Changbai Mountain Research Articles

Nitrogen addition turns a temperate peatland from a near-zero source into a strong sink of nitrous oxide

Peatlands, as important global nitrogen (N) pools, are potential sources of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions. We measured N<sub>2</sub>O flux dynamics in Hani peatland in a growing season with simulating warming and N addition for 12 years in the Changbai Mountains, Northeastern China, by using static chamber-gas chromatography. We hypothesised that warming and N addition would accelerate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from the peatland. In a growing season, the peatland under natural conditions showed near-zero N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and warming increased N<sub>2</sub>O emissions but N addition greatly increased N<sub>2</sub>O absorption compared with control. There was no interaction between warming and N addition on N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. Pearson correlation analysis showed that water table depth was one of the main environmental factors affecting N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and a positive relationship between them was observed. Our study suggests that the N<sub>2</sub>O source function in natural temperate peatlands maybe not be so significant as we expected before; warming can increase N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, but a high dose of N input may turn temperate peatlands to be strong sinks of N<sub>2</sub>O, and global change including warming and nitrogen deposition can alter N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes via its indirect effect on hydrology and vegetation in peatlands.

The Right-Skewed Distribution of Fine-Root Size in Three Temperate Forests in Northeastern China.

Trees can build fine-root systems with high variation in root size (e.g., fine-root diameter) and root number (e.g., branching pattern) to optimize belowground resource acquisition in forest ecosystems. Compared with leaves, which are visible above ground, information about the distribution and inequality of fine-root size and about key associations between fine-root size and number is still limited. We collected 27,573 first-order fine-roots growing out of 3,848 second-order fine-roots, covering 51 tree species in three temperate forests (Changbai Mountain, CBS; Xianrendong, XRD; and Maoershan, MES) in Northeastern China. We investigated the distribution and inequality of fine-root length, diameter and area (fine-root size), and their trade-off with fine-root branching intensity and ratio (fine-root number). Our results showed a strong right-skewed distribution in first-order fine-root size across various tree species. Unimodal frequency distributions were observed in all three of the sampled forests for first-order fine-root length and area and in CBS and XRD for first-order fine-root diameter, whereas a marked bimodal frequency distribution of first-order fine-root diameter appeared in MES. Moreover, XRD had the highest and MES had the lowest inequality values (Gini coefficients) in first-order fine-root diameter. First-order fine-root size showed a consistently linear decline with increasing root number. Our findings suggest a common right-skewed distribution with unimodality or bimodality of fine-root size and a generalized trade-off between fine-root size and number across the temperate tree species. Our results will greatly improve our thorough understanding of the belowground resource acquisition strategies of temperate trees and forests.

Characterization of Terpene synthase variation in flowers of wild aquilegia species from Northeastern Asia.

There are several causes for the great diversity in floral terpenes. The terpene products are determined by the catalytic fidelity, efficiency and plasticity of the active sites of terpene synthases (TPSs). However, the molecular mechanism of TPS in catalyzing terpene biosynthesis and its evolutionary fate in wild plant species remain largely unknown. In this study, the functionality of terpene synthases and their natural variants were assessed in two Northeastern Asia endemic columbine species and their natural hybrid. Synoptically, TPS7, TPS8, and TPS9 were highly expressed in these Aquilegia species from the Zuojia population. The in vitro and in vivo enzymatic assays revealed that TPS7 and TPS8 mainly produced (+)-limonene and β-sesquiphellandrene, respectively, whereas TPS9 produced pinene, similar to the major components released from Aquilegia flowers. Multiple sequence alignment of Aquilegia TPS7 and TPS8 in the Zuojia population revealed amino acid polymorphisms. Domain swapping and amino acid substitution assays demonstrated that 413A, 503I and 529D had impacts on TPS7 catalytic activity, whereas 420G, 538F and 545L affected the ratio of β-sesquiphellandrene to β-bisabolene in TPS8. Moreover, these key polymorphic amino acid residues were found in Aquilegia species from the Changbai Mountain population. Interestingly, amino acid polymorphisms in TPSs were present in individuals with low expression levels, and nonsynonymous mutations could impact the catalytic activity or product specificity of these genes. The results of this study will shed new light on the function and evolution of TPS genes in wild plant species and are beneficial to the modification of plant fragrances.

