Threshold Requirements Research Articles

JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPLEMENTING THE PRESIDENTIAL THRESHOLD IN THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF INDONESIA

Since issuing the Constitutional Court Decision Number 14/PUU-XI/2013, the general election design must be carried out simultaneously between the election of legislative members and the election of the President and Vice President (Pilpres). Article 6A Paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution mandates that pairs of candidates for President and Vice-President are proposed by political parties or coalitions of political parties taking part in the general election prior to implementing the general election. Accordingly, in order to strengthen the presidential system, pairs of candidates proposed in the presidential election are required to meet the "presidential threshold," which essentially limits the rights of political parties in proposing presidential and vice-presidential candidates. This study analyzes the relevance of presidential threshold requirements elections simultaneously. The research method used is normative juridical, using an approach to the application of laws and an analytical approach. This study shows that the application of the presidential threshold that must be met by political parties or a combination of political parties in carrying out the presidential and vice-presidential candidate pairs in the simultaneous general election is less relevant and limits the rights of political parties. In addition, the political party that wins the majority vote has strong dominance to pressure other parties in determining the candidate. Although it does not have high dominance, it still has substantial authority to nominate it.

Detailed balance limits for inversion in solar-pumped lasers and allied systems.

Solar-pumped lasers and optical amplifiers continue to draw research interest with advances in nanomaterials science and technology. Establishing accurate detailed balance limits for inversion in these systems is essential. In this Letter, we re-examine the threshold limits for inversion in broadband-pumped lasers, with reference to those provided by Roxlo and Yablonvitch [Opt. Lett.8, 271 (1983)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.8.000271], where they determined the minimum Stokes shift and the minimum ratio of pump band to emission band absorption constants-based on independent consideration of the emission at pump and emission frequencies. In contrast, the derivation here simultaneously accounts for emission in both the pump and emission bands, which in turn leads to a single consolidated inequality that serves to establish the revised threshold requirements for inversion. Upon applying this new unified relationship to solar-pumped devices, a large increase in the minimum required Stokes shifts for 1-sun devices, particularly at larger pump energies and smaller ratios of αp0/αe0, is found. The maximum possible efficiencies of solar-pumped devices are calculated using this new relation.

Index Modulation–Aided Mixed Massive Random Access

In this study, a mixed massive random access scheme is considered where part of users transmit both common information and user-specific information, while others transmit only common information. In this scheme, common information is transmitted by index modulation (IM)–aided unsourced random access (URA), while user-specific information is by IM-aided sourced random access (SRA). Practically, IM-aided URA partitions channel blocks of one transmission frame into multiple groups and then employs the IM principle to activate only part of the channel blocks in each group. IM-aided SRA allocates multiple pilot sequences to each user and activates only one pilot sequence whose index carries the data information. At the receiver, the covariance-based maximum likelihood detection (CB-MLD) is employed to recover the active compressed sensing (CS) code words of URA and information of SRA jointly. To stitch the common information at different blocks of URA, a modified tree decoder is proposed to take the IM constraint into account. Furthermore, to relax the strict threshold requirement and improve the performance, an iterative CS detector and tree decoder are employed to decode the common information, where successive signal reconstruction and interference cancellation are utilized. Finally, computer simulations are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.

Legal Pollution of Dispute Settlement Results of Regional Head Selection Realizing the Election Justice

The implementation of direct regional head elections in the regions often raises disputes regarding the determination of the results of the vote. Efforts made by candidates who are dissatisfied with this determination are to submit a cancellation to the judicial institution. The update on the system for resolving the election results was carried out by the government to overcome this problem, namely the Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1 of 2014. Problems discussed in this study include: how the dispute resolution mechanism was issued before the regulation, what updates are contained in the regulation how to achieve effective and fair election outcome dispute resolution. This study is a normative legal research that is descriptive in nature using a legal and analytical approach. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the fundamental renewal lies with the institution authorized to handle, namely from the Constitutional Court to the High Court appointed by the Supreme Court. The author recommends that the renewal must be supported by technical regulations to ensure effectiveness and fulfill a sense of justice. Based on this research, the results show that the dynamics of the shifting of dispute resolution authority over the election results are influenced by the decision of the MK opened legally policy and the background of certain events. Namely: the problem of bribery that ensnares the judge, decisions that are considered controversial, case accumulation, and unpreparedness of institutional structure and infrastructure. Regarding the threshold requirements as a condition for receiving a dispute over a dispute over the results of a regional election, it has not yet supported the fulfillment of electoral / election justice. Because it has the potential to ignore aspects of substantive justice, mainly because it does not make the facts of the violations structured, systematic and massive (TSM) as a variable in examining cases. This neglect is not in line with one of the universally adopted principles of law and justice, which states that no one can benefit from irregularities and violations committed by himself and no one may be harmed by irregularities and violations committed by others (nullus / nemo commodum capere potes de injuria sua propria).

