Thyme Powder Research Articles

Changes in the quality of flaxseed oil powder produced by incorporating with microcrystalline cellulose and thyme

Flaxseed oil is a high nutrition oil, rich in ω-3 fatty acid, tocopherols and phenolic compounds. However, it is prone to oxidation due to its high unsaturation which needs pretreatments to be easily introduce to the market. In this study, flaxseed oil was converted to powder form by mixing with microcrystalline cellulose (MC) and thyme powder to produce flaxseed oil powder. For this purpose, 3 different levels of thyme powder (5%, 10% and 15% of oil) were mixed with oil, followed by mixing with different proportions of MC (50:50, 50:75, 50:100 (oil:MC)) and stored for 90 days at 25 °C and 4 °C. Results indicated that the total phenolic compounds (23.2–91.2 mg GAE/100 g), chlorophyll (9–63.6 mg/kg), and carotenoid (4.4–9.9 mg/kg) contents increased with the incorporation of thyme powder into the flaxseed oil on the first day in 25 °C and 4 °C. Also during 90 days storage, phenolic compound (21.8%), chlorophyll (32.5%) and carotenoid (24%) decreased in both 25 °C and 4 °C temperatures. The results confirmed that adding thyme powder to samples decreased acidity and peroxide value in compare with control. Using thyme as a natural antioxidant and also transforming the oil to powder form by MC increased the oxidative stability in compare with control. The produced high stable flaxseed oil powder has the potential to be used directly on food products like salads or to be used in different food formulations to fortify them with natural antioxidants and ω-3 essential fatty acids.

Effects of combined use of thyme powder and aqueous extract on growth performance, carcass and organ characteristics, blood parameters, enzymes, immune system and jejunum morphology in broilers

This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of Thyme Extract (TE) and Thyme Powder (TP) on growth performance, carcass and organ characteristics, blood parameters, enzymes, immune system, and intestinal morphology in broilers. The experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replications and 10 Ross 308 male broilers in each replication for 42 days. Experimental treatments included aqueous extract of thyme (50 and 100 mg/kg feed) and thyme powder (150 and 250 mg/kg feed) which were used in combination with the basal diet (control). The effect of treatments was analyzed by SAS statistical software and the means were compared at 5% probability level with Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that in the final period of the experiment, different levels of TE and TP had a significant effect on daily weight gain, feed intake and conversion ratio improvement (P<0.05) so that the highest mean was related to treatment TE (100) + TP (250). The effects of different levels of TE and TP were significantly different on European index, economic value and total weight of the period (P<0.05), meaning that the highest means were related to TE (100) + TP (250), and the lowest means were related to TE (0) and TP (0). Different levels of TE and TP had significant effects on the relative weight of thymus, live weight, wing weight, ventricular fat and pancreas (P<0.05). The effect of different levels of TE and TP on the immunity was significant throughout the period (P<0.05). The higher levels of TE and TP increased the villi length, villi width, crypt depth, layer thickness and the ratio of villi length to crypt depth to the control treatment. Based on the results of the present study, the use of TE (100 mg/kg) + TP (250 mg/kg) in the diet is recommended to supplement the diet of Ross 308 broilers.

The Effects of Probiotic and Thyme Powder on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Broilers with Normal and Crude Protein Reduced Diets

The Effects of Probiotic and Thyme Powder on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Broilers with Normal and Crude Protein Reduced Diets

A blend of thyme and rosemary powders with poultry by-product meal can be used as a natural antioxidant in broilers

A total of 500, 14-d old male Ross 308 broilers were allocated into five treatments (4 replicates each) including: a negative (NC) and positive control diet (PC) which supplemented without and with 7% poultry by-product meal (PBPM), respectively and three levels of additive supplementation of thyme and rosemary powders in the basal diets: 0.750% rosemary powder (PCR); 0.375% thyme powder + 0.375% rosemary powder (PCRT), and 0.750% thyme powder (PCT) rosemary powder. The PCRT diet improved (p <0.05) average daily gain and feed conversion ratio by 5.62 and 10.37% compared to PC, respectively. The serum concentration of lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein) was decreased while the ileal villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt depth as well as ileal microbiota population were improved (p <0.05) in response to inclusion PCRT diet compared to PC diet. The blood serum concentration of malondialdehyde was statistically decreased (p <0.05) by supplementation of PCRT in broiler diets. Our results suggested that supplementation of a blend of thyme and rosemary powders at the level of 0.375% of each into broiler diet during d 14-42 has merit to be used as a natural antioxidant in diets formulated by PBPM.