长白山风灾景观30年格局变化过程分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长白山风灾景观30年格局变化过程分析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202101290316 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（41571078）；国家自然科学基金（41171072） Analysis of the pattern change process of Changbai Mountain wind-damaged landscape in the past thirty years Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:以长白山自然保护区内的由1986年台风形成的风灾景观为研究对象。选取1987年、1993年、1999年、2004年、2010年和2016年遥感影像进行解译。利用Fragstats 4.2软件对景观格局指数进行定量分析，并用主成分分析法与景观综合评价指数相结合的方法对景观格局变化做出综合评价，揭示风灾后30年景观格局变化过程。结果表明：（1）草本-灌木的优势度不断下降；阔叶林和针叶林在恢复过程中先以增加大斑块为主，后期面积增加主要是以小斑块为主；岳桦林恢复过程中先以增加小斑块为主，后期以大斑块连片生长。（2）小而分散的斑块在恢复过程中转换为大而集中的斑块，景观趋于均质化。（3）草本-灌木，阔叶林，针叶林，岳桦林四种斑块类型在恢复过程中呈现一种演替关系。（4）确定了分别与景观规模、形状和景观聚散度相关的两个主成分，作为表征景观恢复性的关键指标。（5）在30年的恢复期中，研究区整体景观格局质量得到提升，但恢复缓慢，与风灾前依然相差较大。（6）多次强风干扰可以形成长白山西、南坡非标准的垂直带谱。 Abstract:The wind-damaged landscape formed by the 1986 typhoon in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was studied in this paper. High-definition remote sensing images in 1987, 1993, 1999, 2004, 2010 and 2016 were selected to decode to analyze the change of each patch type in the study area. Fragstats 4.2 was used to quantitatively analyze the landscape pattern indices, and a combination of principal component analysis and comprehensive landscape evaluation index was used to make a comprehensive evaluation to reveal the process of landscape pattern changes 30 years after the wind damage. The results were as follows:(1) the dominance of herbaceous-shrub kept decreasing, but the distribution was homogenous, the patch shape was regular, and the degree of aggregation was high; broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest firstly increased in large patches during the recovery process, and later on the area increase was mainly in small patches, the patch shape of broad-leaved forest tended to be regular, and coniferous forest was complex; Betula ermanii forest firstly increased in small patches, and later on the large patches grew in succession, the shape became more complicated, and there was a trend of contiguous growth. (2) At the landscape level, small and scattered patches were converted into large and concentrated patches in the restoration process, the irregularity of shape increased and the connectivity of the landscape decreased. As the restoration continues, the landscape tended to be homogenized. (3) According to the landscape transfer matrix, herbaceous-shrub patches in the study area would be continuously transformed into arboreal patches, the proportion of herbaceous-shrub gradually decreased, while arboreal increased. Among them, herbaceous-shrub mainly transformed into broad-leaved forest, broad-leaved forest mainly transformed into coniferous forest, and coniferous forest mainly transformed into Betula ermanii forest. The four patch types of herbaceous-shrub, broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, and Betula ermanii forest showed a succession relationship during the restoration process. (4) Through the principal component analysis method, two principal components related to landscape scale and shape and landscape dispersion, respectively, were identified as key indices to characterize landscape restoration. (5) Using the combination of principal component analysis and the comprehensive landscape evaluation index to evaluate the wind-damaged landscape in Changbai Mountain, the results showed that during the 30-year restoration period, the quality of the study area was improved, but the recovery was slow and still differed significantly from that before the wind damage. (6) Multiple strong wind disturbances can form a non-standard vertical band spectrum on the western and southern slopes of Changbai Mountain. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

