an effective index of refraction and effective area model is used to match the reflectivity of an M. menelaus butterfly scale. © 2001 Society of Photo-

The Normal, the Queer, and the Middle Ages

Carolyn Dinshaw's GettingMedieval:Sexualitiesand Communi? ties, Preand Postmodern book of such complexity and richness that it only after two readings (and numerous runs through sections of par? ticular interest to me in context of my own current research) that I'm beginning to glimpse how it all, quite wonderfully, comes together. For me, perhaps most striking and exciting aspect ofthe book its articulation of queer desire partial, affective connection, for community, for even touch across time.1 In her assessment ofthe queer historian's task, Dinshaw argues persuasively that choices are not limited simply to mimetic with past or blanket alteritism, two mutually exclusive positions that have come to be associated with [John] Boswell and [Michel] Foucault.2 Rather, following Jacques Derrida and Judith Butler, Dinshaw argues that there always an alterity within mimesis itself, never-perfect aspect of identification that engenders both historical difference (and at times pleasure in that difference) and connections, queer relations between these incommensurate lives and phenomena (another source of possible pleasure).3 With the new pieces of that she explores in Getting Medieval, Dinshaw shows that queers can make new relations, new identifications, new communities with past figures who elude resemblance to us but with whom we can be connected partially by virtue of shared marginality, queer positionality.4 What specifically queer about these partial connections:' Dinshaw ar? gues that queerness itself contingent and historical; queerness is not hard and fast quality that I know in advance, but relation to norm, and both norm and particular queer lack of fit will vary according to specific instances.5 She goes on to argue that a queer history will be about

What Effect Does Classroom Use of the Internet Have on the Teacher-Student Relationship?

The Internet is having a powerful impact on our society, but its role in education is just beginning to be developed. One question is of par ticular interest to educators: If students can gather information on such an immense variety of subjects, what happens to the teacher's role in a classroom where the Internet is available as a teaching tool?

Pierre-André Taguieff and the Dilemmas of Antiracism

PIERRE-ANDRA‰ TAGUIEFF is one of France's leading writers on the subject of racism and on the ideology of the contemporary extreme right. He has also written extensively on the theoretical and practical dimensions of the struggle against racism in France. Born in 1946 to Russian and Franco-Polish parents, he was educated in Paris. Having trained in philosophy, with an early interest in philosophy of language, he is currently a senior researcher at the CNRS. He also teaches at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques. His own political develop- ment has passed via various forms of ultra-leftism in the radical 1960s to remain broadly on the left since that time. Though highly critical of the Socialist Party's ideological vacuity, he gave Lionel Jospin his support in the 1995 presidential election. From the late 1970s onwards he began to publish scholarly essays on the discourse and ideology of the New Right think tanks, GRECE and the Club de l'Horloge. In due course, as different elements of the New Right evolved and diverged from each other, Taguieff maintained a par- ticular interest in the work of Alain de Benoist, the most fertile and original of the theorists. The summation of his research in this area is contained in Sur la Nouvelle Droite.I» Meanwhile, he pursued an over- lapping investigation into past and present expressions of antisemitism, including work on the mythology of Jewish world conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.2 He also examined the deterministic theories of cultural difference, collective identity and separate develop- ment which have been developed by intellectuals of the extreme right as substitutes for the old doctrines of biological racism, Aryanism and white supremacy. The most important of his works on the subject was La Force du prA©jugA©.3 In addition, Taguieff has devoted attention to the Front national (FN), to which many former luminaries of the New Right have in any case migrated. Here too his work has maintained a particular emphasis on the ideological and discursive aspects of the phenomenon.4 Over the course of time Taguieff has made the transition from aca- demic specialist to Parisian intellectual. He has become one of the promi- nent group of political and cultural communicators who regularly con- 68

The Use of Humor in Asian and Western Television Advertising:

Researchers frequently cite the importance of testing the validity of Western business theory in other regions of the world such as Asia. In response, this study seeks to determine whether US.-based theory concerning the use of humor in television adver- tising has predictive validity in two rapidly emerging Asian markets (Korea and Thailand) and one European market (Germany). Of par- ticular interest are hypothesized relationships between product type and marketers' use of humor to communicate brand information. While some evidence of predictive validity is found, the overall pattern of results suggests that international business managers should exercise caution before assuming that U.S. advertising suate- gies apply in other national markets.