Protective role of almond and thyme in carbonated beverage-induced osteoporosis in male albino rats

Osteoporosis is a common health problem distinguished by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, thus increase bone fragility and fracture. Nutrition possesses a critical role in reducing osteoporosis risks among its impact on fragility factors, particularly on bone mass development and maintenance. The current study was carried out to assess and compare the protective effect of almond and thyme against osteoporosis induced by excessive intake of carbonated beverage (Coca-Cola) in rats. Forty-eight adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into six groups: G1, control negative fed balanced diet; G2, control positive fed balanced diet and received Coca-Cola orally by gavage (20 ml/day) (CB); G3, almond powder (5g/100g diet) (A); G4, thyme powder (5g/100g diet) (T) and G5, (CB) +(A); 6, (CB)+(T)). Almond and thyme supplementation significantly reduced the development of osteoporosis as well as inflammation and oxidative stress. Our findings show that almond and thyme can effectively reduce soft drink-induced bone loss and could be used as dietary supplements to prevent bone resorption and osteoporosis.

Effect of the Addition of Thyme “Thymus vulgaris” Leaves on the Sensory and Nutritional Quality of Lamb Meat

Background: The shelf life of meat products can be increased by adding synthetic antioxidants. These antioxidants have long been used, but their safety has recently come into dispute due to a suspected carcinogenic potential. This is why meat technologies have extracted new natural antioxidants from spices and herbs, which are the best alternatives to synthetic compounds. So, the addition of natural flavors (essential oils, powder or extract of aromatic plants) to the meat can improve organoleptic quality and consumer acceptability. Methods: This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and organoleptic qualities of meat fortified with thyme powder. With this purpose, 16 samples from four muscles of legs from 4 lambs were used in this work. The muscles were divided into two groups, control group (meat without any supplementation) and thyme group (meat supplemented with thyme). In this later group, a dose of 5% of ground thyme dry leaves was added to the meat. Result: Results showed no significant differences were found among groups for cooking loss, but was slightly higher for meat treated with thymus (33.29 vs. 28.36%). No significant differences between the two groups were observed for the ash, fat and crude protein contents of the meat. At the same manner, no effect was observed on meat lightness (L) and yellowness (b*) (P greater than 0.05), on the contrary, redness (a*) of the meat was affected by addition of thyme (11.28±1.23 vs. 23.06±9.80). Also, significant (P less than 0.05) differences were observed in texture scores, flavor, color and taste between control and the 5% thyme-supplemented meat samples. The overall acceptability of supplemented meat samples was highest (P≤0.05) as compared to control (5.91±2.32 vs. 4.35±2.66). In conclusion, addition of thyme leaves did not affect the physical and chemical properties of meat, except for redness and improved sensory quality.

Effect of Thyme Addition on some Chemical and Biological Properties of Sunflower Oil

Antioxidants are used to prevent oxidative changes and flavor development in oils and fats. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant effect of adding thyme powder added on sunflower oil during frying at different temperature intervals (250 ± 1 °C). Thyme powders were added to sunflower oil at ratio of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, and the frying period were estimated for 2 h at 250 ± 1 °C. The oil samples collected intervals were at 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 h and the potatoes were fried in each time. The antioxidant activity of thyme powders was 93.05 %, estimated using DPPH root scanning methods. The values of acid, peroxide and, the saponification, ​​and the fatty acid content were considered criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of thyme powder in improving the quality of sunflower oil during frying. Our results confirmed that the adding thyme powder to sunflower oil improved their chemical properties, leading to decrease the acid, peroxide, and saponification values, and unsaturated fatty acids increased. Examination of serum function of rats fed with fried potatoes in sunflower oil-added thyme powder decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides, while high-density lipoprotein increased. Moreover the results confirmed that thyme powder reduces liver and kidney functions compared to the control sample. Therefore, adding thyme to sunflower oil retards oxidative decomposition and improves its quality as a natural antioxidant to prolong oil stability.

Effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) powder on acid-base balance, rumen, and blood constituents in healthy Egyptian sheep

Effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) powder on acid-base balance, rumen, and blood constituents in healthy Egyptian sheep

Влияние трав и грецкого ореха на качественные характеристики ветчины

Aim. To determine the effect of the addition of thyme and rosemary, as well as walnut on the quality characteristics of the resulting ham. Materials and Methods. Low-fat pork (GOST 31476-2012), purchased at a local meat processing plant, dried thyme (GOST 21816-89), dried rosemary, walnuts (GOST 32874-2014) were used for the preparation of ham samples. The production of the studied ham samples was carried out in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documentation (GOST 31790-2012 "Boiled pork products. Technical specifications"). Sampling and preparation of samples for laboratory tests was carried out according to a single method in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 51447-99 (ISO 3100-1-91). The organoleptic parameters were determined according to the requirements of GOST 9959-91; GOST R 53159-2008; GOST R 53161-2008. The mass fraction of fat was determined according to GOST 23042-86; protein-according to GOST 25011-81; energy value-by the calculated method. Results. The pH value in the ham was significantly reduced with the addition of thyme and rosemary compared to the control before and after storage. Ham, in the formulation of which rosemary and thyme powder was introduced, had the highest mass fraction of protein – 27.5%, which is 0.8 and 2.1% more than in the control and II experimental samples with the addition of nuts, respectively. The inclusion of walnuts in the recipe significantly affected the mass fraction of fat in the II experimental sample – 5.7%, which is 2.5 and 0.7% more than in the control and I experimental samples, respectively. The energy value of the I prototype was the highest and amounted to 159.25 kcal per 100 g, which is respectively more than in the control and II prototype by 20.02 and 2.1 kcal. Conclusion. The addition of thyme and rosemary significantly affected the color of the ham, but at the same time increased the functional and technological properties, nutritional and biological value of the finished product. Adding walnuts to the ham recipe gave it a nutty taste. Thus, the resulting products have a high-energy value and are competitive.

Effects of thyme powder and aqueous extract on fatty acid profile of breast meat in broiler chicks

Auswirkungen von Thymianpulver und wässrigem Extrakt auf das Fettsäureprofil von Brustfleisch bei Masthähnchen Dieser Versuch wurde durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen von Thymian (Thymus vulgaris)-Extrakt und Thymian-Pulver auf das Fettsäureprofil des Brustfleisches bei Broilern zu bewerten. Das Experiment umfasste wässrigen Thymianextrakt (50 und 100 mg/kg Futter) und Thymianpulver (150 und 250 mg/kg Futter), die in Kombination mit dem Grundfutter (Kontrolle) verwendet wurden. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der höchste Prozentsatz an ungesättigten Fettsäuren mit höheren Mengen an Thymianpulver und Thymianextrakt zusammenhängt; der höchste Mittelwert wurde mit Thymianextrakt (100) + Thymianpulver (250) und der niedrigste mit Thymianextrakt (0) + Thymianpulver (0) erzielt. Im Allgemeinen kann in der vorliegenden Studie geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Verwendung von Thymianpulver und Thymianextrakt in der Ernährung von Ross 308 Broilern einige gesättigte Fettsäuren verringerte und ungesättigte Fettsäuren erhöhte, was bestimmte gesundheitliche Vorteile hat.

Hepatoprotective activities of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) in rats suffering from obesity.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is medicinal plant in the lamiaceae family which is cultivated worldwide for cosmetic, culinary and medical uses. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of thyme on the nutritional parameters of obese rats. Phenolic and flavonoid components were detected in dry thyme powder by HPLC-UV and thyme essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. In the biological experiment, the study included 30 male rats of weight approximately 200 grams which were divided into 5 groups; each group comprising 6 rats. Group (G1) rats were fed on basal diet, serving as a negative control group (N-control), while group (G2) rats were fed on a high-fat diet (fat percentage 15%) (P-control).The same diet used in (G2) was given to group (G3) but along with orlistat supplementation (2mg/Kg BW rat/day) using a stomach tube. Similarly, the rats of groups (G4 and G5) received HFD and supplemented with thyme powder (3g/100g diet) and thyme essential oil (0.6g/100g fat), respectively. The obtained results indicated that, dry thyme powder composition included high concentration of phenolic compounds such as ellagic acid and salicylic acid, as well as high concentration of flavonoids was hesperidin. The major constituent of thyme essential oil was thymol. After 8 weeks, the rats fed on HFD and supplemented with different treatments (G3, G4, and G5) showed a significant decrement in glucose levels. In addition, the treatments also showed significantly enhanced lipid profiles, liver functions, and total antioxidant capacity. However, the activities of catalase and glutathione reduced were significantly elevated in the blood of thyme powder and essential oil-treated groups. Moreover, malondialdehyde were significantly decreased in the treated groups. The induction of redox enzymes serves as a dependable marker for assessing the antiperoxidative effect of herbs; hence, this study revealed the role of thyme powder and essential oil treatment in the reduction of histopathological and liver abnormalities associated with obesity.

