Throw Test Research Articles

The Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test for Older Adults

The Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test for Older Adults

A Comparative Study of Coordinative Skills and Psychological Factors Between Navodaya Vidyalaya and Government School Girls Students

In the present study, an attempt has been made to compare coordinative ability and personality profiles. The main purpose of the study was to measure the coordinative ability and personality profile of Navodaya Vidyalaya and Govt. school girl’s students and the differences of the students to find out the status in the district of Nadia under the state of West Bengal. The present study was conducted to observe the coordinative abilities and personality profile of Navodaya Vidyalaya and Govt. school’s girl’s students. The subject of the present study was taken from Nadia WB (India), and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nadia, WB (India). A total of fifty (50) female students were selected for the present study. Age was ranged between 14 to 16 years. A medicine ball test was taken the measure orientation ability, differentiation ability was measured by backward medicine ball throw test, reaction ability was measured by scale drop test and personality profile was measured by Cattle 16 pf questionnaire. To collect information for the present study following tools are used measuring tape, cones, markers, and white dust prouder, for field marking. Chair, table, scale for reaction time, and 16 pf questionnaire for personality test to collect data. She concludes that the girls of Govt. school had better performance in orientation ability, differentiation ability, and personality factor. She also observed in the case of reaction abilities the girls of Navodaya Vidyalaya are quite better than Govt. school’s girl’s students

Intra-Rater and Test–Retest Reliability of Barbell Force, Velocity, and Power during the Landmine Punch Throw Test Assessed by the GymAware Linear Transducer System

Background: Velocity-based training (VBT) requires measurement of the velocity at which the barbell is moved in the concentric phase with regard to different resistance exercises, which provides accurate, indirect estimations of 1 RM. However, for assessing punch performance, no study has been carried out to date. The purpose of this study was to analyse the reliability of the GymAware linear transducer for the measurement of barbell velocity during the landmine push throw (LPT) test using four loads. Methods: Twenty-five healthy, physically active male students, aged 24.13 ± 2.82 years, volunteered to take part in this study. The reliability of the LPT test was measured at two separate visits, with a 2-day interval between them. One series of the test protocol included four parts of the LPT test with progressively increasing loads (20, 25, 30, and 35 kg) and 5 min intervals for rests between loads. Results: For all four loads, excellent intra-rater and test–retest reliability was noted for the mean force variable (ICC = 0.97–0.99). Additionally, very strong and significant correlations were established between measurements (r = 0.96–0.99). Poor reliability was observed for barbell height and total work (ICC below 0.5). A trend of decreasing reliability was detected with increasing barbell load. Furthermore, measurements without the barbell throw were more reliable than those with it. Conclusions: These results support the use of the GymAware linear transducer to track barbell velocity during the LPT test. This device may have valuable practical applications for strength and conditioning coaches. Therefore, we suggest that the LPT assessed with the GymAware linear transducer may be a useful method for evaluating upper limb strength and power during boxing punches.

The effects of a high intensity resistance and eccentric strength training program on the performance of handball players

This study aimed to was to determine the effect of interval and resistance training with a focus on the eccentric phase on the cardiovascular fitness and strength of elite handball players. Thirty handball players were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (age= 20.93±1.70; weight= 78.20±4.58; height= 178.26±3.86) and a control group (age= 21.40±1.76; weight= 77.64±5.92; height= 176.87±4.43). The variables of this study were muscle strength and stamina, power, and cardiovascular fitness. They were assessed by chest press test, push-up, medicine ball throw test, and the Cooper Test, respectively. The training program took place over 12 weeks, with five sessions per week, consisting of two aerobic exercises, and three muscular resistance training exercises focused on the eccentric phase. To analyze the effect of training, a paired sample t-test was employed. The results of this study showed that there were significant pre- to post-test differences in muscle strength (p=0.001), muscle stamina (p=0.001), muscle power (p=0.001), and cardiovascular fitness (p=0.001). The results of the present study indicated that a 12-week eccentric-focused interval and resistance training program improved the strength, stamina, power, and cardiovascular fitness of elite handball players. Keywords: Interval training, Push up Test, medicine ball throw, preseason.