Sensing of antigen affinity and kinetic rates by B cells expressing receptors of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies.

Abstract B cell activation is dependent on the productive engagement of an antigen (Ag) with the B cell receptor (BCR). How complex protein Ags that bind with different affinities and kinetic rates affect the strength of B cell activation is not fully understood. We used a panel of HIV-1 Env proteins of varying affinities and each expressed in either monomeric or multimeric forms to investigate the role of binding rates on B cell activation and Ag-induced BCR down-modulation. Ramos cells expressing the CD4 binding-site CH31 IgM BCRs were functional for Ag-specific activation and gave Ca-flux responses that was not dependent on the overall affinity or dissociation rates (off-rates) but on the association rates (on-rates) of Ag binding. Monomeric Ags did not induce flux responses and required multimerization, and the strength of activation was dependent on the on-rate of the tetrameric Ags. Comparison of half-life of the tetrameric Ags indicated a requirement of a half-life threshold for both activation and BCR down-modulation. In contrast, trimeric Ags that bound with faster on-rates (ka>104 M−1s−1) did not require higher-order multimerization (6-mer or 20-mer) for Ca-flux responses. These results provide support to a kinetic model in which B cell activation is dependent on the rates of receptor occupancy, and an above threshold half-life of the Ag-BCR complex.

Restating Copyright Law’s Originality Requirement

In 2015, the American Law Institute (ALI) launched a project to create a Restatement of the Law, Copyright. Concern, objection, and disagreement about the ALI’s Restatement projects is not new, but the Restatement of Copyright project seems to be particularly controversial among industries dependent on copyright protection. The drafting group has now worked through several versions of some proposed sections; a handful of these have been approved by the ALI Council and are ready to go before the ALI general membership. So now is a good time for close analysis of the chunks of the projects that have crystallized.
 This Article reviews the 2020 draft Restatement’s presentation of American copyright law’s threshold requirement for protection: that copyright protects only “original works of authorship,” and how that “originality” requirement should be understood in light of the Supreme Court’s 1991 decision in Feist v. Rural Telephone. Copyright’s originality requirement is a challenging subject for a Restatement because what is unquestionably agreed is that black letter law is limited, formulaic, and opaque. Not surprisingly, the Restatement’s handling of this topic hews close to the words of the Supreme Court’s modern pronouncement on the issue, sometimes to the detriment of a richer, potentially more enlightening discussion.
 The discussion here is based principally on “Tentative Draft No. 1” of the Restatement, released on April 8, 2020,3 but the discussion will also include consideration of the earlier “Council Drafts”4 that led to the 2020 proposal.
 Part I of the Article briefly describes the controversial beginnings of this Restatement project—and, as of 2021, the continuing animosity of copyright stakeholders to the project. Part II lays out the 2020 draft Restatement’s core provisions on copyright originality, the modest evolution of these provisions since the 2017 draft, and some concerns with what these sections, Comments, and Reporters’ Notes say. In broad strokes, the draft Restatement’s take on copyright originality is faithful to the Supreme Court’s 1991 Feist v. Rural Telephone decision, perhaps too much so. Part II.A explores the draft Restatement’s presentation of Feist’s “modicum of creativity” requirement, raising some issues both with what the Reporters have said so far and equally with what the draft Restatement seems unwilling to say about minimal creativity. Part II.B discusses the draft Restatement’s presentation of Feist’s “independent creation” requirement; here the concern is that the draft may conflate independent creation with minimal creativity in a way that does not contribute to coherence in copyright law.

Human Rights Protections in Drawing Inferences from Criminal Suspects’ Silence

Abstract This article sheds comparative and contextual light on European and international human rights debates around the privilege against self-incrimination and the right to silence. It does so through an examination of adverse inferences from criminal suspect’s silence in three European jurisdictions with differing procedural traditions: Ireland, Italy and the Netherlands. The article highlights the manner in which adverse inferences have come to be drawn at trial in the three jurisdictions, despite the existence of both European and domestic legal protections for the right to silence. It also explores differing approaches to the practical operation of inference-drawing procedures, including threshold requirements, varying evidential uses of silence and procedural safeguards. The authors argue that human rights’ standard-setting institutions ought to provide clarity on the conditions under which adverse inferences may be tolerated, including the purpose(s) for which inferences may be used, and the necessary surrounding safeguards.