长白山苔原带凋落物生态化学计量特征及其对模拟氮沉降的响应

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长白山苔原带凋落物生态化学计量特征及其对模拟氮沉降的响应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202110212976 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41571078） Response of chemical composition and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of three types of litter to simulated nitrogen deposition in the Changbai Mountain tundra Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program, Key Program, Major Research Plan) 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:长白山苔原是我国乃至欧亚大陆东部独有的高山苔原，根据前人调查植被以灌木苔原为主要类型。在全球变暖背景下，近30年来，长白山岳桦林下的草本植物侵入苔原带，原生灌木苔原分化为灌木苔原、灌草苔原和草本苔原，形成了灌木、灌草混合和草本3种不同类型的凋落物，凋落物数量和质量发生显著改变。与此同时长白山苔原氮沉降量也在逐年增加，导致了土壤中氮的累积，势必影响凋落物的分解。凋落物作为连接植物和土壤的纽带，其分解过程中碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）等化学组分和化学计量比的变化直接和间接影响着土壤养分有效性和植物养分利用策略。为揭示氮沉降增加对长白山苔原带不同类型凋落物化学组分及生态化学计量特征早期变化的影响，开展了为期8个月的模拟氮沉降室内凋落物分解实验。在苔原带采集灌木优势种牛皮杜鹃和草本优势种小叶章的凋落物带回实验室，模拟灌木牛皮杜鹃群落、灌草混合的牛皮杜鹃-小叶章群落和草本小叶章群落的3种不同类型凋落物，设置三个施氮处理：对照（CK，0 g N m-2 a-1）、低氮（LN，10 g N m-2 a-1）、高氮（HN，20 g N m-2 a-1）。研究表明：（1）不施氮处理时，3种凋落物的C、P均呈释放状态，木质素（Li）呈先累积再略有降解趋势；牛皮杜鹃凋落物的N元素富集而其余两种凋落物N元素呈释放状态；灌草混合和草本凋落物比原生的灌木凋落物C和N元素释放快、Li累积少；而灌木凋落物的P释放略快于灌草和草本凋落物。3种植被类型凋落物的C/N、C/P、Li/N大小表现为：牛皮杜鹃凋落物>牛皮杜鹃-小叶章混生群落凋落物>小叶章凋落物；N/P表现为：小叶章凋落物>牛皮杜鹃凋落物>牛皮杜鹃-小叶章混生群落凋落物。（2）氮沉降促进3种类型凋落物分解过程中C、N和P化学组分的释放，且氮浓度越高促进作用越显著。在牛皮杜鹃凋落物分解过程中，氮素添加到达某一阈值后，其C/N、C/P、N/P、Li/N的降幅最大，后续若再增加氮素，其对化学计量比的影响均会减弱；本实验中的氮素添加量增加促进了小叶章凋落物的C/N、Li/N下降。（3）草本植物入侵引起凋落物类型的变化带来凋落物分解加快，将导致长白山苔原带养分循环的变化；氮沉降增加对小叶章凋落物化学组分的释放及C/N、Li/N的下降更为促进，小叶章凋落物内难分解化合物减少，分解受到促进。高氮沉降加快了小叶章凋落物与土壤、草本植物之间的养分循环。因此，随着未来苔原带氮沉降量的增加，将更有利于小叶章在与牛皮杜鹃的竞争中获胜，使苔原带呈现草甸化趋势。 Abstract:The Changbai Mountain tundra is the only typical alpine tundra of eastern China and eastern Eurasia. In the recent 30 years, herbaceous plants have invaded from low altitude to the alpine tundra, which transformed shrub tundra to shrub-herb-mixed tundra and herb tundra, causing significant changes to the litter components. To understand the response of chemical composition and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of three types of litter to simulated nitrogen deposition in the Changbai Mountain tundra, an artificial simulated litter decomposition experiment was designed and conducted. Rhododendron aureum (native dominant shrub species) litter, Deyeuxia angustifolia (invasion herb species) litter and Rhododendron aureum-Deyeuxia angustifolia-mixed litter collected from the Changbai alpine tundra were used to set up nitrogen addition experiment at three levels under laboratory condition:control group (CK:without nitrogen addition), low N level group (LN:10 g N m-2 a-1)), and high N level group (HN:20 g N m-2 a-1)). Then we collected litter after decomposition and measured the content of C, N, P and lignin (Li), aiming to study the differences of chemical composition and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of the litter with different components and nitrogen addition levels. The results showed that:(1) Without nitrogen addition, the content of C and P in the litter reduced significantly while the content of Li increased at the beginning and then reduced; the content of N in the R. aureum litter increased significantly while the content of N in the R. aureum litter and the mixed litter reduced. C/N, C/P, Li/N of the litter of three types decreased by R. aureum>R. aureum-D. angustifolia-mixed>D. angustifolia; N/P of the litter of three types decreased by D. angustifolia>R. aureum> R. aureum-D. angustifolia-mixed. (2) The simulated nitrogen deposition promoted the release of nutrients during decomposition process and the promoting effects of high nitrogen addition turned out to be more significant. C/N, C/P, N/P, Li/N of the R. aureum litter decreased rapidly at a certain nitrogen addition threshold then the effects on ecological stoichiometric characteristics would be weakened if more nitrogen was added. In our study, high nitrogen addition promoted the decline of C/N and Li/N of the D. angustifolia litter. (3) Change of litter components caused by herbaceous species invasion would promote the decomposition of litter and affect the nutrient cycle mechanisms of Changbai Mountain alpine tundra. As nitrogen deposition increased, the contents of C, N, P, Li and C/N, Li/N of the D. angustifolia litter decreased further and refractory compounds decreased. Nitrogen deposition accelerated nutrients cycle between the D. angustifolia litter, soils and herbaceous plants. Thus, we suggest that the increase of nitrogen deposition will be more favorable to the win of D. angustifolia in the competition with R. aureum, which will impulse meadowization trend in the Changbai Mountain alpine tundra. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

