Ticket Fare Research Articles

واقع استخدام تكاليف الرحلات الجوية في تسعير التذاكر "دراسة تطبيقية في شركة البُراق للنقل الجوي"

The study aims to describe how to implement air flight travel costs to determine ticket fare on Al Boraq Air Company. The importance of this study arises from the necessity and novelty of the subject in Libya. By consideration, the increases contribute to the private sector in this industry. Moreover, it will be a contribution that helps the company to make the decisions related to ticket fare in the future. Apply the empirical study when analyzing the data collected from accounting records and questioning the pricing process. The main conclusions are the estimated costs used to determine the ticket fare because the journey does not start yet. Therefore, the contribution profit also estimates. The company uses the percent of the fullness as a basis for distributing the costs and determining the cost average per seat for different types of passengers. The ticket fare depends on the compound costs. Otherwise, the company does not price each implemented trip separately. It determines the price for a specific line trip according to the average cost concerning the same line trip. The ticket fare will be the same for all the implemented line trips during a particular time, without paying any attention to the other factors that affected the ticket fare as the timing of the trip, the timing of the booking, and the weather conditions.

Evolutionary bi-level model for optimizing ticket fares and operations profit of Taiwan high-speed rail

The Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) has transformed transportation in western Taiwan. Increasing costs of construction and operation have rendered THSR tickets much more expensive than other forms of transportation. The effects of ticket price benefits on the relevant transportation agency and the distribution of passenger flow have been analyzed to improve the profitability of the THSR. However, relying on analysis of passenger flow information alone may be insufficient to the adjustment of ticket fares. An evolutionary optimization model for maximizing the profits of the transportation agency that considers conflicts between executive decision making and passenger flow was developed herein. To resolve these conflicts, the bi-level planning approach was applied to consider both upper-level and lower-level planning and reflect passenger behavior and transportation profit management. Therefore, developing business plans and strategies that maximize cost efficiency while optimally balancing passenger satisfaction and profitability could improve THSR performance. Results indicated that optimal fare rates should be divided into three groups: 3.1, 3.0, and 4.2 NTD/person-km for long, medium, and short distances, respectively. This tool could be used to model and validate THSR fare adjustments and as a reference for authorities when making policy recommendations.

Long-term application potential of urban air mobility complementing public transport: an upper Bavaria example.

In this paper, the required models and methods to analyze and quantify the potential demand for urban air mobility (UAM) complementing public transport and possible impacts were defined and applied to the Munich Metropolitan region. An existing agent-based transport model of the study area were used and extended to cover socio-demographic changes up to the year 2030 and intermodal UAM services. An incremental logit model for UAM was derived to simulate demand for this new mode. An airport access model was developed as well. Three different UAM networks with different numbers of vertiports were defined. Sensitivity studies of ticket fare and structure, flying vehicle cruise speed, passenger process times at vertiports and different Urban Air Mobility networks sizes were performed. For the reference case, UAM accounts for a modal share of 0.5%. The absolute UAM demand is concentrated on very short routes; hence, UAM vehicle flight speed variation shows low UAM demand impacts. Kilometer-based fare, number of UAM vehicles per vertiport and passenger process times at vertiports show a significant impact on UAM demand.

Strategic corporate social responsibility of high-speed rail in China

This paper investigates the strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) of a high-speed rail (HSR) firm when competing with an airline firm in a differentiated transportation market and the interactions with government environmental policies in the context of a Cournot–Bertrand comparison. We find that a standard CSR chosen by the government is lower under Cournot than that under Bertrand when both the marginal cost of HSR and product substitutability are low enough, while a voluntary CSR chosen by the HSR operator is always higher under Cournot than that under Bertrand. We also find that the voluntary CSR could be higher or lower than the standard CSR, depending on marginal costs, product substitutability, and competition modes. We then show that when the government imposes an environmental tax together with CSR activities, both the strategic CSR and environmental tax are always lower under Cournot than those under Bertrand. Finally, we show that equilibrium traffic volumes, ticket fares, consumer welfare, and social welfare are independent of competition modes with environmental tax.