Optimization of Robot Posture and Workpiece Setup in Robotic Milling With Stiffness Threshold

Industrial robot provides a promising alternative in freeform surface milling. However, due to its low stiffness, it is difficult to guarantee the machining quality. While existing research considers mainly the influence of robot posture on stiffness, the workpiece setup's influence is equally important. In this article, to ensure the overall workpiece's robot stiffness meets the requirement of stiffness threshold in robotic milling, a method for simultaneously optimizing the robot posture and the workpiece setup is proposed. First, to evaluate the robot stiffness during machining, this article presents a new stiffness index considering the robot's rotational deformation. And then, an optimization model is established to optimize both the robot redundancy and the workpiece setup, considering the constraints of joint limitation, singularity-free and collision-free. Moreover, for complex freeform surfaces, to obtain the minimum number of posture changes of the robot and workpiece under the premise of meeting the limit of stiffness threshold, this article constructs a minimum set covering problem, which is solved by a clustering algorithm and a greedy algorithm. Finally, simulations and experimental studies are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed robot stiffness index and the proposed optimization method, showing that the robot stiffness is improved during a milling process of the entire workpiece.

The Presidential System with a Multiparty System is Based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia

Coalitions of political parties built within the presidential system, especially in Indonesia, are non-binding and permanent. If government policies or programs are not famous or inline, political parties tend to engage in opposition. This study aims to determine the implementation of the presidential system with a multiparty system and efforts to realize a stable and dynamic government based on the Indonesian constitutional system. This research uses a normative approach. Types and sources of legal materials consist of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The analysis technique used in this research is the hermeneutic analysis method. The study results concluded that with the implementation of the presidential system with a multiparty system, it is rare for a President to be elected and from the majority party. Furthermore, with the election of a minority President and a majority in Parliament, the President will strengthen his position by forming a coalition. However, building a stable coalition is difficult in a multiparty presidential democracy. In this regard, the institutional engineering agenda that needs to be designed includes simplifying the number of factions in Parliament by tightening the threshold requirements for fraction formation; parliamentary coalition regulations aimed at both political blocs (coalition and opposition); strengthening the institution and authority of the Regional Representative Council to balance the House of Representatives so that checks and balances not only occur between the President and the House of Representatives but also between the House of Representatives and the Regional Representative Council.

Balancing Accountability and Effectiveness: A Case for Moderated Parliamentarism

In this article, I bring two key issues in constitutional studies — institutional regime type and electoral system choice — in conversation with each other, and examine their interaction through a normative framework concerning the role that constitutions ought to play in shaping their party systems. The main goal is to offer a theoretical defense (ceteris paribus) of moderated parliamentarism — as superior to its alternatives such as presidentialism, semi-presidentialism, and other forms of parliamentarism. Moderated parliamentarism entails a strong bicameral legislature in which the two chambers are symmetric (i.e. they have equal legislative powers) and incongruent (i.e. they are likely to have different partisan compositions). It has a centrist chamber whose main function is to supply confidence to the government, and a diversified chamber whose main function is to check this government. The confidence and opposition chamber is elected on a moderated majoritarian electoral system (such as approval vote or ranked-choice/preferential vote system, but not first-past-the-post); the diversified chamber — a fully independent checking and appointing chamber — is constituted on a proportional representation model (moderated by a reasonably high threshold requirement for translating votes into seats). The confidence and opposition chamber is elected wholesale for shorter terms. It alone has the power to appoint and fire a unified political executive headed by a prime minister. The checking and appointing chamber is independent of the confidence and opposition chamber as well as of the political executive; its members have longer and staggered terms. Moderated parliamentarism combines the benefits of different regime types and electoral systems in a way that optimizes four key constitutional principles in relation to political parties: it protects the purposive autonomy of parties and enables their ability to keep the four democratic costs low; it serves the party system optimality principle by making it more likely that every salient voter type will have a party to represent it, but also distinguishes between governance parties (which are likely to dominate the confidence and opposition chamber) and influence parties (which will have a space in the checking and appointing chamber); it aids the party-state separation principle by giving significant (and over-weighted) checking powers to smaller parties in the checking chamber; and it promotes the anti-faction principle by distinguishing between smaller influence parties that are polarizing factions from those that are not factional (and punishing the latter a lot less severely than the former). The traditional debates between presidentialism and parliamentarism, and between majoritarian and proportional electoral systems have endured for as long as they have because each system brings something attractive to the table. Moderated parliamentarism seeks to combine the most attractive elements of each — checks and balance from presidentialism, continuous precarity of the political executive from parliamentarism, anti-factionalism of majoritarian electoral systems, and political pluralism of proportional representation systems. Because these virtues are in tension, no system can maximize each of them without incurring a cost for another. Moderated parliamentarism is one way to optimize the virtues of each system and yet yield a stable and effective regime type.