Effects of a Strength Training Protocol with Self-loading and Plyometry on Handball Physical Performance: First National Female Category

The aim of this research was to analyze the effects on jumping and throwing after applying a protocol of self-loading and plyometry to a women's university handball team. Eleven amateur handball players participated in the event (Mage = 23.70; SD = 2.26), who performed the training protocol for eight weeks. An experimental design was established in which pre- and post-intervention evaluations were made in which the medicine ball throw, the speed of throwing to goal and the speed of the goal were evaluated, CMJ one leg and both legs, horizontal jump and asymmetries between both legs. For the evaluation of the training effect, a dependent samples t-test was tasked. The results show that they improved in the jumping tests but not in the throwing tests. In conclusion, a protocol of self-loading and plyometrics is effective in the vertical jump.

Secular trends in the physical fitness of Brazilian youth: Evidence that fitness is declining for the majority but not for a fit minority.

There has been a decline in children's physical fitness in recent decades. Such concerns are largely based on evidence from North America, Europe, and Asia. The current study describes the secular trend and variation (spread) in the physical fitness scores of young Brazilians from 2005 to 2022. This study is a repeated, cross-sectional surveillance study (1999-2022). Children and adolescents (n = 65 139; boys = 36 539) participated between 2005 and 2022. In each cohort six physical fitness tests were conducted: (1) 20-m sprint speed (m s-1 ), (2) cardio-respiratory 6-min run test (m min-1 ), (3) abdominal strength test (sit-ups per min), (4) horizontal jump test (cm), (5) the agility test (m s-1 ), and (6) the medicine ball throw test (cm). Means and distributional characteristics of the population were assessed using ANOVA, ANCOVA adopting BMI as the body-size covariate, Levene's test of equality-of-error variances, and Box and whisker plots. ANOVAs and ANCOVA's identified significant declines in physical fitness over time/year in 5 of the 6 physical fitness variables (e.g., 20-m sprint speed slope B = -0.018 (m s-1 y-1 ); 95% CI -0.019 to -0.017; p < 0.001), the only exception being the medicine ball throw test (cm). The Levene's test of equality-of-error variances also identified a systematic increase in the variances/standard deviations over time/years. Results provide powerful evidence that children and adolescents' physical fitness is declining, a trend that is also diverging asymmetrically, becoming more extreme in more recent years. The "fit" appear to be getting fitter, but the fitness of the "less-fit" appears to be declining further. These results have important implications for sports medicine and government policy makers.

Effect of core-shoulder stability exercises on shoulder performance among throwers with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit

The study aimed to find out the effect of core-shoulder stability exercises on shoulder performance among throwers with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). Out of Forty-two athletes who participated, 30 subjects were selected who fulfilled the selection criteria and were randomized into 2 groups with 15 subjects in each group. Throwing accuracy (functional throwing performance index), throwing distance (overall medicine throw test), and shoulder range of motion were assessed and recorded at baseline, 3rd week, and 6th week of intervention. The control group received shoulder stability exercises while the study group received core-shoulder stability exercises 4 days per week for 6 consecutive weeks. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to see the difference between groups (groups 1 and 2) and time (baseline,3rd week, and 6th week ) Averaged across times statistically significant improvement was found in overhead medicine ball throw in the study group (Group 2) as compared to the control group with p&lt;0.05. No significant difference was found in the functional throwing performance index and range of motion when groups were compared across times. However, for all the outcome measures when compared across groups, a significant difference was found between 6th and 3rd-week scores as compared to baseline scores. This indicates improvements were seen in both groups independently. We conclude that core stability and shoulder stability training both improve the range of motion with throwing accuracy and distance. Core stability training improves throwing distance compared to shoulder stability training in subjects with GIRD.