Research on Passenger Flow Assignment of High-Speed Trains Based on Personalized Itinerary Choice

Under the condition that ticket fare for high-speed train could fluctuate around a benchmark price in China, aimed at predicting how the passengers will distribute among different trains given a ticket fare, the passenger flow assignment method for high-speed trains is studied. Different from the classical researches on the passenger flow assignment, by introducing a variable that represents the value of time, this research allows passengers to make their personalized choice between the principles of time minimization and expense minimization, so as to demonstrate how the passengers holding different time values respond to each ticket fare scheme. An equilibrium passenger flow assignment model based on personalized choice is built and an improved Monte-Carlo random simulation algorithm is designed for solving the model. The actual ticket sale data for Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway are used to verify the feasibility of the proposed model and algorithm. The passenger flow assignment results under various fare schemes show how the distribution of passenger flow changes with the adjustment of ticket fare.

A Method to Estimate URT Passenger Spatial-Temporal Trajectory with Smart Card Data and Train Schedules

Precise estimation of passenger spatial-temporal trajectory is the basis for urban rail transit (URT) passenger flow assignment and ticket fare clearing. Inspired by the correlation between passenger tap-in/out time and train schedules, we present a method to estimate URT passenger spatial-temporal trajectory. First, we classify passengers into four types according to the number of their routes and transfers. Subsequently, based on the characteristic that passengers tap-out in batches at each station, the K-means algorithm is used to assign passengers to trains. Then, we acquire passenger access, egress, and transfer time distribution, which are used to give a probability estimation of passenger trajectories. Finally, in a multi-route case of the Beijing Subway, this method presents an estimation result with 91.2% of the passengers choosing the same route in two consecutive days, and the difference of route choice ratio in these two days is 3.8%. Our method has high accuracy and provides a new method for passenger microcosmic behavior research.

Optimal Incentives for Electric Vehicles at e-Park & Ride Hub with Renewable Energy Source

As electric vehicles’ penetration increases, more impacts on urban systems are observed and related to both driving (e.g., on traffic congestion and reduced pollution) and charging (e.g., on the electrical grid). Therefore, there is a need to design coupled incentive mechanisms. To propose and numerically evaluate such incentives, a game theory model is adopted. Its originality comes from the coupling between the charging cost and the driving decisions: to drive downtown or to charge at an e-Park & Ride hub with solar panels and then take public transport, in order to reach destination. Optimal ticket fares and solar park’s size are computed using real photovoltaic production data.

Substitution from Air to High-Speed Rail: The Case of Amsterdam Airport

In this paper we present the results of a study that aims to establish the potential for high-speed train travel as a substitute for short distance air travel at Amsterdam Airport. We investigated the 13 most important destinations that offer direct flights to and from Amsterdam Airport. Almost 40% of the air passengers travelling to/from these destinations are transfer passengers. Empirical evidence reveals that high-speed trains dominate the market for journeys of 2 hours or less, such as between Paris and Brussels. However, trains claim only a tiny market share of journeys longer than 5 to 6 hours; air travel dominates that market segment. Using these findings, we developed a model to estimate the substitution of air travel with high-speed train travel. The explanatory variables in this model are travel time, daily departure options, fares, and the inconvenience associated with transferring at airports. In a “minimum” scenario, we predict that in 2030 high-speed trains could replace approximately 1.9 million air journeys. This calculation is based on feasible reductions of train travel times and increased train frequencies for part of the rail network. In this scenario, Amsterdam–London accounts for more than three-quarters of the predicted substitution. In a “maximum” scenario, substitution could increase up to 3.7 million air journeys per year, provided that inconveniences for passengers when transferring at airports from plane to train are resolved and train ticket fares are reduced by 20%. These two scenarios imply a reduction of 2.5 to 5% of all flights to/from Amsterdam Airport in 2030.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN INVESTASI KAPAL KHUSUS ANGKUTAN TERNAK DI INDONESIA SKENARIO RUTE CELUKAN BAWANG-TANJUNG PRIOK-CIREBON