长白山森林生态系统凋落物层和土壤层跳虫物种多样性和功能多样性对海拔梯度的响应

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长白山森林生态系统凋落物层和土壤层跳虫物种多样性和功能多样性对海拔梯度的响应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202104221060 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(31861133006,41571052,U20A2083);科技部基础资源调查专项(2018FY100300) Taxonomic and functional diversity of Collembola in litter and soil along an altitudinal gradient at Changbai Mountain,China Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:山脉是生物多样性研究的热点地区,以往关于山脉的研究多集中于地上植物和脊椎动物,无脊椎动物相关的研究明显滞后。跳虫(Collembola)是土壤无脊椎动物的主要类群之一,在分解有机质、疏松和活化土壤过程中发挥着重要的作用。以跳虫为研究对象,采用梯度格局法,在长白山北坡自海拔800 m至1700 m,每隔150 m进行凋落物层和土壤层样品的采集,对比分析了土壤层和凋落物层的群落组成与群落结构,采用4个物种多样性指数(丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数)和4个功能多样性指数(功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、二次熵Rao's Q指数和功能离散FEiv指数),探讨了多样性沿海拔梯度的分布格局。共获得跳虫5542头,隶属于12科42属83种,其中等节跳科为绝对优势类群(相对密度>50%)。非度量多维尺度分析结果表明,凋落物层和土壤层的跳虫群落结构差异显著,长角跳科、鳞跳科和疣跳科物种多分布于凋落物层,而棘跳科物种多分布于土壤层。线性或二次回归模型结果表明,在凋落物层跳虫的丰富度指数,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数沿海拔梯度的变化呈增加格局;但在土壤层跳虫物种多样性指数沿海拔梯度的变化无明显趋势。在凋落物层,跳虫的功能丰富度指数和功能离散度Rao's Q指数随海拔梯度的变化呈现单峰分布格局;在土壤层,跳虫的功能丰富度指数随海拔梯度的变化也呈现单峰分布格局,但其他功能多样性指数沿海拔梯度的变化无明显趋势。研究表明凋落物层和土壤层跳虫的群落组成,群落结构及多样性存在显著差异,跳虫的物种多样性指数和功能多样性指数对海拔梯度变化的响应不同,未来在探讨土壤动物沿海拔梯度的分布格局及其物种共存机制时,应综合考量垂直分层(凋落物层和土壤层)和多个度量维度(物种多样性和功能多样性)。 Abstract:Mountains are hotspots for biodiversity research because they harbor high number of species and cover a wide range of abiotic factors along altitudes. Compared with above-ground plants and animals, soil animal communities along altitudinal gradients have been little studied. Collembola are among the most abundant soil invertebrates contributing to essential ecosystem functions such as decomposition processes. We used Collembola as model soil animals and analyzed changes in their community structure in litter and soil of forests along a gradient ranging from 800 to 1700 m at the Changbai Mountain. Further, changes in four taxonomic diversity indexes (richness index, evenness index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Simpson diversity index) and four functional diversity indexes (functional richness index, functional evenness index, Rao's quadratic index, and functional divergence index) were studied. A total of 5,542 Collembola individuals, belonging to 12 families, 42 genera, and 83 species were sampled, with Isotomidae being most dominant (>50% of total individuals). Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that Collembola community composition varied in both litter and soil. Species of Entomobryidae, Tomoceridae, and Neanuridae mostly colonized the litter layer, whereas Onychiuridae mostly colonized the soil. We used linear and quadratic regression models to explore altitudinal patterns in Collembola diversity. In litter, the richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson diversity index significantly positively correlated with altitude. By contrast, in soil, the taxonomic diversity indexes did not change significantly with altitude. For functional diversity, in litter functional richness index and Rao's quadratic index followed a hump-shaped pattern along the altitudinal gradient. In soil the functional richness index also showed the same trend, but other functional diversity indexes did not change in a consistent way with altitude. Overall, the results highlight that it is crucial to consider the vertical distribution of soil animals in litter and soil, and use multiple dimensions including taxonomic and functional diversity measures for understanding changes in diversity patterns of soil fauna along altitudinal gradients. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Transcriptome Analysis of the Degeneration Mechanism of Asexually Propagated Immature Tuber Seedlings of Gastrodiae Rhizoma (Gastrodia Elata Bl. F. Glauca S. Chow) on Changbai Mountain