Cochlear Implantation in NF2 Patients Without Intracochlear Schwannoma Removal.

To determine if cochlear implantation without removal of inner ear schwannomas (IES) is an effective treatment option for Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) patients. To determine how the presence of an intracochlear schwannoma might impact cochlear implant (CI) outcomes and programming parameters. Retrospective chart review. Tertiary center for cochlear and auditory brainstem implantation. Of 10 NF2 patients with IES, 8 are reported with no previous tumor removal on the implanted ear. Cochlear implant without tumor removal. Performance outcomes with CI at least 1-year post intervention. Programming parameters, including impedances, for patients with IES. All patients had full insertion of the electrode arrays with round window approaches. Performance outcomes ranged from 0 to 100% for Bamford-Kowal-Bench sentences. Impedance measurements for active electrodes for patients with IES were comparable to those measured in patients without vestibular schwannoma (VS). Only patients who had radiation treatment before receiving their implant had elevated threshold requirements for CI programming compared with CI recipients without VS. Cochlear implantation without tumor removal is an effective option for treating NF2 patients with IES. The presence of an intracochlear tumor did not have an impact on CI performance or programming requirements compared with patients without VS; however, previous treatment with radiation may be related to elevated current requirements in the CI settings.

A parallel joint optimized relay selection protocol for wake-up radio enabled WSNs

Conflicts in the data transmission lead to a serious waste of energy, so it is pivotal to design a parallel and less conflict communication protocol for sensing nodes with limited energy. In this paper, a Parallel joint Optimized Relay Selection (PORS) protocol is proposed to reduce collision, delay as well as energy consumption for wake-up radio enabled WSNs. First, the basic Consecutive Packet Transmissions (CPT) method is adopted by PORS protocol. In this method, once a node obtains the channel, its data packets are sent continuously at once, and other nodes go to sleep in this period to reduce channel conflicts and save energy. Then, two thresholds namely maximum waiting queue length and waiting time are set for each node. When the data packets of the node do not meet the threshold, it keeps silent to reduce channel conflicts, and accumulates more packets to increase the number of data packets sent at once, thereby improving energy efficiency. Furthermore, a relay node selection approach is proposed by comprehensively considering factors such as the number of data packets, waiting time, and remaining energy. Those nodes that have many packets, long waiting time, and a large amount of remaining energy are more likely to be selected as relay nodes, so that they can receive more data packets in a short time and meet the threshold requirements as soon as possible. While the other nodes try not to obtain data and keep silent on the channel, thus reducing the collision as well as delay. Finally, the threshold values of nodes in adjacent layers differ by a constant. Thus, the crossing nodes of adjacent layers can transmit data in parallel to reduce the collision and delay Comprehensive analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the average energy consumption is reduced by 11.9%, network lifetime is increased by 26.1%, and network delay is reduced by 35.6% compared with the strategy with the fixed relaying nodes.

Screening of disease-related biomarkers related to neuropathic pain (NP) after spinal cord injury (SCI)

BackgroundBased on the molecular expression level, this paper compares lncRNA and mRNA expressions respectively in peripheral blood samples of the patients after SCI with NP and without NP, and screens disease-related biomarkers related to NP after SCI in peripheral blood samples of patients.MethodThe expression spectrum of 25 human peripheral blood samples (12 samples of refractory NP patients after SCI) was downloaded and data were normalized. Screening of GO annotations significantly associated with significant differentially expressed mRNAs and significant involvement of the KEGG pathway. The WGCNA algorithm was used to screen for modules and RNAs that were significantly associated with disease characterization. A co-expression network was constructed to extract the genes involved in the disease pathway from the co-expression network, construct a network of SCI pain-related pathways, and screen important disease-related biomarkers. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of hub genes.ResultsData were normalized and re-annotated by detection of platform information, resulting in a total of 289 lncRNA and 18197 mRNAs. Screening resulted in 338 significant differentially expressed RNAs that met the threshold requirements. Differentially expressed RNAs were significantly enriched with the brown and magenta modules. Six KEGG signaling pathways were screened in the co-expression network, and three KEGG pathways with direct neuropathic pain were identified. The expression levels of E2F1, MAX, MITF, CTNNA1, and ADORA2B in the disease group were all significantly upregulated (p < 0.01). Compared with the normal group, the expression of OXTR was upregulated.ConclusionWe speculate that there are 7 genes and 2 lncRNAs directly involved in the pain pathway: E2F1, MAX, MITF, CTNNA1, ADORA2B, GRIK3, OXTR, LINC01119, and LINC02447. These molecules may be important for NP after SCI.