Sebelasmaret Boccia Throw Test (SBTT) Instrument Development

This research aims to design Sebelasmaret boccia Throw Test (SBTT) instrument and test its validity and reliability. The research used Research and Development (R&amp;amp;D) method through six steps of instrument development by Gall, Gall, &amp;amp; Borg. 50 Indonesian boccia athletes with cerebral palsy (25 elite and 25 non-elite) participated to evaluate this instrument.In SBTT, players were instructed to throw boccia balls to the jack placed within the square, with each player given six throwing opportunities. The validity construct was tested by comparing throwing test results of elite and non-elite boccia athletes. Reliability testing was conducted by testing correlation between tests and retests. Data analysis was performed using the independent t test and Pearson correlation with the help of SPSS 16 software.Results show that there was a significant difference in SBTT test scores with p value &amp;lt; 0.05 and tstat (6.340) &amp;gt; ttable (2.011). Elite player group had higher average test score than non-elite player one, with average score of 18.56 and 8.20 respectively. This means that the SBTT is a test that can differentiate a boccia player's throwing skills based on playing experience.Test and retest results show a medium correlation on tests and retests (r = 0.707) with significant relation with p value (0.000) &amp;lt; 0.05. This means that boccia players have consistent performance in the SBTT test.Therefore, it is concluded that SBTT instrument is a valid and reliable instrument to assess boccia players’ throwing skills.

Customized evaluation of special endurance and functionality for optimal health and performance in judo athletes

Background and Study Aim. Achieving optimal health and performance in judo athletes requires a customized approach to training and evaluation. This study aimed to assess the level of special endurance and functionality of experienced judo athletes for optimal health and performance. Material and Methods. Thirteen experienced judo athletes were tested using a dummy throw with a deflection for 4 minutes, with the number of throws and heart rate dynamics assessed during and after the exercise. Heart rate indicators were recorded using a heart rate sensor and a specialized computer program. Results. The athletes completed the maximum number of throws in the first minute, followed by stabilization. Heart rate gradually increased during the test, reaching a maximum of 184 beats per minute at the end of the test. These findings suggest that the dummy throw test can be used to assess the level of special endurance in judo athletes, while heart rate indicators can be used to characterize their current functional state. Conclusions. A customized evaluation of special endurance and functionality provides valuable insights for optimizing health and performance in judo athletes. By tailoring training programs to individual needs, coaches and trainers can help judo athletes achieve their full potential while minimizing the risk of injury and burnout. Overall, this study highlights the importance of a personalized approach to training and evaluation for maintaining optimal health and performance in judo athletes.

Speed, agility, and musculoskeletal fitness are independently associated with areal bone mineral density in children.

Background: There is still little understanding of the associations between physical fitness variables and bone health in children taking into account key confounders. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the associations between performance in tests of speed, agility, and musculoskeletal fitness (power of the upper and lower limbs) with bone mass of different regions in children, considering the adjustment to maturity-offset, lean percentage, and sex. Methods: Cross-sectional study design: the sample consisted of 160 children aged 6-11 years. The physical fitness variables tested were 1) speed, assessed with the running test at a maximum speed of 20m; 2) agility, assessed through the 4×4-m square test; 3) lower limb power, assessed using the standing long jump test, and 4) upper limb power, assessed using the 2-kg medicine ball throw test. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was obtained from the analysis of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Simple and multiple linear regression models were performed using the SPSS software. Results: In the crude regression analyses, the results indicated a linear relationship between all the physical fitness variables and aBMD in all body segments, but maturity-offset, sex, and lean mass percentage seemed to have an effect on these relationships. Except for the upper limb power, the other physical capacities (speed, agility, and lower limb power) were associated with aBMD in at least three body regions in the adjusted analyses. These associations occurred in the spine, hip, and leg regions, and the aBMD of the legs presented the best association magnitude (R 2). Conclusion: There is a significant association between speed, agility, and musculoskeletal fitness, specifically the lower limb power and aBMD. That is, the aBMD is a good indicator of the relationship between fitness and bone mass in children, but it is essential to consider specific fitness variables and skeletal regions.