Transcriptome Analysis of the Degeneration Mechanism of Asexually Propagated Immature Tuber Seedlings of Gastrodiae Rhizoma (Gastrodia Elata Bl. F. Glauca S. Chow) on Changbai Mountain

长白山9种槭树的翅果扩散及种子萌发研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长白山9种槭树的翅果扩散及种子萌发研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202101060058 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家科技基础资源调查项目（SQ2019FY010110） Dispersal and germination of nine maple (Acer, spp) trees in Changbai Mountain area Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:翅果的风媒传播是槭属植物的主要扩散方式之一，且与种子萌发有着密切关联，但具体机理一直还并不明确。以分布于长白山的9种槭树为对象，探讨翅果的形态特征，测定它们在空气中的垂直沉降速度、不同风速下的水平扩散距离以及在扩散距离上的种子萌发率，进而比较并分析翅果的形态性状与沉降速度、水平扩散距离的相关性以及萌发率在不同扩散距离上的差异性。结果表明：（1）9种槭树的翅果长、宽和面积与沉降速度、水平扩散距离均呈负相关；尽管如此，翅果形态并不是风传播物种的最佳分类指标，而翅载力能较好地反应物种的风传播能力；（2）翅果垂直沉降速度和水平扩散距离间存在显著负相关，表明沉降速度越小，翅果在空气中停留的时间越长，水平方向上扩散距离越远，且强风有助于提高翅果的扩散能力；（3）沉降速度最慢的花楷槭在不同风速下的水平扩散距离均最远，而沉降速度最快的拧筋槭水平扩散距离最短；（4）种子萌发率随扩散距离的增加呈下降趋势。上述结果不仅为深入理解翅果的风力传播机制以及种子萌发对水平扩散距离的响应机制提供科学依据，还可为种群实生更新方面的理论研究提供参考。 Abstract:Anemochory is the main dispersal mode of Acer plants and has close relationship with seed germination, but the specific mechanism has not been clear. In this study, the samara of nine maple trees that distributed in Changbai Mountain were dropped in still air to simulate their descent velocity and horizontal dispersal distance under different wind speeds, and seed germination at the horizontal dispersal distance. Correlation and difference between morphological characteristics of samara and descent velocity, horizontal dispersal distance, germination rate were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) the samara length, samara width, and wing area of nine maple trees were negatively correlated with descent velocity and horizontal dispersal distance. The samara morphology traits were not the best index for classification of anemochory species, but the wing load could better reflect the wind dispersal ability. (2) The descent vertical was negatively correlated with the horizontal dispersal distance, indicating the smaller the descent velocity was, the longer a samara stays in the air, the farther it can be blown by the wind, and the longer the horizontal dispersal distance was. (3) A. ukurunduense, with the slowest descent velocity, has the farthest horizontal dispersal distance, while A. triflorum, with the fastest descent velocity, has the shortest horizontal dispersal distance, but the strong wind is helpful to improve the dispersal ability. (4) The seed germination rate decreased with the increase of the horizontal dispersal distance. The results can provide a scientific basis for the anemochory mechanism of samara and the response mechanism that seed germination to horizontal dispersal distance, and also provide a reference for the theoretical study of its population regeneration. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