Transport in Chemical Potential Gradients of Multicomponent Oxides

The ultimate goal of the investigation of solid-state reactions in materials science is the understanding of the atomistic reaction mechanisms. There­ fore, all the complicated conditions at the phase boundaries and, conse­ quently, the complex phenomenological formalisms in any non-steady state only obscure the atomistic processes. Recent investigations therefore studied transport in multicomponent nonmetallic solid phases, prefer­ entially in multicomponent oxides, under the action of only the metal­ loid (oxygen) potential gradient in true steady state in order to clarify the atomistic interpretation. Model investigations of this kind are also of considerable practical importance in view of the fact that nonmetallic, high-temperature ceramics are often multicomponent systems that normally operate under the action of chemical potential gradients. Oxygen potential gradients are of par­ ticular interest. Solid-state reactions (in inhomogeneous and heterogeneous systems) occur under the action of thermodynamic potential gradients (I). Except in the case of formation of ternary (stoichiometric) oxide compounds from binary reactants at a given oxygen potential (e.g. AO+B203 = AB204), the boundary conditions at the interfaces (phase boundaries) during reac­ tion are not constant. For example, the oxidation of an alloy (A,B) to (A,B)On in oxygen can only be treated formally under quite restrictive simplifications (2) because transport of A and B occurs simultaneously in the lattice of the receding metal and in the growing oxide layer. The respective fluxes are coupled at the common interface. This renders the

Research on Mathematics Education Reported in 1986

This 17th annual listing of mathematics education research to appear in the JRME presents, as usual, references listed alphabetically by author within three categories: research summaries, articles, and dissertations. Grade or age is indi cated for each reference, and an index is included to help readers locate studies of par ticular interest. This index does not include all studies, nor is it detailed. Rather, it lists studies within broad topics. To provide a more detailed index would consume too much space.

Single-Sex Schooling and Girls' Academic Achievements

The issue of the possible contribution of single-sex schools to girls' academic achievements is part of an historical debate about relations between the sexes within the education system and of immediate topical importance to policy makers in the educational sphere. The present paper examines the relationships between the social origins of girls, their views of their own abilities, their high school curricula, their teachers' encouragement and their actual academic achievements within both single-sex and mixed high schools. This examination is based upon a sample of 1286 Queensland Grade 12 students attending different types of schools. Complex patterns of relationships among these variables are found which appear to operate differently in each school type. Of par ticular interest is the impact of a working mother upon her daughter's achievements within different types of schools.

Four Tudor Interludes ed. by J.A.B. Somerset, and: Sonnets of the English Renaissance ed. by J.W. Lever

REVIEWS J.A.B. Somerset, editor, Four Tudor Interludes, Athlone Renaissance Library series (London: Athlone Press 1974). viii, 184. $12.00 (cloth), $4.25 (paper) J.W. Lever, editor, Sonnets of the English Renaissance, Athlone Renaissance Library Series (London: Athlone Press 1974). iii, 186, $12.00 (cloth), $4.50 (paper) All anthologies are, at best, a compromise between the desire to present accurate scholarly texts of a particular author's works and the demand to present a broad general survey of a particular historical period or literary genre. Sometimes the compromise works well and the result is a text that does justice to both of these aims in a general way; in other cases the attempt often fails in one of the aims because of attention to the other; and there are times when neither desire is fulfilled for a variety of reasons. Under the general editorship of Professor Geoffrey Bullough, the Athlone Renaissance Library series has tried to present a series of anthologies that illustrate various aspects of the literature of the Renaissance in England and on the continent. J.W. Lever's Sonnets of the English Renaissance and J.A.B. Somerset's Four Tudor Interludes are of par­ ticular interest for students of English literature both for what they do for one's understanding of the English literary renaissance and for what they fail to do as anthologies of the particular genre that is the subject of the individual volume. Following a similar format, both with regard to text and apparatus, each volume aims at providing the reader with accurate texts and with a scholarly context for those works. Whereas the former does an admirable job for the Renaissance sonnet, the latter leaves something to be desired in its treatment of the Tudor interlude. In Four Tudor Interludes, an edition of the anonymous Mankind, Heywood's Play of Love, Wever's Lusty Juventus, and Fulwell's Like Will to Like, Somer­ set presents dramatic texts that span the one-hundred-year period just prior to the opening of the first London Playhouse. He introduces the collection with comments on the genre, on the influence the form had on later drama, and on the nature of each of the four plays. Some twenty pages of notes gloss the texts English Studies in Ca n a d a , i i , 3 , Fall 1976 354 English Studies in Canada and provide additional information germane to each particular play. The entire edition, including twenty-two pages of introduction, the twenty pages of notes, one page of bibliography, and about one hundred and forty pages of text, is available in paperback at what seems at first glance to be a reasonable price. If one were offering a course in the development of English drama and needed a text that would illustrate something of the nature of the Tudor interlude, then Somerset's work might answer the need. It is a relatively inexpensive small text that fulfils the editor's modest hope that it will ''provide some insight into the dramatic traditions behind the Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre" (Somerset, p v). The problem is that most of what Somerset does in his edition has been done more thoroughly, sooner, and more cheaply elsewhere, or has been superseded by material published since the manuscript was completed but before the text was published. Although price is often one of the minor criteria involved in the selection of a text for an undergraduate course, one nonetheless is liable to hesitate before choosing Somerset's collection of four plays at $4.25 when he could have Peter Happe's collection of six complete interludes and extracts from four more for $2.50, Schell and Shuchter's collection of ten interludes and moralities for $2.50, or Edmund Creeth's sterling collection of seven interludes and plays for $2.95.1 Each of these covers the same ground with roughly the same purpose as Somerset's volume. As well as being done elsewhere for less money, the task set for this edition has already been accomplished sooner, by Creeth and Schell and Shuchter, and thoroughly. If one is looking for a comprehensive anthology of early English drama, then...