Comparison of the upper extremity physical performance tests between asymptomatic adults with and without scapular dyskinesis

Abstract Introduction Physical performance tests (PPTs) are screening tools widely available, easy to apply, and that can be performed in different environments and contexts. Scapular dyskinesis can be related to changes in glenohumeral angulation, acromioclavicular joint strain, subacromial space dimension, shoulder muscle strength/activation and humeral position/motion. Few studies were developed to understand the influence of aspects such as strength, stability mobility, and scapular dyskinesis on the scores of the upper extremity PPTs. Objective To compare the performance in the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test (SMBT) and Upper Quarter Y Balance Test (UQYBT) between asymptomatic adults with and without scapular dyskinesis. Methods Cross-sectional study with 20 asymptomatic individuals: 10 with scapular dyskinesis and 10 without scapular dyskinesis. The average number of touches, number of touches normalized by height, and power score in the CKCUEST, distance covered by the ball in the SMBT, reach in the medial, inferolateral, and superolateral directions, total excursion and composite score of the UQYBT were compared between both groups. Results No significant differences were found for all variables (p &gt; 0.05). Small to moderate effect sizes were found for the scores of the CKCUEST (d = 0.16-0.78), a small effect size was found for the distance in the SBMT (d = 0.12), and small to moderate effect sizes were found for the scores of the UQYBT (d = 0.02-0.43). The scapular dyskinesis group presented better performance in all tests. Conclusion The presence of scapular dyskinesis in asymptomatic individuals is not a factor related to worse scores in upper extremity physical performance tests.

Determining relationship between core muscle strength and performance parameters of sportspersons at secondary school level

Core muscle ability is detrimental in skill-based fitness for athletes. Core stability and balance are critically important almost for all kinds of sports and activities. Having a strong and stable core muscle can help perform better and avoid injury. Nowadays, physical and technical experts, coaches and athletes at home and abroad have incorporated core strength into strength training, which has a certain effect on the special achievements of each project. Although the media portrays these ideas as truth, the scientific community remains uncertain as to the relationship between core stability and athletic performance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between core muscle strength and performance parameters of sportspersons at secondary school level of Shivamogga District. The subjects for the present investigation were 41 male inter school level sportspersons from various schools of Shivamogga District, Karnataka. The muscle strength was assessed through 3 tests- The forward medicine ball toss test, the backward medicine ball throw test and the rotational medicine ball throw test. Performance parameters include the following- Power, Speed, Agility, Coordination, Reaction time, Balance, Skill levels and Sports achievement. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between core muscle strength and selected performance parameters. Core muscle strength is negatively correlated with skill levels of high school sportspersons. Core muscle strength is negatively correlated with sports achievement of high school sportspersons. Core muscle strength is positively correlated with power of high school sportspersons.

Effectiveness of Zumba Exercise on Maximum Oxygen Volume, Agility, and Muscle Power in Female Students

The study purpose was to prove the effectiveness of zumba exercise on VO₂max, agility, and muscle power in students at Universitas Nusantara PGRI Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.&#x0D; Materials and methods. This research is a pre-experimental research design with One group Pretest-Posttest Design. A total of 15 female students from the Student Activity Unit aerobic dance exercise at Universitas Nusantara PGRI Kediri, East Java, Indonesia, aged 19–24 years, body mass index (BMI) 19.0–24.0 kg/m², normal blood pressure, resting heart rate normal, normal oxygen saturation (SpO₂), voluntarily participated in the study. Zumba exercise was carried out for 30 minutes/session with an intensity of 80% HRmax with a frequency of 3x/week for 8 weeks. The measurement of maximum oxygen volume (VO₂max) used the Multi-Stage 20-m Shuttle Run Fitness Test. The measurement of leg muscle power used the vertical jump test, while the arm muscle power was evaluated using the medicine ball throw test. Data analysis used Paired Sample t-Test with a significance level of 5%.&#x0D; Results. The results obtained: mean VO₂max between pretest vs post-test (26.64±4.25 vs. 30.76±4.20 mL/kg/min; p ≤ 0.001), average agility between pretest and post-test (15.76±1.24 vs. 14.55±1.27 seconds; p ≤ 0.001), average limb muscle power between pretest vs posttest (394.21±66.36 vs. 411.09±67.45 joule; p ≤ 0.001), and the average arm muscle power between pretest vs posttest (123.45±17.12 vs. 138.21±13.92 joule; p ≤ 0.001).&#x0D; Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that Zumba exercise carried out for 30 minutes/training session, with an intensity of 80% HRmax, frequency 3x/week for 8 weeks increased VO₂max, agility, and muscle power in students at Universitas Nusantara PGRI Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.