长白山阔叶红松林紫椴种群结构与动态特征

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长白山阔叶红松林紫椴种群结构与动态特征 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202106191629 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家科技基础资源调查项目(2019FY101602) Population structure and dynamic characteristics of Tilia amurensis in broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:紫椴(Tilia amurensis)为国家二级重点保护野生植物。以长白山北坡阔叶红松林内的紫椴种群为研究对象,通过建立种群静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算数量动态指数并引入生存函数和时间序列预测模型定量描绘其结构与动态特征。结果表明:1)种群年龄结构呈不规则金字塔形,幼龄阶段(Ⅰ-Ⅳ龄级)个体数之和占个体总数的67.26%。2)种群存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型,表明植株在幼龄阶段死亡率高。3)总体数量动态变化指数Vpi>V'pi>0,表明紫椴种群为增长型,但V'pi趋近于0,结合死亡率(qx)和消失率(Kx)曲线呈现出连续性先增后降的复杂动态变化趋势,可知该种群不稳定且在干扰情况下增长趋势不明显。4)生存函数分析显示,种群在Ⅲ-Ⅳ龄级间达到平衡状态,尔后进入衰退期且从第Ⅷ龄级开始进入生理衰退。5)时间序列预测分析表明,在未来2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10龄级时间后,紫椴幼龄个体数逐渐减小,而中、成和老龄个体数量将逐渐增加,说明未来紫椴种群的增长主要依靠后者。生物学特性和生境是限制紫椴种群增长的主要原因。建议加强幼苗抚育工作,提高幼苗和小树的存活率,保护和改善生存环境,从而促进紫椴种群的自然更新和恢复。 Abstract:Tilia amurensis is the second-class national protection species. In this study, the population structure and dynamic characteristics of T. amurensis distributed in Changbai Mountain were analyzed by population statistics, including static life table, survival curve, the quantity dynamic index, survival function, and time series prediction model. The results showed that:1) the age-class structure of T. amurensis population was irregular pyramid type, and the sum of number of young individuals (I-IV age class) accounted for 67.26% of the total individuals. 2) The survival cure was close to Deevey-Ⅲ type, which showed that the number of young individuals was abound while their survival rate was low. 3) The population dynamics index was Vpi>V'pi>0, indicating that T. amurensis population belonged to the increasing type. However, the index V'pi closed to 0, and the curve of mortality rate (qx) and vanish rate (Kx) showed a complex dynamic trend of continuous increase first and then decrease, which indicated that the population stability was poor and the growth trend was not obvious in the case of disturbance. 4) The analysis of survival function showed that the population reached a balance between the age classes of Ⅲ-Ⅳ, and then entered the decline period. From the age class of Ⅷ, the population entered a physiological decline phase. 5) Time series prediction analysis showed that in the next 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 age classes, the number of young individuals would gradually decrease, while the number of middle-aged, adult and old individuals would gradually increase, indicating that the maintenance of T. amurensis population mainly depends on the latter in the future. The biological characteristics and habitat are the main factors limiting the population growth of T. amurensis. We suggest that the seedling raising should be strengthened to improve the survival rate of the seedlings and small trees, and the habitat should also be protected to enhance natural regeneration and restoration of the T. amurensis population. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Population age structure and dynamics of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> in a broadleaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, China

Population age structure and dynamics of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> in a broadleaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, China

An overview of Collembola species along altitudinal gradients in Changbai Mountains

An overview of Collembola species along altitudinal gradients in Changbai Mountains

Temporal-spatial variation characteristics of utilization efficiency of water resources in Changbai Mountain area

Temporal-spatial variation characteristics of utilization efficiency of water resources in Changbai Mountain area

Race at Work: A Comparative History of Mining Labor and Empire on the Central African Copperbelt and the Fushun Coalfields, ca. 1907–1945

In many ways, the vast industrial complexes that developed on the Central African Copperbelt and the Fushun coalfields in the early twentieth century were very different places. One on a high plateau stretched out across the border between what is now Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia with a sub-tropical climate; the other on the rolling foothills of Changbai Mountains in what is now Liaoning Province, northeastern China, with a humid continental climate. Yet anyone who visited either of these places would immediately and unavoidably have become aware of a basic fact about both: that racial hierarchies governed life and work on the mines. This article is about that basic fact, and in it we aim to make a two-fold contribution: First, it is a comparative history of mining regions, which, although it might seem an area of study ripe for comparison, is seldom undertaken. Second, through this comparison to argue that the prevalence and significance of race as a way of organizing life and work in the mining industry has been underestimated. We support this claim with an overview of production and everyday life in two seemingly very different mining regions: the Fushun coalfields and the Central African Copperbelt (see figure 1).

Effects of Supplementation with Ginseng and Branched Chain Amino Acids Improved Central Fatigue and Enhanced Attention during Exercise: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled

Muscle fatigue was a common problem after exercise. When fatigue occured, body functions were affected and changed. Changbai Mountain ginseng had higher anti-fatigue substances than general commercial ginseng. And recent studies had showed that the supplementation of branched chain amino acids (BCAA), including leucine, isoleucine and valine, can increase attention and reduce fatigue. However, its effect on Changbai Mountain ginseng combined with BCAA was still unclear. Subjects were allocated to Gojinsen® drinks and placebo group (1:1 ratio) for 14 days, and then examined by maximal oxygen consumption, time to exhaustion, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), oxygen saturation (SPO2), blood lactate concentration, and continuous attention performance test (CPT II). The Gojinsen® group significant increased maximal oxygen consumption, time to exhaustion, and attention compared to placebo group. Moreover, the Gojinsen® group significant decreased lactate concentration and fatigue compared to placebo group. By our study, Gojinsen® drinks had anti-fatigue effect and enhanced attention, and the therapeutic potential for people suffering from exercise fatigue.