Gold Rush Movies

We think so well of our own times that some of us act as if Hollywood newsreels, travelogues, and documentaries were modern inventions. But a century ago our great-grandparents had travel pictures and edu cational reels that brought the distant world to them as readily as our neighborhood movies do to us. Scenic artists made long journeys to sketch with pencil and water color and oil the cities and the rivers, the strange, the quaint, the romantic corners and customs of the world. They spent weeks placing on hundreds of yards of canvas vast repre sentations of subjects that would instruct as well as please. And night after night audiences sat for two or three hours watching such pictures unroll before their eyes, while a commentator pointed out scenes of par ticular interest and a pianist from time to time played appropriate airs. The Funeral of Napoleon in Paris, the Burning of Moscow, the Ante diluvian World, Jerusalem and the Holy Land, Niagara Falls and Mammoth Cave, Taylor's Campaigns in Mexico, a Whaling Voyage, a Balloon Flight from London to Mayence, a Grand Panorama of Broad way, the Hudson River, the City of New York, the Mississippi River (five pictures were done of Old Man River in the 1840's, the shortest of which was four hundred and twenty-five yards long) ? these were typical subjects the moving panorama presented to audiences. The excitement of the gold rush gave a new stimulus to newsreels. One picture of a voyage around Cape Horn was being exhibited in New York in mid-September of the first gold rush year. The spring of 1850 saw at Gothic Hall in Brooklyn a panorama of the Gold Mines of Cali fornia produced by Emmert (or Eimert) and Penfield. James Wilkins' Moving Mirror of the Overland Trail, painted in Peoria by a St. Louis artist, began its tour in September 1850. Beale and Craven's Voyage to California and Return was showing at Stoppani Hall, New York, in November 1850. At St. Louis in January 1851, Charles Rogers was busy painting another panorama of the Land Route to California. February 1853 saw the opening of Ball's Model of San Francisco at 312 Broad 29

Influence of temperature and moisture on the electrical properties of leather

Apparent, or bulk, dielectric constants and power factors of chrome and vegetable leather and untanned hide are reported for moisture contents up to 30 percent, at tempera­ tures of 23° C, 0° C, and —70° C over the frequency range 0.75 to 96 kilocycles. Dielectric constants of fibers determined on dry material at 3 kilocycles and 22° C are: chrome 5.4; vegetable 6.4; and kangaroo tendon 5.1. Apparent direct-current resistivity decreases from values >1016 ohm-cm when dry to values <109 ohm-cm at 30-percent moisture. Apparent dielectric decreases with frequency and temperature at all moisture contents, the frequency dependence increasing with moisture content. Apparent power factors generally exhibit similar behavior. At —70° C at high moisture contents, a diffuse absorption maxi­ mum observed may be due to ice or to permanent dipoles of collagen which are freed by moisture. Observed behavior is interpreted as probably arising from a combination of interfacial polarization at surfaces existing in the fibrous leather and dipolar polarization. Results indicate electrical measurements in this frequency range are probably not reliable for precise quantitative moisture analyses. Adsorption of moisture by hygroscopic materials generally causes a marked change in the electrical properties (conductivity, dielectric constant, and power factor) of such substances. This effect is gen­ erally attributed to the high dielectric and conductivity of the adsorbed moisture as compared to the much lower values exhibited by the dry adsorbate. In view of the large electrical effects pro­ duced by the moisture and the rapidity, relative sim­ plicity, and nondestructive nature of electrical meas­ urements, such determinations have been proposed as methods for quantitative moisture determinations [3, 14, 41].* Unfortunately, the materials of par­ ticular interest in this connection are usually powders or fibrous materials that possess large adsorption surface areas and, therefore, the results of electrical measurements are not easily interpreted because of the complex physical structure of the specimens. Recently, interest has arisen in application of dielec­ tric measurements for the determination of moisture in leather [27]. This report describes the results of critical studies of the effects of moisture and temperature on the dielectric and power factor of leather in the audio and low intermediate frequency range. In most measurements dealing with a porous mate­ rial such as leather, two experimental values are recognized, a value associated with the fibers alone, and an apparent value that refers to the bulk material including the air in the interstices. To avoid confusion between the former and the real part of the complex dielectric constant, the term fiber dielectric constant will be used instead. Apparent values as used are understood to refer to the bulk material.