Threshold Elements Research Articles

New Media Advertising Information Search Method Based on XML Technology

The sheer volume and complexity of new media advertising information pose significant challenges for users in searching and filtering advertisements. To enhance the match between search content and keywords, this paper proposes a multifunctional search method for new media advertising information based on eXtensible Markup Language (XML) technology. The collected user attribute data are organized into a set, and a membership function for user attributes is established. An information certainty index and a query certainty index are constructed to obtain the integrated attributes of new media advertisements and classify their attributes. The average value of the constant threshold element is calculated, and an attraction model of new media advertisements for random Internet users is constructed. The similarity between text information and query methods is determined, along with the calculation of browsing duration and frequency in any given area. According to the search model for new media advertising information, the sorted new media advertising information documents are merged to obtain search results. Experimental results demonstrate that the introduction of interactive elements enhances attraction, and dynamic new media advertisements exhibit stronger attraction compared to static advertisements. The proposed method shows significant advantages in search efficiency, achieving over 90% search efficiency, with the match between search content and keywords consistently remaining above 98%, the user satisfaction is higher, the system response time is shorter, the results can be obtained faster, and the search efficiency is improved.

Soil net carbon balance depends on soil C: N: P stoichiometry

Exogenous carbon (C) input may induce priming effects, leading to the loss of soil organic C (SOC) by accelerating the decomposition of native soil organic matter (SOM), while also replenishing SOC through various mechanisms. However, the net C balance resulting from priming and replenishment of SOC under long-term nitrogen (N) fertilization and its stoichiometric regulation mechanisms remain largely undetermined. Soils subjected to 11 years of different N applications were used to investigate the net C balance following the addition of exogenous 13C-labeled glucose. The retention of glucose-derived C exceeded the loss of C caused by the priming effect, resulting in a positive net C balance, albeit attenuated by historical N application (ranging from 25.9 to 36.9 μg C mg−1 SOC). The application of increasing historical N levels resulted in a decrease in soil C:N imbalance and an increase in soil N:phosphorus (P) imbalance, as well as an increase in TERC:N and TERC:P. This suggested that the C and/or P limitations of soil microbial communities were intensified with increased N availability. Soil nutrient stoichiometric imbalance and available resource stoichiometry directly influenced the threshold element ratio, which in turn impacted glucose mineralization, subsequently affecting the net C balance. Collectively, our results provided solid evidence that labile C input could lead to a positive net C balance, which diminished with increased historical N application and was primarily regulated by soil C:N:P stoichiometry. This study highlights the significant implications for the soil C turnover and sequestration under long-term N application management in agroecosystems.

Ecosystem compartment stoichiometry drives the secondary succession processes of zokor‐disturbed grassland

AbstractIn terrestrial ecosystems, resource availability and soil microbial biomass are substantially changed with ecological recovery. However, the shifts in resource stoichiometry and microbial biomass stoichiometry often do not align, leading to stoichiometric imbalance that constrains microbial growth and, consequently, affects plant community succession. The mechanisms by which soil microbes acclimate to these imbalances and how such adjustments influence plant community dynamics remain largely unexplored in alpine grasslands. To address these processes, we examined ecological stoichiometry during the secondary succession of zokor‐disturbed grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China, utilizing a space‐for‐time substitution approach. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents across plant–soil–microbe and soil ecoenzymatic activities involved in soil microbial nutrient acquisition were measured. The results indicated that C:P and N:P imbalances between microbes and their plant resources intensified with the recovery of zokor‐disturbed grassland. This led to phosphorus limitation in microbial growth, as indicated by the mean vector angles exceeding 45° and decreased threshold element ratio of C:P. In response, soil microbes increased their production of P‐acquiring enzymes to mitigate P limitation. Through structural equation modelling (SEM), we found that the C:N:P ratios within the plant–soil–microbe systems explained 74.5% of the total variance in plant aboveground biomass. We concluded that maintaining balanced C:N:P stoichiometric ratios in plant–soil–microbe systems, facilitated by soil ecoenzymatic activities, enhances plant diversity and net primary productivity during the recovery of zokor‐disturbed grassland.