Government had made the first livestock vessel investment in Indonesia, namely KM Camara Nusantara I (KM CN I) which was operationalizing since 2016. The livestock vessel supported beef cattle distribution from East Nusa Tenggara Province (NTT) to DKI Jakarta Province by route Tenau-Waingapu-Tanjung Priok-Cirebon. In addition the government makes another new 5 livestock vessels investment which is one of them planned for beef cattle distribution from Bali Province by Celukan Bawang Port to DKI Jakarta Province by Tanjung Priok Port. Livestock vessel investment required high cost up to Rp 58 billion per unit. Moreover the operational of KM CN I still subsidized by the government. Therefore the objective of this study is to analyze livestock vessel investment by route scenario Celukan Bawang-Tanjung Priok-Cirebon on nonfinancial aspect, financial, economic and sensitivity analyses. Nonfinancial aspect analysis used descriptive method. Financial and economic analyses used Cost and Benefit Analysis (CBA), with shadow price for economic analysis. Sensitivity analysis used switching value method. Nonfinancial aspect analysis indicated the investment feasible. Financial analysis for livestock vessel return scenario to Celukan Bawang Port without cargo and carrying feed cargo are not feasible (NPV<0). Economic analysis for return scenario without cargo is not feasible (NPV<0), meanwhile for return scenario by carrying feed cargo is feasible (NPV>0, B/C Ratio>1, IRR 5.70% higher than discount rate, and Payback Period 13.84 years). Sensitivity analysis indicated the investment is feasible by minimum increase in the price of ticket fare 534.56% for return scenario without cargo and 410.12% by carrying feed cargo.

A Trip Purpose-Based Data-Driven Alighting Station Choice Model Using Transit Smart Card Data

Automatic fare collection (AFC) systems have been widely used all around the world which record rich data resources for researchers mining the passenger behavior and operation estimation. However, most transit systems are open systems for which only boarding information is recorded but the alighting information is missing. Because of the lack of trip information, validation of utility functions for passenger choices is difficult. To fill the research gaps, this study uses the AFC data from Beijing metro, which is a closed system and records both boarding information and alighting information. To estimate a more reasonable utility function for choice modeling, the study uses the trip chaining method to infer the actual destination of the trip. Based on the land use and passenger flow pattern, applying k-means clustering method, stations are classified into 7 categories. A trip purpose labelling process was proposed considering the station category, trip time, trip sequence, and alighting station frequency during five weekdays. We apply multinomial logit models as well as mixed logit models with independent and correlated normally distributed random coefficients to infer passengers’ preferences for ticket fare, walking time, and in-vehicle time towards their alighting station choice based on different trip purposes. The results find that time is a combined key factor while the ticket price based on distance is not significant. The estimated alighting stations are validated with real choices from a separate sample to illustrate the accuracy of the station choice models.

Pricing policy of floating ticket fare for riding high speed rail based on time-space compression

The Taiwan high-speed rail (HSR) markedly reduces the travel time from the north of Taiwan to the south, or vice versa, relative to other modes of public overland transportation. The HSR is faster than those modes, but also more expensive to ride. The pricing of HSR tickets has gained limited public acceptance because it lacks justification, indicating the need for a theoretical method for objectively justifying the ticket prices. With continuing improvements in data analytics, the computational capacity of computers, and visualization techniques, constructing a time–space model of a long-distance transportation system has become increasingly feasible, and such a model can be used to examine the time–space compression of the HSR. The first part of this investigation uses multidimensional scaling to obtain fitting coordinates based on travel times for various combinations of departure/destination HSR stations, and a geographic information system to generate time–space maps of the relative locations of those stations. Through these maps, we can directly estimate the traveling time between pairs of stations. The second part constructs a floating ticket-pricing model that accounts for the riding costs of the HSR. The model's power to explain the prices of HSR tickets is evaluated. Based on the analytical results, suggestions to the current HSR ticket fare were proposed to set the feasible rate concerning the operating, passenger-perceived, and time-space compression costs. Recommendations for future research are made.