How many cells are required for successful DNA profiling?

Through advances in fluorescent nucleic acid dye staining and visualisation, targeted collection of cellular material deposited, for example by touch or within a saliva deposit, is possible. In regard to the potential evidentiary value of the deposit the questions remain: ‘How many cells are required to generate an informative DNA profile?’; ‘How many visualised corneocytes within a touch deposit compared to typical nucleated cells are required in order to achieve successful DNA profiling?’.Diamond TM Nucleic Acid Dye (DD) staining of cellular material, and subsequent visualisation utilising portable fluorescence microscopy, was performed for touch and saliva samples to target defined numbers of cells for collection, by swab and tapelift, and subsequent processing via direct PCR and PCR post-extraction. The resulting DNA quantification data and alleles generated within subsequent DNA profiles could be correlated to the number of cells initially collected to determine cellular threshold requirements for DNA profile generation for each workflow.Full profiles were consistently generated using direct PCR when the template was ≥40 buccal cells collected by either a swab or tapelift. By contrast ≥800 corneocytes collected by swabbing or ≥4,000 corneocytes collected by a tapelift were required to generate same number of STR alleles from touch samples. When samples were processed through a DNA extraction workflow, ≥80 buccal cells were required to generate full profiles from both swab and tapelift, while touch samples required ≥4,000 corneocytes collected by a swab and >8,000 corneocytes collected by a tapelift. The data presented within this study allow for informative sample triage and workflow decisions to be made to optimise STR amplification based on the presence and visual quantification of stained cellular material.

Comparison of the Hatch of Newly Laid Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Eggs From the United States After Exposure to Different Temperatures and Durations of Low Temperature.

Comparisons were made of the effects of temperature and duration of low temperature on hatch of newly laid egg masses of the invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White). Egg masses were collected in mid-October 2019 and estimated to be less than 14 d old. There was a significant positive nonlinear relationship between temperature and developmental rate (1/d) for eggs held at constant temperatures. The lower threshold for egg development was estimated as 7.39°C. Eggs held at constant 10, 15, and 20°C were estimated to require 635, 715, and 849 DD7.39, respectively, to develop. Egg hatch was variable, egg hatch rates were highest (58.4%) when held at a constant 15°C, though high rates (52.7%) were also obtained when eggs were held for 84 d at 10°C, then moved to 25°C. Almost all eggs enter diapause since very few eggs were able hatch when moved to 25°C after 7 d of chill at either 5 or 10°C. Chilling at 5 or 10°C increased percentage egg hatch as the duration in chill increased up to ~100 d and eggs held at 10°C were able to complete some or all the post-diapause development before being moved to 25°C. All egg masses were held at constant 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod and 65%RH. Our data suggest that temperature is the driving factor for diapause termination in spotted lanternfly, but other abiotic factors should be investigated. These identified developmental temperature threshold and degree day requirements for egg hatch will improve predictive distribution and phenological models.

An Efficient Data Aggregation Scheme Based on Differentiated Threshold Configuring Joint Optimal Relay Selection in WSNs

