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Abstract
As electric vehicles’ penetration increases, more impacts on urban systems are observed and related to both driving (e.g., on traffic congestion and reduced pollution) and charging (e.g., on the electrical grid). Therefore, there is a need to design coupled incentive mechanisms. To propose and numerically evaluate such incentives, a game theory model is adopted. Its originality comes from the coupling between the charging cost and the driving decisions: to drive downtown or to charge at an e-Park & Ride hub with solar panels and then take public transport, in order to reach destination. Optimal ticket fares and solar park’s size are computed using real photovoltaic production data.
Highlights
Charging—in terms of compatibility with end users’ mobility needs and technical capabilities for load management—makes it a significant tool in “Demand Response” mechanisms [2] which is an emerging field in “Smart Grids”. Such scheduling techniques consist in shifting/adapting the consumption profile by, e.g., postponing usages in time, or reducing the level of power consumed, with different objectives for the electrical system: local management of production-consumption balance, mitigating the impact on the electrical grid [3], etc. This is totally innovative compared to the traditional paradigm of the electrical system, where almost only generation units were flexible to ensure its effective operation
A direct application of the proposed model allows testing incentives aimed at, e.g., mitigating the impact of Electric vehicles (EV) charging on the electrical grid, minimizing the proportion of gasoline vehicles into city center or maximizing the profit of charge point operators (CPO). Having this context in mind, we propose a scenario in which a population of electric and gasoline vehicles follow the same journey from a sub-urban area to a city center, which corresponds to regular commuting patterns
Head to the city center (Destination D). This city is concerned with traffic congestion and local pollution, so an e-Park & Ride hub is built on the outskirts of the city to limit the number of vehicles downtown
Summary
Urban well-being is sensitive to road usage and its impact on traffic congestion, local air pollution and noise. The flexibility of EV charging—in terms of compatibility with end users’ mobility needs and technical capabilities for load management—makes it a significant tool in “Demand Response” mechanisms [2] which is an emerging field in “Smart Grids” Such scheduling techniques consist in shifting/adapting the consumption profile by, e.g., postponing usages in time, or reducing the level of power consumed, with different objectives for the electrical system: local management of production-consumption balance, mitigating the impact on the electrical grid [3], etc. Park & Ride hubs—associated with public transport—are in vogue to mitigate congestion and local pollution in urban areas: up to 18,000 parking spaces are expected at Paris gates by 2021 (www.iledefrance-mobilites.fr/actualites/18-000-placesde-parc-relais-2018/) This multimodal alternative solution represents a great opportunity for smart charging. Having this context in mind, we propose a scenario in which a population of electric and gasoline vehicles follow the same journey from a sub-urban area to a city center, which corresponds to regular commuting patterns
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