Land Use Change from Natural Tropical Forests to Managed Ecosystems Reduces Gross Nitrogen Production Rates and Increases the Soil Microbial Nitrogen Limitation.

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of soil microbial nitrogen (N) utilization under land use change is critical to evaluating soil N availability or limitation and its environmental consequences. A combination of soil gross N production and ecoenzymatic stoichiometry provides a promising avenue for nutrient limitation assessment in soil microbial metabolism. Gross N production via 15N tracing and ecoenzymatic stoichiometry through the vector and threshold element ratio (Vector-TER) model were quantified to evaluate the soil microbial N limitation in response to land use changes. We used tropical soil samples from a natural forest ecosystem and three managed ecosystems (paddy, rubber, and eucalyptus sites). Soil extracellular enzyme activities were significantly lower in managed ecosystems than in a natural forest. The Vector-TER model results indicated microbial carbon (C) and N limitations in the natural forest soil, and land use change from the natural forest to managed ecosystems increased the soil microbial N limitation. The soil microbial N limitation was positively related to gross N mineralization (GNM) and nitrification (GN) rates. The decrease in microbial biomass C and N as well as hydrolyzable ammonium N in managed ecosystems led to the decrease in N-acquiring enzymes, inhibiting GNM and GN rates and ultimately increasing the microbial N limitation. Soil GNM was also positively correlated with leucine aminopeptidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. The results highlight that converting tropical natural forests to managed ecosystems can increase the soil microbial N limitation through reducing the soil microbial biomass and gross N production.

Effects of nitrogen addition on rhizosphere priming: The role of stoichiometric imbalance

Nitrogen (N) input has a significant impact on the availability of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in the rhizosphere, leading to an imbalanced stoichiometry in microbial demands. This imbalance can result in energy or nutrient limitations, which, in turn, affect C dynamics during plant growth. However, the precise influence of N addition on the C:N:P imbalance ratio and its subsequent effects on rhizosphere priming effects (RPEs) remain unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a 75-day microcosm experiment, varying N addition rates (0, 150, 300 kg N ha−1), to examine how microbes regulate RPE by adapting to stoichiometry and maintaining homeostasis in response to N addition, using the 13C natural method. Our result showed that N input induced a stoichiometric imbalance in C:N:P, leading to P or C limitation for microbes during plant growth. Microbes responded by adjusting enzymatic stoichiometry and functional taxa to preserve homeostasis, thereby modifying the threshold element ratios (TERs) to cope with the C:N:P imbalance. Microbes adapted to the stoichiometric imbalance by reducing TER, which was attributed to a reduction in carbon use efficiency. Consequently, we observed higher RPE under P limitation, whereas the opposite trend was observed under C or N limitation. These results offer novel insights into the microbial regulation of RPE variation under different soil nutrient conditions and contribute to a better understanding of soil C dynamics.