Effect of Dietary Phytobiotics Supplementation On Growth, Serum Biochemical And Chemical Composition Of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus).

A Factorial experiment (2 × 2) was designed to investigate the effect of dietary phytobiotics (onion and thyme powder) and their interaction on growth, feed utilization, serum biochemical and chemical composition of whole Nile tilapia. Four experimental diets were fourmulated; Diet 1 without addition, Diet 2 containing 5.0 g kg-1 onion powder, Diet 3 containing 5.0 g kg-1 thyme powder, Diet 4 containing 5 g onion powder + 5 g thyme powder kg-1 diet. Each treatment group was assigned randomly in duplicate groups of 25 fish (4.51 ± 0.01 g/fish) in 8 plastic tanks for 84 days. The highest values of FBW, WG and SGR (%), PPV, FR and ER were recorded in Diet 4 but, the highest value of PER was obtained by fish fed diet Diet 2 supplemented with 5 g kg-1 diet onion. The best value of FCR was obtained in groups Diet 4. ALT and AST activites were significantly decresed by addition of onion and thyme powder (5 g kg-1 diet). Whereas, the lowest total protein, globulin and albumin values were estimated by fish fed on Diet 1. Supplementation of onion and thyme powder (5 g kg-1 diet) in the diets of Nile tilapia significantly effected on CP of whole – body of tilapia.

Aflatoxicosis in fingerling common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and protective effect of rosemary and thyme powder: Growth performance and digestive status

Dietary aflatoxin B1 contamination is a demanding challenge for aquaculture industry. The present study was conducted to elucidate the effect of dietary aflatoxin B1 contamination on growth and digestive status of juvenile common carp. The effect of dietary inclusion of rosemary and thyme to prevent such effects was also investigated. Fingerlings were subjected to seven treatments including various dietary aflatoxin B1 contamination (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppb) and a group received diet contained 400 ppb aflatoxin B1 and 4% rosemary and thyme powder. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. Results revealed that dietary aflatoxin B1 contamination did not affect growth performance. However, intestinal alkaline protease, lipase and amylase activity of fish were increased according to aflatoxin B1 diet levels. In addition, intestine tissue lesions including necrosis, immune cell infiltration and fibroplasia were manifested with increasing dietary aflatoxin B1 content. Digestive enzymes activity was ameliorated by dietary incorporation of the plant powder in those fish received diet with 400 ppb aflatoxin B1, but it did not prevent intestinal lesions. In conclusion, juvenile common carp showed no changes regarding various growth indices even at 400 ppb aflatoxin B1 level. Although, 50 ppb dietary aflatoxin B1 did not significantly affect growth or digestive enzymes activity of juveniles, it caused mild intestinal tissue deteriorative changes. Including the medicinal powder blend in diet with 400 ppb aflatoxin B1 could ameliorate the increased digestive enzymes activity; however, it did not prevent the intestinal tissue pathological changes. Understanding the exact mechanisms behind such protective effect requires further studies.

Evaluation the effect of using thyme and oregano powder in comparison to the antibiotic and probiotic supplementation on growth, some immune responses and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks

To determine the effect of using thyme and oregano powder supplementation on performance, some immune response and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks a total of 200 one-day-old Cobb 500 male broiler chicks were divided into the four treatments consisting of five replicates of 10 chicks each. The treatments were as control groups with no herbal, antibiotic and probiotic supplementations. control groups + virginiamycine antibiotic, control groups + protexin probiotic, control groups + 2 % of each thyme and oregano powder supplementation and Control groups + 4 % of each thyme and oregano powder supplementation. The performance parameters such as feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured during the study period. To determine immunity parameters on days 28, 0.5 mL of 10 % sheep red blood cells suspension was administrated to two chicks per each replicate through and at day 31, 3 mL blood samples were collected from left wing. On day 42, jejunum tissue samples were separated and fixed in (10 %) neutral buffer formalin and were analyzed by auto-processing apparatus, there after the slide sections were prepared by rotary microtome type (Manubeni, Erma-Tokyo, Japan) and the average of villi measurements was reported as a mean for each bird. The result of this study showed that the dietary inclusion of herbals and probiotic had no significant effects on FI and FCR of broiler chicks but higher body weight gain were seen with they received thyme+oregano supplementation. Inclusion of thyme+oregano and probiotic increased humeral immunity in broiler chicks compared to the control (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally heterophil, lymphocyte and their ratio were not influenced by experimental treatments. The villus length, villus width, and crypt depth were increased were the birds feed by oregano and thyme powders. In conclusion in current study some of beneficial acts toward using thyme and oregano powders on performance, some immune parameters and intestinal morphology on broiler chicks were demonstrated.

