Ti Substrate Surface Research Articles

Synthesis of multifunctional Ti/RuO2-ZnO composite catalytic electrodes for electrochemical oxidation and hydrogen production from toluene-containing wastewater

Developing electrodes that effectively perform indirect oxidation on nondecomposable organic compounds is a key objective in electrochemical oxidation research. This study focuses on fabricating a Ti/RuO2-ZnO electrode through a simple pyrolysis method on a Ti substrate etched with hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid etching played a pivotal role in enhancing coating stability by markedly increasing the Ti substrate's surface area and hydrophilicity. Analyzing the linear sweep voltammetry revealed that the electrode exhibited a low overvoltage of the oxygen evolution reaction, reaching 221 mV at 10 mA cm−2, indicating effective use as an active anode. The electrode's performance was evaluated by removing toluene contained in a 0.1 M NaCl solution at pH 5. The electrochemical reaction generated active chlorine in the solution, oxidizing 98.66 % of toluene over 3 h and concurrently producing 25.62 mL of hydrogen. This study presents a simple and effective synthesis of a RuO2-based active anode, demonstrating its potential application not only in removing toluene from wastewater but also in hydrogen production.

Comparative Study of Resin and Silane Coupling Agents Coating Treatments on Bonding Strength Improvement of Titanium and Carbon Fiber Composites

In this study, anodizing treatment was utilized to etch titanium (Ti) substrates’ surface to prefabricate nano-cavities. Resin pre-coating (RPC) and three silane coupling agents’ coating (CAC) techniques were further applied to porous Ti substrates surface to compare the reinforcement effect of adhesive bonding strength. SEM images show that nano-cavities have been prepared to create a greater contact area and vertical volume on Ti substrate surface, fully covered by resin coatings via RPC. A higher surface roughness and better surface wetting are also obtained by the testing results of atomic force microscope and contact angles. Single lap shear tests results indicate that specimens with “anodizing + RPC” treatment yield the best average shear strength of 20.73 MPa, increased by 31.7% compared to anodizing base strength and at least 63.0% higher than silane KH-550/560/792-coated specimens. A dominant cohesive failure and fiber-tearing on CFRP’s shallow surface, instead of adhesive debonding failure, are shown in the appearances of damaged specimens, proving that the RPC technique has a more effective bonding strength reinforcement in titanium and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (Ti-CFRP) composites’ toughening. Thus, the simple RPC technique can be regarded as a new-type alternative to adhesive joint toughening to manufacture high-performance composites for aerospace applications.

Zwitterionic coating assisted by dopamine with metal-phenolic networks loaded on titanium with improved biocompatibility and antibacterial property for artificial heart.

Introduction: Titanium (Ti) and Ti-based alloy materials are commonly used to develop artificial hearts. To prevent bacterial infections and thrombus in patients with implanted artificial hearts, long-term prophylactic antibiotics and anti-thrombotic drugs are required, and this may lead to health complications. Therefore, the development of optimized antibacterial and antifouling surfaces for Ti-based substrate is especially critical when designing artificial heart implants. Methods: In this study, polydopamine and poly-(sulfobetaine methacrylate) polymers were co-deposited to form a coating on the surface of Ti substrate, a process initiated by Cu2+ metal ions. The mechanism for the fabrication of the coating was investigated by coating thickness measurements as well as Ultraviolet-visible and X-ray Photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy. Characterization of the coating was observed by optical imaging, scanning electron microscope (SEM), XPS, atomic force microscope (AFM), water contact angle and film thickness. In addition, antibacterial property of the coating was tested using Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as model strains, while the material biocompatibility was assessed by the antiplatelet adhesion test using platelet-rich plasma and in vitro cytotoxicity tests using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and red blood cells. Results and discussion: Optical imaging, SEM, XPS, AFM, water contact angle, and film thickness tests demonstrated that the coating was successfully deposited on the Ti substrate surface. The biocompatibility and antibacterial assays showed that the developed surface holds great potential for improving the antibacterial and antiplatelet adhesion properties of Ti-based heart implants.