Non-Interiors

This text-based research essay, through the theory and practices of mapping, suggests a non-dichotomous conceptualisation of interiority. It offers to probe the potentials of ambiguities and multiple meanings of an interior rather than the traditional oppositions such as inside-outside, private-public, female-male invoked by the term interior. We argue that interiority is not a fixed entity but a continuously changing state through the relationships formed among the imagined, remembered, and lived spaces of a subject. Our research is centred around a study of filmmaker Chantal Akerman’s Les Rendez-vous d'Anna, which traces filmmaker Anna's encounters with hotel rooms, stations, and trains as she travels through different cities to promote her film. Akerman’s film introduces interiors provoked by uncertain and unfamiliar modes of interiority by interrogating its habitation through the peculiar tactics of filmmaking and viewing. By mapping this filmic interiority, we argue for ‘non-interior’ as a critical and creative way of approaching an interior. Non-interior is not the opposite of interior, nor an in-between position of interior and exterior, yet is concerned with what is unknown, what is excluded, and what is unheeded. It aims to theorise and practise an uncertainty of the interior without assigning a single static definition. The research of a non-interior offers ambiguity, multiplicity, and uncertainty to an interior, allowing us to explore interiority within gradual shades of its materiality as a room, a threshold element, or a piece of furniture. Mapping came to the fore as a method of this research, which performs the filmic topography. It suggests an embodied practice of film viewing, including the authors’ analytical and emotional responses to the encountered representation of the interior. Mapping enables us to explore the potential of filmic representation to blur the presumed definitions and conventional boundaries of the concept of the interior. By mapping filmic interiors, we reveal ambiguous states of the interiors we encountered in the film and multiply their layers of uncertainty. These mapped uncertainties allow the interior to be questioned and the non-interior to be produced. In particular, non-interior draws on the non-dichotomous approaches in art and architecture such as Robert Smithson's ‘non-site’, Pascal Bonitzer’s ‘de-framing’ or ‘off-screen’, and Rosalind Krauss's ‘expanded field’ to explore ambiguity as a critical tool in order to understand the uncertainty of an interior. Mapping of non-interiors proposes architectural theory and representation that consists of fragmented, subjective, situated, and embodied knowledge of interiors.

Two analog neural models with the controllability on number of assets for sparse portfolio design

The aim of this research is to use continuous time neural networks for solving the sparse portfolio problem, where the objective function includes a non-differentiable ℓ1-norm regularization term. To address the non-differentiable issue, we introduce two novel continuous time neural models that are based on the Lagrange programming neural network (LPNN) framework. The proposed neural models have the ability to control the number of the assets in the resulting portfolio and adjust the weighting between risk and return. The first model, called LPNN-Approximation, handles the non-differentiable ℓ1-norm term by utilizing a differentiable approximation. The second model merges the locally competitive algorithm (LCA) concept with the LPNN framework to address the non-differentiable term. It is called LPNN-LCA. For the LPNN-Approximation, we prove that the state of the network globally converges to the optimal solution of the sparse portfolio problem. Meanwhile, for the LPNN-LCA, we prove that all the equilibrium points of its dynamics correspond to the optimal solution of the sparse portfolio problem and are asymptotically stable. In addition, the realizations of the two models are discussed. Specifically, a thorough circuit realization for the thresholding elements of the LPNN-LCA model is presented. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is verified by a number of numerical experiments, which show that the two proposed models outperform two state-of-the-art analog models.

A Palimpsest of Practice-led Inquiry: A Conversation

This paper aims to interrogate a writer-researcher’s journey through practice-led inquiry (Gray, 1996) within a broader discourse that acknowledges academic writing as contested. Indeed, the quest of a migrant writer for recognition of their writing in another land requires a deep understanding of the many layers that make up the provenance of their writing practice: A second language, and both their cultural identity and literary background, provide layers of knowledge and experience that fuse to form a 'style' and ultimately a writing ‘niche’. The readership of their writing carries its own provenance and therefore the additional bias of ‘the home ground’. As it reads in the title, palimpsest, in its figurative sense, is a notion that implies levels of meaning in a literary work. Although not the first writer to use the concept figuratively, it was Thomas De Quincey who wrote an essay entitled “The Palimpsests” (1845), which would inaugurate “the substantive concept of the palimpsest” (Dillon, 2005, p. 243). Similarly, Barthes (1989, p. 99) referred to a text as a layered discourse, an onion, a superimposed construction of skins (of layers, of levels, of systems) whose volume contains, finally, no heart, no core, no secret, no irreducible principle, nothing but the very infinity of its envelopes—which envelop nothing other than the totality of its surfaces. As a writer surfaces, discriminates, and understands the different layers that fashion their writing, and wields their particular use of English as a second language, their practice becomes more authentic. That authenticity becomes a dual threshold element of an exegesis argument, representing faithfulness to the practitioner, and translating or bridging the gap between first language readers and second language voices.