Sprint and upper limbs power field tests for the screening of low bone mineral density in children.

Background: The possibility of carrying out screening, with acceptable accuracy, of a child's bone mass status based on a physical fitness test can advance the concept of health-related physical fitness. In addition, the relevance of the applicability of this type of screening in educational environments is mainly due to the difficulty of direct assessments of bone health indicators. This study aimed to propose cut-off points for physical fitness tests based on children's bone health indicators. Methods: This is a two-phase cross-sectional study. Phase-1: 160 children (6-11years-old) performed the 20-m sprint test (20-mST) and the 2kg medicine ball throw test (2kgMBTT). Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and content was assessed by DXA. The area under the ROC curve greater than 70% was considered valid. Phase-2: It was carried out a secondary analysis in a sample with 8,750 Brazilians (6-11years-old). The percentile values (identified in phase-1) were used to identify the values of the cut-off points in the unit of measurement of the tests. The validation of the cut-off points found was by odds ratio values and p ≤ 0.05. Results: Phase 1: The areas under the ROC curve were 0.710, 0.712 (boys and girls-20-mST), 0.703, and 0.806 (boys and girls-2kgMBTT) with total spine and pelvis aBMD as the outcome. Phase 2: From percentile values, we find valid cut-off points in the Brazilian sample (OR > 3.00; p < 0.001) for boys and girls. Values ranged between 5.22s-4.00s to 20-mST and between 125.0cm-160.0cm to 2kgMBTT. Conclusion. The 20-mST and the 2kgMBTT presented sufficient accuracy for the screening of children aged between 6 and 11years with greater chances of having low aBMD in the total spine and pelvis, with valid cut-off points.

Acute effects of caffeinated chewing gum on basketball performance in elite female players

Background: To date, no study has investigated the effects of acute intake of caffeinated chewing gum in female basketball players. Methods: Nine elite female basketball players participated in a randomized crossover placebo-controlled double-blind experiment. All athletes participated in two identical experimental trials 15 minutes after ingestion of (i) chewing gum containing 150 mg of caffeine (i.e.~2.3 0.2 mg/kg of caffeine) or (ii) non-caffeinated chewing gum with an inert substance to produce a placebo. After the ingestion of the gum, the athletes performed the following tests: (i) a sprint test (0-20 m), (ii) agility T-test, (iii) isometric handgrip strength test, (iv) countermovement jump test, (v) free throw test, and (vi) three-point shot test. Results: No significant differences were observed in any physical or skill-based tests (p &gt; 0.05 for all). However, the effect size in the sprint and agility T-Test, jump height test, and free-throw test was higher in the caffeine conditions, with effect sizes of small or moderate magnitude (ES = 0.31 – 0.64) over the placebo. Conclusion: From a practical perspective, the benefits of caffeinated chewing gum are minor, at least in elite athletes with a mild level of caffeine consumption.

The Effect of Triceps Brachii Fatigue Due to Isometric Contraction on Elbow, Velocity and Accuracy of Overhead Smash in Badminton

Introduction: In order to execute the overhead assault with the front racket in badminton, the triceps brachii muscle must stretch the elbow joint. Even though this muscle is crucial for accomplishing this talent, it's crucial to investigate how localised triceps brachii exhaustion affects the ability to execute the overhead shot with the front racket. Therefore, the central continuous contraction was chosen to cause local fatigue in the triceps brachii muscle. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to ascertain how the central isometric contraction, which causes triceps brachii muscle exhaustion, affects the elbow movement, velocity, and accuracy of the shuttlecock when performing the forehand overhead jump smash skill. Method: The study sample consists of 12 international badminton players who have participated in the World Championships and Olympic Games and use the right hand as a favorite according to the following averages (age 25.3 ± 1.2 years, mass 70.20 ± 2.31 kg, height 1.81 ± 0.11 m, training age 7.9 ± 2.1 years, Medicine ball throw test (1) kg overhead 2.96 ± 2.31 kg, distance 1.81 ±0.11 m). They were asked to perform a crushing throw accuracy test, and then they were subjected to a maximal voluntary isometric contraction test. After that, they were asked to repeat the crushing throw accuracy test. The two tests of shooting the crushing throw, before and after, were filmed for the purposes of kinetic analysis through the Kinovea 0.9.5 program. The Automatic Shuttlecock Launcher and the Stalker Sport 2 Radar devices were used. Results: After using statistical means such as statistical averages, standard deviations, and the Wilkeson test, the results showed a negative effect with statistical significance at the level (α < 0.05) of the triceps brachii muscle fatigue caused by the isometric contraction on the movement of the elbow, the velocity and accuracy of the crushing blow against the front racket overhead among the badminton players. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it was recommended that the muscle strength of the triceps brachii should be raised to increase its tolerance to local fatigue resulting from its continuous use among badminton players.