Dual immunological and oxidative responses in Oreochromis niloticus fish exposed to lambda cyhalothrin and concurrently fed with Thyme powder (Thymus vulgaris L.): Stress and immune encoding gene expression

The present study was performed to explore the immunotoxicological effects of the lambda cyhalothrin (LCH) insecticide and evaluate the efficiency of Thyme powder (TP) as a fish supplement in attenuation of LCH impact on Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) fish. Fish was sampled following 30-days exposure to LCH (1/6 LC50: 0.48 μg/L) and TP (2%) supplementation, individually or in combination. The growth performance, immune status, biochemical indices, and mRNA expression pattern changes of stress and immune-encoding genes in the liver and spleen tissues, respectively, through real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, were evaluated. The findings showed that LCH exposure caused a significant lowering in most of the estimated variables including growth performance, hematological and immunological indices. Moreover, LCH disrupted the oxidant/antioxidant status and dysregulated the expression of stress and immune-related genes, downregulating the mRNA transcript level of Immunoglobulin M heavy chain (IgM), Interferon (IFN-γ), CXC-chemokine, and Toll-like receptors (TLR-7) in the spleen. However, mRNA expression of Myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene remained unaffected. In liver tissue, the heat shock protein (HSP-70) expression was upregulated, while that of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP 1A) was downregulated. TP (2%) supplementation elicited a significant modulation in aforementioned indices; however, their levels did not attain that of the control values. Our findings concluded that LCH affects the O. niloticus immune response through the negative transcriptional influence on genes linked to immunity and induction of oxidative injury of the immune organs. Besides, dietary TP (2%) could be a proper candidate to modulate the compromised immunity in response to LCH exposure in O. niloticus aquaculture.

Thymus Citriodorus (Schreb) Botanical Products as Ecofriendly Nematicides with Bio-Fertilizing Properties.

In recent years, interest has surged in the development of plant extracts into botanical nematicides as ecofriendly plant protection products. Aromatic plants are maybe the most studied category of botanicals used in this direction and the yielding essential oils are obtained on a commodity scale by hydro distillation. Nevertheless, can the bioactivity of aromatic plants always be attributed to the terpenes content? What would it mean for soil microcosms to bear the treatment of an essential oil to cure against Meloidogyne sp.? Are there other extraction procedures to prepare more ecofriendly botanical products starting from an aromatic material? Lemon thyme is studied herein for the first time for its nematicidal potential. We compare the efficacy of lemon thyme powder, macerate, water extract and essential oil to control Meloidogyne incognita (Chitwood) and Meloidogyne javanica (Chitwood), and we additionally study the secondary effects on soil microbes and free-living nematodes, as well as on tomato plant growth. According to our results lemon thyme powder enhances tomato plants’ growth in a dose-response manner and when it is incorporated in soil at 1 g kg−1, it exhibits nematicidal activity at a 95% level on M. incognita. The water extract yielding from the same dose is nematicidal only if it is left unfiltered; otherwise only a paralysis effect is demonstrated but inside the soil the biological cycle of the pest is not arrested. The essential oil is good both in performing paralysis and biological cycle arrest, but it detrimentally lowers abundances of bacterial and fungal feeding nematodes. On the contrary, lemon thyme powder and unfiltered water extract augments the bacterial biomass, while the latter also increases the bacterivorous nematodes. Overall, the bio fertilizing lemon thyme powder and its unfiltered water extract successfully control root knot nematodes and are beneficial to soil microbes and saprophytic nematodes.

PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKEN FED DIFFERENT LEVELS THYME, ADIANTUM, ROSEMARY AND THEIR COMBINATION

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of medical plants (thymus vulgaris, Adiantum capillus-veneris L, Rosemarinus officinalis and their combination) supplemented in the diet on Physiological and Growth performance traits of broiler chicken. T1 Control (no supplemented), T2 Thyme powder 5 g/kg, T3 Thyme powder 10 g/kg, T4 Adiantum powder 3 g/kg, T5 Adiantum powder 5 g/kg, T6 Rosemary powder 5 g/kg, T7 Rosemary powder 10 g/kg and T8 Mixture (Thyme , Adiantum and Rosemary) with 7.5 g/kg +4 g/kg and 7.5 g/kg, respectively. A Total of 288 unsexed broiler chicks, were randomly distributed to eight treatments with three replicate. Medical plants at different levels added to basal diets at 7th days old. Live body weight and mortality rates were measured weekly. At the end of the experiment the following traits were measured: carcass traits, hematology, blood biochemical, hormonal responses, and serum enzymes parameters. There is a significant effect of medicinal plants on live body weight, feed intake and dressing percentage. Mortality rate in T2 and T7 was significant highest. While, feed conservation was not influenced by medicinal plants. There was a significant effect of treatments on abdominal fat and liver weights. Adiantum powder at different levels has significant effect on bursa and spleen weights compared to other groups. There was a significant effect of treatments on albumin, globulin, cholesterol and glucose concentration. Medicinal plants significantly affect hormonal response. The combination of plants (T8) investigated high concentration of T3 and T4 hormones. Also, addition of rosemary observed higher concentration of TSH and GH hormones. There was significant effect of medical plants on AST and ALT enzymes. There is none significant effect of medical plants on meat color among treatment.

The Impact of Thyme and Rosemary on Prevention of Osteoporosis in Rats.

Osteoporosis poses an important public health problem which affects millions of people worldwide. There is a direct link between calcium deficiency in diet and induction of osteoporosis and bone loss. The current study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) against osteoporosis in rats with low calcium intake. Essential oils of rosemary and thyme were analyzed. The experiment was carried out on growing male Sprague–Dawley rats; the experimental animals were divided into 5 groups: 1, control negative was fed standard balanced diet; 2, control positive was fed balanced diet with low calcium level (L Ca) (Ca 0.1% w/w); 3, (L Ca) + thyme powder (5% w/w); 4, (L Ca) + rosemary powder (5% w/w); 5, (L Ca) + orally administration with CaCO3 (27 mg/kg body weight). Blood samples were collected for different biochemical analyses in plasma (calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), parathyroid hormone (PTH), C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), and 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3). Femur mass, length, and bone mineral density (BMD) were recorded, and histopathological studies for femurs were examined. Low-calcium diet induced osteoporotic changes in positive control rats (decrease in Ca, vitamin D3, and BMD and increase in CTX, PTH, TNF-α, CRP, and MDA). Supplementation with thyme and rosemary inhibited significantly the development of bone loss, increased Ca and vitamin D3 in plasma, improved BMD, and also prevented the inflammation and oxidative stress (improved TNF-α, CRP and MDA) compared to the positive control. The histopathological examination of treated groups showed an improvement in bone histology and protection against bone loss. However, thyme powder showed more effective impact than rosemary. Our study demonstrates that thyme and rosemary effectively mitigated calcium deficiency-induced bone loss and maybe considered as promising candidates for preventing bone resorption and osteoporosis.

Effect of Marination on Vibrio Parahaemolyticus in Tilapia Fillets

Foodborne diseases affect millions of people each year. To reduce the incidence of bacterialfoodborne pathogens such as V. parahaemolyticus, more effective treatment methods are needed.Accordingly, the effect of marinating fish fillets with lemon juice 50% , thyme powder 4g/kg andpomegranate peel extract (PPE) (1% v/w) against V. parahaemolyticus were studied . The preparedmarinades were artificially added to fish fillet samples inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus thenhold in refrigerator at 4oC and examined every day. Results indicated that the lemon juice decreasedthe count of V. parahaemolyticus from log 8.99.±0.02 cfu/g to log ≤1 cfu/g at fourth day byreduction % 100, while thyme powder reduced the count to 4.86±0.51 log cfu/g at fifth day byreduction % 88.5. Finally, PPE decreased the count to log 4.89±0.38 cfu/g at fifth day by reduction% 76.3 . Thus, lemon juice was the most effective agent against V. parahaemolyticus as killing allthe bacteria within four days of incubation.

Utilisation of thyme powder (Thyme vulgaris L.) as a growth promoter alternative to antibiotics for broiler chickens raised in a hot climate

Utilisation of thyme powder (Thyme vulgaris L.) as a growth promoter alternative to antibiotics for broiler chickens raised in a hot climate