Influence of charges deposited on membranes of human hyperdirect pathway axons on depolarization during subthalamic deep brain stimulation

Objective. The motor hyperdirect pathway (HDP) is a key target in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease with deep brain stimulation (DBS). Biophysical models of HDP DBS have been used to explore the mechanisms of stimulation. Built upon finite element method volume conductor solutions, such models are limited by a resolution mismatch, where the volume conductor is modeled at the macro scale, while the neural elements are at the micro scale. New techniques are needed to better integrate volume conductor models with neuron models. Approach. We simulated subthalamic DBS of the human HDP using finely meshed axon models to calculate surface charge deposition on insulting membranes of nonmyelinated axons. We converted the corresponding double layer extracellular problem to a single layer problem and applied the well-conditioned charge-based boundary element fast multipole method (BEM-FMM) with unconstrained numerical spatial resolution. Commonly used simplified estimations of membrane depolarization were compared with more realistic solutions. Main result. Neither centerline potential nor estimates of axon recruitment were impacted by the estimation method used except at axon bifurcations and hemispherical terminations. Local estimates of axon polarization were often much higher at bifurcations and terminations than at any other place along the axon and terminal arbor. Local average estimates of terminal electric field are higher by 10%–20%. Significance. Biophysical models of action potential initiation in the HDP suggest that axon terminations are often the lowest threshold elements for activation. The results of this study reinforce that hypothesis and suggest that this phenomenon is even more pronounced than previously realized.

DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF TERNARY LOGIC ELEMENTS

The aim of this paper is creating some ternary elements. The threshold element of ternary logic on bipolar transistors and elements of ternary systems based on it are considered. The main disadvantages of this approach are identified. The multi-threshold element of multivalued logic and its specific four-threshold implementation are considered. The scientific nowelty is the using of a multithreshold element of multivalued logic as a basis for constructing elements of ternary systems. It is shown that the advantages of a multi-threshold element of multi-valued logic are a larger number of thresholds of input signals, a larger number of levels that it can distinguish and a larger number of output signals. The implementation of some ternary elements, such as half-adder, disjunction and strong conjunction, is given. The practical significance of obtained results is that the multithreshold element of multivalued logic allows us to use it for synthesis basic elements of ternary logic and use one approach for all of them. Additional practical advantage is that in practice it allows you to build more diverse logical and arithmetic devices with a simplified implementation. The implementation of ternary devices based on threshold logic is a way to create ternary devices that can compete with binary devices in terms of equipment, capacity, operational capabilities, and variety. This, in turn, leads to greater speed and simplification of the structure of devices, as well as increasing the speed of data processing. These advantages are significant in such areas of computer use as intelligent data processing systems, expert systems, decision theory, i.e., where data analysis is performed. Prospects for further research are to use the method of construction and synthesis of nodes of ternary computer systems, based on MTEML. Their optimization, and development of principles of mathematical modeling and software of such systems and their elements is expedient.

A Lagrange Programming Neural Network Approach with an ℓ0-Norm Sparsity Measurement for Sparse Recovery and Its Circuit Realization

Many analog neural network approaches for sparse recovery were based on using ℓ1-norm as the surrogate of ℓ0-norm. This paper proposes an analog neural network model, namely the Lagrange programming neural network with ℓp objective and quadratic constraint (LPNN-LPQC), with an ℓ0-norm sparsity measurement for solving the constrained basis pursuit denoise (CBPDN) problem. As the ℓ0-norm is non-differentiable, we first use a differentiable ℓp-norm-like function to approximate the ℓ0-norm. However, this ℓp-norm-like function does not have an explicit expression and, thus, we use the locally competitive algorithm (LCA) concept to handle the nonexistence of the explicit expression. With the LCA approach, the dynamics are defined by the internal state vector. In the proposed model, the thresholding elements are not conventional analog elements in analog optimization. This paper also proposes a circuit realization for the thresholding elements. In the theoretical side, we prove that the equilibrium points of our proposed method satisfy Karush Kuhn Tucker (KKT) conditions of the approximated CBPDN problem, and that the equilibrium points of our proposed method are asymptotically stable. We perform a large scale simulation on various algorithms and analog models. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is better than or comparable to several state-of-art numerical algorithms, and that it is better than state-of-art analog neural models.