Monowalk: A Travelling Companion

In this era of modernization, there are various public transportations that facilitate the movement of users, among which is the Monorail service. However, beyond the route information such as the train schedule and the ticket fare provided by the Monorail service, users do not have access to other sources of information relating to local attraction, nearby places, good food and reasonable accommodation along theirroute. The MonoWalk Travelling Companion is proposed specifically for commuters or tourists who use the Monorail services. Aside from helping them to plan their journeys better and more systematic, the application can also become a medium for advertising local businesses and attractions.

The implications of high-speed railways on air passenger flows in China

The High-speed Railway (HSR) network in China is the largest in the world, competing intensively with airlines for inter-city travel. Panel data from 2007 to 2013 for 138 routes with HSR-air competition were used to identify the ex-post impacts of the entry of HSR services, the duration of operating HSR services since entry, and the specific impacts of HSR transportation variables such as travel time, frequency, and ticket fares on air passenger flows in China. The findings show that the entry of new HSR services in general leads to a 27% reduction in air travel demand. After two years of operating HSR services, however, the negative impact of HSR services on air passenger flows tends to further increase. The variations of the frequency in the temporal dimension and the travel time in the spatial dimension significantly affect air passenger flows. Neither in the temporal nor spatial dimensions are HSR fares strongly related to air passenger flows in China, due to the government regulation of HSR ticket prices during the period of analysis. The impacts of different transportation variables found in this paper are valuable to consider by operational HSR companies in terms of scheduling and planning of new routes to increase their competitiveness relative to airlines.

An Analysis of the Customer Satisfaction from Service Quality of Himalaya Airlines

The main objective of the study was to find out customer satisfaction of Himalaya airlines and analyzed the factors affecting customer satisfaction level. One hundred structured closed ended questionnaires were developed and distributed among the passengers who travelled through Himalaya airlines at Tribhuvan International airport (Kathmandu, Nepal) to collect data for result. In order to examine the effect, customer satisfaction was taken as dependent variable and ticket fares, airport services, employee behaviors, flight reliability and in-flight services were taken as independent variable. The users of Himalaya airlines in general were satisfied. It is suggested to the management to focus on fares in comparison with competitors.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 5, Issue-2: 69-71

A methodology for calculating the passenger comfort benefits of railway travel

A comfortable environment in railway passenger coaches can be regarded as a resource for social consumption during the transport process. Railway passenger comfort benefits (RPCBs) can be regarded as a special generalized cost. In this paper, we select a series of objective and subjective indexes to formulate a quantitative method of calculating the RPCB with considering ticket fares. This method includes three steps: make the initial data dimensionless, calculate the weight of each index, and finally calculate the RPCBs. The proposed method was validated with the data collected from two types of trains: G13 from Beijing South to Shanghai Hongqiao and T109 from Beijing to Shanghai. Also, questionnaire survey was conducted in both trains. After data processing, the results show that there is a linear relationship between the RPCB and ticket fare with a correlation coefficient of 0.9616.

Best Practice BRT for Increase TransJakarta Modal Share

TransJakarta since 2004 was expected as the backbone of the public transportation in Jakarta as well as TransMilenio in Bogota. However, the role of TransJakarta only approximately 1, 95% of the overall number of trips has reached 19 million/day. The analysis technique on this paper is descriptive analysis. TransJakarta operational perceived is still not effective, so that the necessary efforts to increase modal share sourced from BRT management best practice in other countries. Efforts could be made to increase modal share, among others, the elimination of thousands of parking and replaced by pedestrian friendly also develop a separate bike lane along 303 km in Bogota (Colombia). TransJakarta operational is still considered less in some aspects that are: total of fTransJakarta fleet, total of feeder route, Transjakarta speed and headway still need improved, overtaking lanes are built along the TransJakarta route, Integration with all public transport is absolutely necessary, integration with pedestrians and bicycle users TransJakarta ticket fares should be integrated with feeder and other public transportation such as KRL, city buses and paratransit and using smartcards. In terms of restrictions on the use of private vehicles can be done in the following ways implement a bike-sharing program, implement program of not using motor vehicles during weekdays for 1 day in a week, providing park and ride, implement fuel restriction program for gasoline purchases, implement car sharing program. If the operational performance of TransJakarta has been improved and restrictions on the use of private motor vehicles are implemented, it is expected that the modal split of road users in Jakarta can be expected to rise to be more ideal. In some other parts of the world some experts say ideal conditions of split capital between public transport and private vehicles can reach 65%: 35%. Hopefully the city of Jakarta can achieve this .