Estimation of load-maximizing power output using bench press and bench throw tests

article: Estimation of load-maximizing power output using bench press and bench throw tests - Gazzetta Medica Italiana - Archivio per le Scienze Mediche 2022 June;181(6):402-8 - Minerva Medica - Journals

The effect of high and low velocity-based training on the throwing performance of collegiate handball players.

BackgroundThe intensity of strength training exercise is generally regarded to be the most essential element in developing muscle strength and power. The exercise intensity of strength training is known as one-repetition maximum (1RM). Velocity-based training (VBT) has been proposed as a different approach for determining training intensity. VBT relies on the use of linear position transducers and inertial measurement units, providing real-time feedback to objectively adjust the exercise intensity based on an athlete’s velocity zone.MethodsThis study investigated the effects of two different training interventions based on individualized load velocity profiles (LVP) on maximal bench press strength (i.e., 1RM), maximum throwing velocity (TV), and skeletal muscle mass (SKMM). Twenty-two university handball players were randomly assigned to Group 1 (low-movement speed training) or Group 2 (high-movement speed training). Group 1 exercised with a bar speed of 0.75–0.96 m/s, which corresponds to a resistance of approximately 60% 1RM, whereas Group 2 trained at 1.03–1.20 m/s, corresponding to a resistance of approximately 40% 1RM. Both groups exercised three times a week for five weeks, with strength and throwing tests performed at baseline and post-intervention.ResultsA two-way repeated measures ANOVA was applied, and the results showed the interaction between group and time was not statistically significant for SKMM (p = 0.537), 1RM (p = 0.883), or TV (p = 0.774). However, both groups significantly improved after the five weeks of training: SKMM (3.1% and 3.5%, p < 0.01), 1RM (15.5% and 15.0%, p < 0.01), and throwing velocity (18.7% and 18.3%, p < 0.01) in Group 1 and 2 respectively. Training at both prescribed velocities in this study elicited similar changes in strength, muscle mass, and throwing velocity.

Standard levels of physical fitness components as one of the admission indicators for students of sports excellence

Study provide standard levels of physical fitness tests for students applying for study seats at the University of Jordan on the list of sports excellence for the period between (2017-2020). By descriptive on a sample of (283) male and (169) female students to fulfill the study's goal. The study included the following tests: a 1600m running test to assess respiratory cyclic endurance, a long jump test from stability to assess explosive force of the leg muscles, a running rebound test (4x10m) to assess agility, and a medical ball throw test with a weight of (5) kg for male students and (3) kg for female students to assess strength. The explosiveness of the arm muscles. The study's findings revealed the most recent standard levels of the tests employed in the study, allowing them to keep up with societal trends. It is well recognized that there is a requirement to make some changes to the test standards every three years. These parameters, according to the researchers, should be employed in physical fitness assessments that qualify students for skill testing at the University of Jordan.

The Correlation of Arm Muscle Power and Flexibility Of the Waist to the Field Tennis Service Capability.

The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of arm muscle power and flexibility to the ability of field tennis service. The type of this research is correlation. The population and sample in this study were local 3rd semester 3 c Physical Education Teacher Training Offices of UIR, totaling 23 people. The research instruments used were overhead medicine ball throw tests, flexibility tests, and field tennis service tests. The data analysis technique used is to calculate multiple correlation values. Based on the results of the study showed that there was a contribution of arm muscle power and flexibility to the results of the ability to service tennis tennis students with a calculated value = 0.698.&#x0D;