Electrochemical Characteristics of the Anodized Titanium Oxide Films in Sulfuric Acid

This article presents some research into titanium electrode anodizing in H2SO4 solutions in the potential range –1 to 5 V at different scan rates (10, 50, 100 mV s–1) using cyclic voltammetry measurements. Linear potentiodynamic measurements had used before and after the oxide layer formed on the titanium surface. The characterization and the exact determination of the titanium oxides species on the Ti substrate surface had performed by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. Three characteristic oxide peaks appeared in the electrochemical measurements. These had observed at 0.2 V, 2.3 V, and 3.5 V on cyclic voltammetry curves at all scan rates for all H2SO4 concentrations. Even more, cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that all peaks observed were evident even at higher scan rates. That suggested that robust oxidation of the Ti surface had occurred. Voltammetric tests showed that the passivation of the titanium surface was effective. XRD and SEM-EDS measurements confirmed the existence of TiO2 species in a crystalline form on the titanium surface after anodizing in 3M H2SO4 and annealing the anodized Ti electrode at 400℃ in the airflow. A significant increase in the loading of TiO2 film annealed at 400℃ of the previous anodized Ti anode in H2SO4 was registered.

Influence of Substrate Surface Roughness on Synthesized Diamond Films by Flame Combustion on Ti Substrate for Dental Implants

The flame combustion method enables the synthesis of diamonds via acetylene-oxygen gas flame combustion in ambient air, and this method has various advantages over other methods. However, most diamond films synthesized by this method delaminate because of thermal stress during cooling. Titanium (Ti) has recently been utilized as a dental implant in the dental industry. In this study, to improve the strength, wear resistance, and biocompatibility of dental implant surfaces, diamond films were synthesized on a Ti substrate, a dental implant material, by the flame combustion method. Moreover, to obtain high-quality diamond films and achieve good adhesion on the Ti substrate, as a pretreatment of the substrate to prevent delamination, scratch processing, in which a substrate is ground with emery paper in one direction, was performed to roughen the surface. The surface roughness of the Ti substrates was varied by scratching with emery paper of #180, #400, and #1500 grain sizes. According to these results, diamond films were synthesized on the Ti substrate surface by flame combustion. The surface morphology of the synthesized films could be altered by varying the scratching process using emery paper. Delamination of the synthesized films during the scratching process with emery paper #180 (Case A) and #400 (Case B) grain size was completely prevented. However, delamination occurred during the scratching process with a grain size of emery paper #1500 (Case C). To investigate the reason for this result, the surface roughness of the pretreated Ti substrate was observed, and it affected the surface roughness of pretreated Ti substrate affected the surface morphology and delamination of the synthesized diamond films.

Laser cladding preparation of HA-Ag gradient bioactive ceramic coating: A feasibility study

Laser cladding is one of the most potential techniques to prepare hydroxyapatite (HA) bioactive ceramic coating on titanium (Ti) surface to enhance bioactivity of orthopedic implants. However, there exists a disadvantage that HA is easy to be decomposed due to laser overheating for melting Ti metal or converted into a non-bioactive substance due to chemical reaction with Ti metal. In this paper, a novel technique for preparing a higher bioactive ceramic coating with a three-layer gradient structure on medical Ti substrate surface by wide-band laser cladding process was proposed. Firstly, a silver (Ag) barrier layer was prepared on Ti substrate by using 100 wt% Ag powder, which was used to block the diffusion of Ti element to the coating, so as to avoid the chemical reaction between HA and Ti to generate non-bioactive calcium titanate (CaTiO 3 ). Secondly, a transition layer was prepared in the middle by using the powder mixture of HA and Ag in weight ratio of 3:1 as the cladding material on the barrier layer. Finally, a HA bioactive ceramic layer was prepared on the transition layer at lower laser power density by using 100 wt% HA powder, which could help to create osseointegration between the coating and the host bone tissue. The morphology, phase compositions of the three functional layers of the HA-Ag bioactive ceramic coating were investigated, and their formation mechanisms were analyzed. The bioactivity and biocompatibility of the coating were assessed respectively by simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion test and cell culture test in vitro . The results showed that the main phase of the bioactive layer of the gradient coating was HA, which exhibited excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility. The proposed method of bioactivity modification for Ti metal implant surface is feasible, which has a good prospect for bone tissue engineering applications. • A bioactive ceramic coating with three-layer gradient structure was prepared. • The Ag barrier layer prevented Ti element in substrate from diffusing to coating. • The coating had excellent bioactivity and potential ability of osseointegration. • The coating exhibited comparable biocompatibility to medical Ti metal.