Deyeuxia angustifolia Kom. encroachment changes soil physicochemical properties and microbial community in the alpine tundra under climate change

Plant encroachment in alpine regions, caused by global changes and human activities, has been well documented. However, our knowledge of the effects of plant encroachment on belowground microbial communities is limited. Here, we investigated soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structures under the impact of plant encroachment along an elevation gradient in the alpine tundra of the Changbai Mountain, China. We found that plant encroachment had insignificant (P > 0.05) and inconsistent effects on the α-diversity (number of observed OTUs, Shannon, Chao1, Faith's PD) of soil microbial communities. Plant encroachment indirectly influenced soil microbial community structures by altering soil physicochemical properties, which differed between elevations and plant types (P < 0.05). In all, 40 bacterial indicator taxa and 57 fungal indicator taxa significantly shifted in response to plant encroachment, some of which were involved in soil biogeochemical cycle. Overall, our results documented the impacts of plant encroachment on soil microbial diversity and community composition, and provided a scientific basis for predicting future changes in alpine ecosystem structure and function and its subsequent feedbacks to global change.

Altitudinal Gradient Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Snowpack in the Changbai Mountain and Their Response to Climate Change

The variations in the snowpack in water towers of the world due to climate change have threatened the amount and timing of freshwater supplied downstream. However, it remains to be further investigated whether snowpack variation in water towers exhibits elevational heterogeneity at different altitude gradients and which climatic factors mainly influence these differences. Therefore, Changbai Mountain, a high-latitude water tower, was selected to analyze the changes in the snowpack by the methods of modified Mann–Kendall based on the daily meteorological data from the China Meteorological Data Service Centre. Meanwhile, the responses of snowpack change to climatic factors over recent decades were assessed and generalized using additive models. The results showed that the snow depth was greater in the higher altitude areas than in the lower elevation areas at different times. Areas with a snow depth of over 70 mm increased significantly in the 2010s. Increasing trends were shown at different altitudes from December to March of the next year during 1960~2018. However, a significant decreasing trend was shown in April, except for altitudes of 600–2378 m. The snow cover time at different altitudes showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing during 1960~2018. The date of maximum snow depth appears to be more lagged as the altitude increases. In addition, the spring snowpack melted significantly faster in the 2010s than that in the 1960s. The snowpack variation in low-altitude regions is mainly influenced by ET and relative humidity. However, the mean temperature gradually became an important factor, affecting the snow depth variation with the increase in altitude. Therefore, the results of this study will be beneficial to the ecological protection and sustainable development of water towers.

Analyzing the Impact of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface Runoff in the Changbai Mountain Area, Northeast China

Climate change and human activities are two important factors affecting surface runoff. In water resource management and planning, it is generally important to separate the contribution of these factors when assessing runoff changes. The Changbai Mountain area is rich in water resources and is an important hydropower energy base for Northeast China. This study used Sen’s slope estimator to explore trends in runoff precipitation and evapotranspiration from 1960 to 2016, and the results showed a downward trend in runoff and an upward trend in precipitation and evaporation in most areas. The mutation point of the annual time series for the observed runoff was estimated, and the time series was divided into the base period (1960–1975) and impact period (1976–2016). Based on the Budyko framework, we performed attribution analysis of the runoff changes, and analyzed the difference between the mountainous region and the whole basin. We determined that the impacts of climate change and human activities, on average, accounted for decreases in the runoff by 60.15% and 39.85%, respectively, for the Second Songhua River Basin; 73.74% and 26.26%, respectively, for the Tumen River Basin; 84.76% and 15.24%, respectively, for the Yalu River Basin; human activities were the main causes of runoff changes in the Changbai Mountain area; climate change was the main cause of runoff changes in mountainous regions. The results of this study show that the reasons for the change in runoff in mountainous regions and the whole basin in the same area are different, which has some illuminating significance for water resources management of different elevation areas.