KEPUASAN PENGGUNA JASA TRANSPORTASI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN LOYALITAS

This study aims to analyze and describe the direct and indirect effects between service quality and ticket fare through customer satisfaction to achieve customer loyalty of Perum DAMRI Land Transport service at central office /Prime Pull Perum Damri in Jakarta. The population is Perum DAMRI customers who have used the services of Perum DAMRI several times for several destinations. While the sample is Perum DAMRI customers in the Region of DKI Jakarta of 125 respondents, using purposive sampling. The analysis used in this research is Path Analysis Method. The calculations indicate that the variables of service quality to customer satisfaction is significant. Based on calculations, it is indicated that the ticket fare variable to consumer satisfaction is significant. Consumer satisfaction can be an intervening variable between service quality and loyalty of consumers. Consumer satisfaction can be an intervening variable between the ticket fare to the customers’ loyalty. Based on the test results, the variable of consumer satisfaction on customer loyalty is significant, Adjusted R Square (R2) of 0.981 shows that 98.1 % of the variance or consumer loyalty is determined by the independent variables and intervening variables in the regression equation

Airline Booking Limit Competition Game Under Differentiated Fare Structure

We address a two-firm booking limit competition game in the airline industry. We assume aggregate common demand, and differentiated ticket fare and capacity, to make this study more realistic. A game theoretic approach is used to analyze the competition game. The optimal booking limits and the best response functions are derived. We show the existence of a pure Nash equilibrium and provide the closed-form equilibrium solution. The location of the Nash equilibrium depends on the relative magnitude of the ratios of the full and discount fares. We also show that the sum of the booking limits of the two firms remains the same regardless of the initial allocation proportion of the demand.

Ticket Fare Optimization for China’s High-Speed Railway Based on Passenger Choice Behavior

Although China’s high-speed railway (HSR) is maturing after more than ten years of construction and development, the load factor and revenue of HSR could still be improved by optimizing the ticket fare structure. Different from the present unitary and changeless fare structure, this paper explores the application of multigrade fares to China’s HSR. On the premise that only one fare grade can be offered for each origin-destination (O-D) at the same time, this paper addresses the questions of how to adjust ticket price over time to maximize the revenue. First, on the basis of piecewise pricing strategy, a ticket fare optimization model is built, which could be transformed to convex program to be solved. Then, based on the analysis of passenger arrival regularity using historical ticket data of Beijing-Shanghai HSR line, several experiments are performed using the method proposed in the paper to explore the properties of the optimal multigrade fare scheme.

Impact analysis of HSR fare discount strategy on HSR share in Beijing–Shanghai transportation corridor

High-speed Rail (HSR) fare discount strategy is expected as an efficient way to adjust HSR share in intercity transport market based on discounted fare and return refund. Usually, return refund decreases with the decrease in discounted fare and return refund will weaken the impacts of discounted fare on HSR share. In this paper, an integration of semi-compensatory intercity mode choice model and latent class model is employed to evaluate the impacts, while the latter represents traveler’s taste heterogeneity and the former combines the consideration choice set generation and mode choice making stages. According to the estimations for Beijing–Shanghai transportation corridor, discounted fares dominate choice results relative to return refunds, and HSR share can be adjusted slightly under the fixed ticket fare by changing return refund rate. Meanwhile, given HSR share and probability of returning tickets, the optimal HSR fare discount strategy can be found to gain more ticket sales revenues.