Laser Assisted Size Reduction of Gold (Au) Particles onto a Titanium (Ti) Substrate Surface

This paper aims to perform laser assisted size reduction to nanoparticles of gold (Au) sputtered layer on titanium (Ti) base material using an innovative method that could potentially be applied in novel blood contact and thromboresistive devices in the living body, such as ventricular assist devices (VADs). The enrichment of the surface layer of titanium with gold nanoparticles, due to its bioproperties, may contribute to the reduction of inflammatory reactions and infections occurring mainly in the first postoperative period causing implant failure. The possibility of obtaining superficial size reduction and/or bonding of nano gold particles with Ti micromachining by picosecond laser treatment was evaluated. The quantitative assessment of the particles has been made using SEM and are depicted on the histograms, whereby the appropriate number of particles determine the antibacterial properties and health safety. The initial analysis of micromachining process of the prepared material was focused on power-depth dependence by confocal microscopy. The evaluation of gold particles was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using SE and QBSD detectors with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Attempts to reduce the deposited gold coating to the size of Au nanoparticles and to melt them into titanium matrix using a laser beam have been successfully completed. There seems to be no strict relationship between particle size distribution of gold onto Ti, probably due to too low energy to excite titanium enough, resulting from difference in Ti and Au melting point temperatures. However, the obtained results allow continuation of pilot studies for augmented research and material properties analysis in the future.

Formation of boride layers on a commercially pure Ti surface produced via powder metallurgy

Abstract In this study, powder metallurgy was applied in a furnace atmosphere to form titanium boride layers on a commercially pure Ti surface. Experiments were carried out using the solid-state boriding method at 900 °C and 1000°C for 12 h and 24 h. Samples were produced by pressing the commercially pure Ti powders under 870 MPa. The sintering process required by the powder metallurgy method was carried out simultaneously with the boriding process. Thus, the sintering and boriding were performed in one stage. The formation of the boride layer was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, optical-light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and elemental dispersion spectrometry analyses. In addition, microhardness measurements were performed to examine the effect of the boriding process on hardness. The Vickers microhardness of the boronized surface reached 1773 HV, which was much higher than the 150 HV hardness of the commercially pure Ti substrate. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the boriding process had enabled the formation of TiB and TiB2 on the powder metallurgy Ti substrate surface. Consequently, the production of Ti via powder metallurgy is a potentially cost-effective alternative to the conventional method, and the boriding process supplies TiB and TiB2 that provide super-high hardness and excellent wear and corrosion resistance.

Simultaneous deposition of tannic acid and poly(ethylene glycol) to construct the antifouling polymeric coating on Titanium surface

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are primarily explored to produce biomedical implants owing to their improved mechanical stability, corrosion resistance, low density, and good biocompatibility. Despite, Ti substrate surfaces are easily contaminated by plasma proteins and bacteria. Herein, a simple one-step process for the simultaneous deposition of a polyphenol tannic acid (TA) and four-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG10k-4−OH) on the Ti substrate (Ti-TA/PEG) surface was described. Additionally, a two-step process has been employed to fabricate the Ti-TA-PEG surface via successive deposition of TA and PEG10k-4−OH for comparison. The resultant Ti-TA/PEG surface prepared by simultaneous deposition of TA and PEG10k-4−OH exhibits higher coating thickness and better surface coverage than the Ti-TA-PEG surface. The Ti-TA/PEG and Ti-TA-PEG surfaces could actively inhibit the non-specific adsorption of proteins, suppress the bacterial and platelet adhesion, and prevents biofilm formation. Moreover, the Ti-TA/PEG surface displays a better antifouling performance than the Ti-TA-PEG surface. Thus, the present study demonstrates a simple and convenient approach for constructing polymeric coating with good anti-adhesive properties on the Ti substrate surface.