Late Holocene climate variability in central Korea indicated by vegetation, geochemistry, and fire records of the Yongneup moor

In many cases, proxy-based palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in East Asia have shown mixed signatures of summer temperature and precipitation, driven by the predominant regional impact of the East Asian Summer Monsoon. Although these studies have contributed significantly to understanding the past variability in East Asian summer climate during the Holocene period, relatively little has been learned about climatic conditions in other seasons, such as winter and spring, and variations in the individual climatic elements of temperature and precipitation. To address these issues, in this study, we present a reconstruction of a 3000-year fire and vegetation history of the Yongneup moor, central Korea, during the late Holocene based on multi-proxy analyses of pollen, geochemistry, and macrocharcoal. Our data identify two fire episodes at Yongneup during ca. 2900–2700 and 2400–2300 cal yr B.P., possibly caused amid deteriorated climatic conditions not only in summer but also in winter–spring during contemporaneous grand solar minima. During the last two millennia, Yongneup likely experienced cold weather conditions at ca. 1420–1230 and 1000–590 cal yr B.P. and warm conditions at ca. 1850–1420 and 1230–1000 cal yr B.P., as well as wet conditions during ca. 1530–1400, 1220–1000, and 890–700 cal yr B.P. and drier conditions during ca. 1750–1530, 1400–1220, 1000–890, and 700–530 cal yr B.P. The dry periods were coincident with an increased El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the Tropical Pacific Ocean, which supports its role in controlling the hydroclimate of the Korean Peninsula. Our results also emphasise the potential value of further research on the “Millennium Eruption” of Mount Paektu/Changbaishan (946 CE), whose climatic consequences in the East Asian region remain poorly understood. • Late Holocene climate variability in Korea reconstructed from the Yongneup moor • Fire events coincident with solar minima at ca. 2900–2700 and 2400–2300 cal yr B.P. • Potential impact of climate deterioration on Mumun (Bronze Age) societies in Korea • Fluctuations in cold–warm and dry-wet conditions during the last two millennia • Implication on the volcanic impact of the “Millennium Eruption” of Mount Paektu

The role of snowmelt discharge to runoff of an alpine watershed: Evidence from water stable isotopes

Snow is an important form of water storage which profoundly affects the hydrological processes in alpine watersheds, especially the runoff during snowmelt period. As the strong impact of climate change, the concern about snowmelt water to runoff in alpine watersheds is dramatically growing. However, the studies are mainly focused on arid and semi-arid areas, the research on semi-humid regions sensitive to the climate change need to be strengthened. In this study, for evaluating the contribution of snowmelt water to runoff in snowmelt period, we calculated the stable isotope values (δD, δ18O and d-excess) of different water bodies including river, snow, rain, groundwater, and snowmelt water in the Erdaobaihe River watershed of Changbai Mountains area. The results indicated that the δ18O values of snowmelt water showed an increasing trend with increasing temperature, while the d-excess values of snowmelt water showed a decreasing trend. During the snowmelt period, the snow cover ratio varied from 20.31% to 0.02%. The contribution ratio of snowmelt water to runoff was from 14.4% to 59.8% with average of 42.60% and the total contribution discharge was about 36.56 × 106 m3, which was higher than inland mountainous areas as different elevation and climate. As the stable water source of river, the groundwater contributed 19.2–61.6% with average of 43.88%. The snowmelt water plays an important role in regional water balance. Owing to climate change, the snowfall period in Changbai Mountains was gradually shortening and extreme snowfall events were increasing. The results will provide evidence for further hydrological studies and help to plan future water management strategies in the alpine watershed.

Changes in assembly processes of soil microbial communities in forest-to-cropland conversion in Changbai Mountains, northeastern China

In response to human-induced changes in the environment, it is crucial to assess the underlying factors of the impacts of forest conversion on ecosystem function. However, research is limited on bacteria and fungi diversity, functional properties, and community assembly mechanisms in response to forest-to-cropland conversion. We categorized soil bacterial and fungal communities from primary forest, secondary forest, and cropland in Changbai Mountains, China. We found that forest-to-cropland conversion altered the structure and composition of bacterial and fungal communities and might be associated with potential changes in function. The null models indicated that the conversion from forest to cropland enhanced the bacterial dispersal limitation process and weakened the fungal dispersal limitation processes. Furthermore, ecological drift dominates the ecological processes of cropland fungi. Both edaphic properties (the content of C: N ratio, available phosphorus, nitrate) significantly impacted on soil bacterial and fungal community structures. In addition, there were significant functional variations in the fungal community between forest-to-cropland. The ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi showed increased abundance in the forest microbial communities, whereas the endophytic and pathogenic fungal abundance was increased in cropland soil. Taken together, our data illustrate the differences in the response of bacteria and fungi to forest-to-cropland conversion in temperate forest areas and deepen our understanding of the effects of forest conversion on microbial functions and community assembly processes.