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), when multiple data packets meet during routing to the sink, redundant data can be removed through data fusion, thereby reducing the amount of data transmitted, and increasing the life of the network. However, how to increase the data fusion rate as much as possible and ensure that the delay is lower than the deadline is a challenge issue. To solve this problem, a Differentiated Threshold Configuring joint Optimal Relay Selection based Data Aggregation (DTC-ORS-DA) scheme is proposed, which can significantly reduce redundant data routing and guarantee the delay for WSN. The main innovation is as follow: (1) In DTC-ORS-DA scheme, there are two thresholds: data volume threshold N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> and time threshold T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> . Data routing can only be performed when N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> or T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> of the node meet the threshold requirements, so that the data can be fully integrated to minimize the amount of data to be transmitted. More importantly, DTC-ORS-DA adopts differentiated threshold settings based on the characteristics of unbalanced energy consumption in WSNs, and sets a smaller threshold in the far sink area with sufficient energy, so that data packets can be routed quickly. And the near sink area where the energy is tight uses a larger threshold to maximize data fusion, so that the combination can make the data fusion high, the energy is effectively used, and the delay is small. (2) We propose a priority-based relay selection algorithm, which enables child nodes to dynamically select the parent node with the highest priority based on the number of data packets, waiting time, and remaining energy. In the process of routing, the probability of nodes with many data packets or long waiting time being selected as transmission relay is high, which can either increase the data fusion rate or reduce the delay. Finally, the performance comparison with Common data collection Scheme (CS) proves that, the DTC-ORS-DA scheme reduces the average delay by 10.74%-19.91%, increases the life cycle by 9.81% at most, and the energy utilization rate is increased by 6.67%-9.48%.

Restating Copyright Law's Originality Requirement

In 2015, the American Law Institute (ALI) launched an effort to develop a Restatement of Copyright Law, a project still mired in controversy both because of the statutory nature of copyright law and the deep, abiding ideological disagreements about copyright policy. The ALI drafting group had worked through several versions of some sections of the draft Restatement by late 2020; a handful of these have been approved by the ALI Council and are ready to go before the ALI general membership. So now is a good time for close analysis of the chunks of the project that have crystallized. This Article reviews the 2020 draft Restatement’s presentation of the threshold requirement for copyright protection in the United States: that copyright protects only works that embody “originality.” In broad strokes, the draft Restatement’s take on copyright originality is faithful to the Supreme Court’s 1991 Feist v. Rural Telephone decision, perhaps too much so. Missing in the draft Restatement is the Court’s richer discussion of the originality threshold being that of an “intellectual” creation as well as the role of personality and human judgment in establishing originality. The Article also discusses some doctrinal missteps that the draft Restatement makes; if uncorrected, these mistakes will leave us with a Restatement that is a partial misstatement of American copyright law. This Article is part of a symposium issue of the Columbia Journal of Law and the Arts.

Underwater Pipeline Oil Spill Detection Based on Structure of Root and Branch Cells

The existing oil spill detection methods mainly rely on physical sensors or numerical models cannot locate the spill position accurately and in time. To solve this problem, combining with underwater image processing technology, an unsupervised detection algorithm for oil spill in underwater pipelines is proposed for the first time. First, the oil spill region to be detected is regarded as the moving target, and the foreground detection algorithm is applied to the processed images. Then, the HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color space of the image is used to screen the oil spill region meeting the threshold requirements. Next, the bitwise of foreground mask and HSV mask into cells are divided. Finally, according to the characteristics of the oil spill image, false detection is eliminated by classifying cells three times. After qualitative and quantitative analysis, it is proved that the proposed algorithm can detect oil spill region accurately.

Research on the influence of OFDI on jiangsu"s regional innovation capability: Focusing on absorptive capacity

Based on the review of the existing theories and literature and the analysis of the development status and characteristics of Jiangsu’s OFDI, this paper carries out the empirical analysis as follows. The Hansen’s dynamic panel threshold model is applied to measure the threshold effect in terms of research and development(R&D) level, human resources, economic development level, financial development level and economic openness. The results show that there are minimum threshold requirements for other four other absorptive capacity indicators except the R&D level. Meanwhile, there is a ceiling limit threshold for economic development level, financial development level and economic openness, which means when the three indexes develop into moderate scale, the reverse technology spillover effect of OFDI would play a more positive role.

Identification of novel umami peptides from myosin via homology modeling and molecular docking

The structure of the umami receptor T1R1/T1R3 was constructed using homology modeling and molecular dynamics, and the interactions between peptides and this umami receptor were studied by molecular docking. The umami intensity of the peptides was also investigated by using an electronic tongue. The results showed that 99.3% of the amino acid residues in the homologous model of the T1R1/T1R3 heterodimer were within the allowable range, which is greater than the threshold requirement of 90% of the residues in the high-quality model structure. Five novel peptides (DK, EEK, EDQK, SEGGR, and QDSIGS) were selected and synthesized. The umami intensity of these five peptides was stronger than that of monosodium glutamate. The docking results revealed that the interactions between peptides and the major amino acids residues Arg151, Asp147, and Gln52 of T1R1 play critical roles in the production of umami taste.