The Effect of Electrophoretic Deposition Parameters on the Microstructure and Adhesion of Zein Coatings to Titanium Substrates.

Zein coatings were obtained by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on commercially pure titanium substrates in an as-received state and after various chemical treatments. The properties of the zein solution, zeta potential and conductivity, at varying pH values were investigated. It was found that the zein content and the ratio of water to ethanol of the solution used for EPD, as well as the process voltage value and time, significantly influence the morphology of coatings. The deposits obtained from the solution containing 150 g/L and 200 g/L of zein and 10 vol % of water and 90 vol % of ethanol, about 4–5 μm thick, were dense and homogeneous. The effect of chemical treatment of the Ti substrate surface prior to EPD on coating adhesion to the substrate was determined. The coatings showed the highest adhesion to the as-received and anodized substrates due to the presence of a thick TiO2 layer on their surfaces and the presence of specific surface features. Coated titanium substrates showed slightly lower electrochemical corrosion resistance than the uncoated one in Ringer’s solution. The coatings showed a well-developed surface topography compared to the as-received substrate, and they demonstrated hydrophilic nature. The present results provide new insights for the further development of zein-based composite coatings for biomedical engineering applications.

Effects of Mg-Al Alloy and Pure Ti on High Temperature Wetting and Coherency on Al Interface Using the Sessile Drop Method

In this study, high temperature wetting analysis and AZ80/Ti interfacial structure observation are performed for the mixture of AZ80 and Ti, and the effect of Al on wetting in Mg alloy is examined. Both molten AZ80 and pure Mg have excellent wettability because the wet angle between molten droplets and the Ti substrate is about 10° from initial contact. Wetting angle decreases with time, and wetting phenomenon continues between droplets and substrate; the change in wetting angle does not show a significant difference when comparing AZ80-Ti and Mg-Ti. As a result of XRD of the lower surface of the AZ80-Ti sample, in addition to the Ti peak of the substrate, the peak of TiAl3, which is a Ti-Al intermetallic compound, is confirmed, and TiAl3 is generated in the Al enrichment region of the Ti substrate surface. EDS analysis is performed on the droplet tip portion of the sample section in which pure Mg droplets are dropped on the Ti substrate. Concentration of oxygen by the natural oxide film is not confirmed on the Ti surface, but oxygen is distributed at the tip of the droplet on the Mg side. Molten AZ80 and Ti-based compound phases are produced by thickening of Al in the vicinity of Ti after wetting is completed, and Al in the Mg alloy does not affect the wetting. The driving force of wetting progression is a thermite reaction that occurs between Mg and TiO2, and then Al in AZ80 thickens on the Ti substrate interface to form an intermetallic compound.

Electrodeposition of High-Surface-Area IrO2 Films on Ti Felt as an Efficient Catalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Under acidic conditions, IrO2 exhibits high catalytic activity with respect to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the practical application of Ir-based catalysts is significantly limited owing to their high cost in addition to the scarcity of the metal. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of the utilization of such catalysts. In this study, IrO2-coated Ti felt (IrO2/Ti) electrodes were prepared as high-efficiency catalysts for the OER under acidic conditions. By controlling the surface roughness of the Ti substrate via wet etching, the optimum Ti substrate surface area for application in the IrO2/Ti electrode was determined. Additionally, the IrO2 film that was electrodeposited on the 30 min etched Ti felt had a large surface area and a uniform morphology. Furthermore, there were no micro-cracks and the electrode obtained (IrO2/Ti-30) exhibited superior catalytic performance with respect to the OER, with a mass activity of 362.3 A at a potential of 2.0 V (vs. RHE) despite the low Ir loading (0.2 mg cm−2). Therefore, this proposed strategy for the development of IrO2/Ti electrodes with substrate surface control via wet etching has potential for application in the improvement of the efficiency of catalyst utilization with respect to the OER.

Hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti substrates by simultaneous precipitation and electrodeposition

This paper presents hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings electrodeposited onto titanium by a new electrochemical approach: one precursor is present in the electrolysis cell, while the other precursor is dropwisely added, simultaneously with the application of an electrochemical potential. The addition order of the precursors was alternated, and the Ti substrate surface modifications were evidenced using various characterization methods. The coatings displayed higher crystallinity, with HA crystals organized into hemispheres, and a double ceramic layer configuration: one uniform base layer (submicrometric crystals), continuous in all cases and with higher density, and one upper layer (micrometric units), uniform only for longer deposition times and with lower density. Adhesion tests were performed to determine coating-substrate bonding strength. Artificial saliva solution tests conducted at 37 °C for 30 and 60 days were followed by XRD and SEM characterizations. The coatings could be useful for dentistry or orthopaedics applications, favouring the implant connection with the living tissue.

Effects of surface roughening and calcite coating of titanium on cell growth and differentiation.

Medical pure titanium (Ti) exhibits excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability in clinical use, but its initial osteointegration period is often postponed due to the bioinert nature of the Ti surface. Roughening and bioactive material coating of Ti implant surfaces are considered effective to enhance the bioactivity of Ti implants. In this study, we evaluated the effects of surface roughening and calcite (CaCO3) coating of Ti substrates on osteoblastic cell differentiation and growth. We roughened the Ti substrate surface by acid etching, followed by coating with calcite by thermal decomposition of Ca(NO3)2 to CaO followed by thermal carbonation of CaO to CaCO3. The surface topography of roughened Ti substrates (rough Ti) fluctuated, and the arithmetic average of surface roughness (Ra) was 2.2 µm. The rough topography was retained even after calcite coating of rough Ti, and the calcite-coated Ti (calcite-Ti) has an Ra of 2.0 µm. The tensile adhesive and shear adhesive strengths between calcite coating and Ti surface in calcite–Ti were 56.6 ± 16.1 and 10.1 ± 1.39 MPa, respectively. The biological properties and response of calcite–Ti were evaluated in vitro using a pre-osteoblastic cell line (MC3T3-E1). Observation of cell morphology by scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining revealed that MC3T3-E1 cells attached favorably to the surface with polygonal and filopodial extensions on calcite–Ti. The combination of roughening and calcite coating of the Ti substrate surface significantly increased cell proliferation at 1, 3, and 7 days of incubation. Furthermore, the relative alkaline phosphatase activity of calcite–Ti was higher than that of untreated Ti substrates (smooth Ti) and rough Ti after incubation for 7 days. Thus, the combined surface roughening and calcite coating of Ti substrates promoted MC3T3-E1 differentiation, whereas roughening alone was not effective.

Visible light‐induced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of N‐doped TiO2

Previous reports of some studies have described that nitrogen (N)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) exhibits photocatalytic antibacterial activity under visible light irradiation and that reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in its activity. For prevention and treatment of peri-implantitis, an inflammatory lesion caused by the bacterial infection of plaque adhering to the circumference of an implant, we considered that applying N-doped TiO2 to dental implant surfaces can be effective. For this study, we aimed at evaluating visible light-induced antibacterial activity of titanium (Ti) treated with NaOH and hot water, and subsequently heated in an ammonia (NH3 ) gas atmosphere at 500°C for 3 hr to quantify the generated amount of ROS available for antibacterial activity. N-doped anatase-type titania (TiO2 -xNx) is formed on the Ti substrate surface. Under visible light, markedly more hydroxyl radicals were generated with a nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide plate than with a pure titanium plate. Hydrogen peroxide exhibited the same tendency. Furthermore, it showed visible light-induced antibacterial effects over Escherichia coli. Results demonstrate that N-doped TiO2 can be useful as a dental implant surface with low risk of postoperative infection when using visible light irradiation.

Growth orientation mechanism of TiO2 nanotubes fabricated by anodization

TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) fabricated by anodization have been extensively researched in recent years. However, the mechanism that controls the growth orientation of anodic TNTs is still not clear. Here, we firstly examine their growth orientation systematically. Combined with the previous literature, the results of anodization on rotated Ti foil and thin Ti wire confirm that almost all of the TNTs grow vertically to the local Ti substrate surface. Their growth orientation predominantly depends on the local electric field around the bottom of the nanotube. The distribution of the local electric field is regulated by the shape of the initial nano-scale local Ti substrate surface (INLTSS). Most of the INLTSS is nearly flat, which leaves vertical, circular, and straight TNTs. In terms of the evolution of TNTs fabricated on a micron-scale convex surface, the vertical growth of TNTs leads to a continuous decrease in the oxide/substrate (O/S) interface area, and a few TNTs are periodically crushed and detached from the O/S interface. For a micron-scale concave surface, due to the ever-increasing O/S interface area, Y-branched TNTs occurred periodically as a response to avoid a vacancy on the oxide/substrate interface.

Relationship between the properties of an interlayer formed by in situ Ti anodization and anaphoretically deposited hydroxyapatite

The optimization of the anodization process of Ti substrate for in situ synthesis of hydroxyapatite/titanium oxide composite coatings on titanium substrate was accomplished. The anodization was performed under 30, 60 and 90 V cell voltage, and the morphology of treated surface, as well as linear and surface roughness, were analysed by field emission-scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and roughness tester. It was shown by linear and surface roughness analyses that titanium anodized under 60 V has the highest roughness, whereas at 90 V the flattening of the surface occurs. As the highest surface roughness results emerged at 60 V, the novel process of composite anHAp/TiO2 coating synthesis, which comprises simultaneous processes of TiO2 formation and HAp deposition, as well as HAp impregnation within TiO2 surface layer, was performed at this voltage. Ti substrate surface was completely covered by composite coating, with no visible cracks. The adhesion quantified according to ASTM D3359-02 standard is considerably improved with respect to the coatings obtained by cathaphoretic processes, with no need of subsequent sintering.

Synthesis of Diamond Films on Ti Substrate Surface for Dental Implant by Flame Combustion

Synthesis of Diamond Films on Ti Substrate Surface for Dental Implant by Flame Combustion

Tuning substrate roughness to improve uniform growth and photocurrent response in anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays

Here we report on the effect of Ti substrate surface roughness on the morphology of anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs), as well as their crystal structure and photocurrent response measured in the backside illuminated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). TNAs grown on Ti substrates with higher roughness exhibited a non-uniform morphology, which encompassed both thick and thin-walled nanotubes. Reduction of the substrate roughness by different polishing methods causes the morphology of all of nanotubes to become uniform with thin wall thickness. Moreover, the compressive strain was reduced by decreasing the roughness according to the X-ray diffraction patterns. DSSCs fabricated using TNAs grown on the smoothest substrate showed a significantly higher conversion efficiency than that of the TNAs grown on the roughest substrate by a factor of 100%. Furthermore, TNAs grown on the smoothest substrate showed higher electron lifetime and lower recombination. Therefore, it has an enhancing effect on the photocurrent response of the anodized TNAs in backside illuminated DSSCs.

Polydopamine-Assisted Hydroxyapatite and Lactoferrin Multilayer on Titanium for Regulating Bone Balance and Enhancing Antibacterial Property.

Maintaining the balance between bone formation and bone resorption as well as reducing bacterial infection are two major challenges for titanium (Ti) when it is used as the implant in orthopedic surgery. Because of its excellent properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, promoting osteoblasts, and inhibiting osteoclasts growth, lactoferrin (LF) is a potential bioactive molecule for surface modification of Ti implants. Inspired by the highly hierarchical structure of natural bone tissue, in this work, a polydopamine-assisted hydroxyapatite and lactoferrin multilayer structure (PDA-HA-LF) was prepared onto the Ti substrate surface by a biomimetic approach and spin-assisted layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly technique. Meanwhile, its capabilities on regulation of bone balance and antibacterial properties were measured with cell experiments and antimicrobial activity in vitro. Furthermore, the regulation theory was investigated by qPCR and theoretical simulation. The results showed that the biological properties of LF are highly correlated with its concentration. High concentration of LF was toxic to osteoblasts but has obvious effects on inhibition of osteoclasts and bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli). However, through polydopamine-assisted hydroxyapatite deposition, cytotoxicity of LF could be improved. The modified Ti implant could greatly improve the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Meanwhile, the activity of osteoclasts was somewhat inhibited, which indicated that the modified Ti implant could efficiently regulate the balance between bone resorption and bone formation, as well as have a certain antibacterial effect.