Interactive Influence of Soil Erosion and Cropland Revegetation on Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Nutrient Limitations in the Loess Hilly-Gully Region of China

Soil erosion is a major form of land degradation, especially in agroecosystems, which has been effectively controlled by vegetation restoration. However, the interactive role of erosion and cropland revegetation on soil enzyme activities and microbial nutrient limitations is less understood. To address this issue, we examined carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in bulk soils and microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and microbial nutrient limitations in the 0–200 cm soils in eroded and deposited landscapes occupied by cropland, revegetated forest, and grassland. The results showed that the activities of C-, N-, and P-acquiring enzymes were larger in the deposited landscape than in the eroded landscape for 0–20 cm soils in forest and grassland but not in cropland. Microbial metabolism was co-limited by N and P, and the threshold element ratio (TERL) indicated that P was the most limiting factor. Microbial N limitation was lower in the deposited than the eroded zone, especially in surface soils in revegetated forest and grassland. The TERL value was larger at the deposited than at the eroded zone, and a greater difference was found in the surface soils of forest and grassland. Microbial nutrient limitations were mostly explained by C/P and N/P. Conclusively, the deposited areas were characterized by ameliorated enzyme activities, decreased microbial N limitation but relatively strengthened microbial P limitation compared to the eroded area, and such variations existed in the revegetated forest and grassland but not in the cropland, which thus contributes to a better understanding of C and nutrient cycling for agroecosystems and revegetation ecosystems in eroded environments.

On the Conditions for the Passage of a Signal Through a Chain of Asynchronous Threshold Elements

On the Conditions for the Passage of a Signal Through a Chain of Asynchronous Threshold Elements

Threshold and its performance in urban settlement

This study aims to investigate several elements as a form of threshold in the urban settlement. Threshold has the function of connectedness and separation, which is an integral part of spatial practice in urban settlements. That is how humans have the freedom to regulate their activities and space by using the threshold as connector or separator. In particular, this paper describes the elements function as a threshold for different conditions to connect and separate human roles and activities. The extent to which activities occur in a particular space and time in urban settlements is the key to determining the shape of the threshold. This paper presents an overview of the forms and performance of threshold that exist in urban settlements based on everyday practices. It not only discusses the function of elements as a threshold but also reveals the relationship between in-out of the everyday practice in urban settlements. The presence of thresholds in urban settlements is not only limited to physical elements. In this paper, we argue that the threshold element can produce a different performance due to the interacting activities between space and time. So that the understanding that connecting and separating cannot be seen as something fixed, but depends on other aspects that occur in everyday practice. This paper provides another understanding of the performance of thresholds in urban settlements, and this can be carried out in the development of a dynamic and transformative urban spatial design.

АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ ТРІЙКОВОЇ ЛОГІКИ

The analysis of the constructed ternary elements and prospects of their development is actual. There are different ways of implementing ternary elements. The problem of development the multivalued logic is the lack of common approach to the implementation of components and elements of non-binary computers. The goal of the work is the comparative analysis the current state of the methods of construction of ternary elements. The history and prospects of development the methods of construction of ternary elements and computer systems on their basis are considered. A comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of such methods of constructing ternary elements as threshold elements of ternary logic based on magnetic elements, ternary elements based on λ-transistor, CMOS transistor and CMOS-C transistors, on binary logic, mathematical models of ternary elements based on neurons, threshold element on bipolar transistors and multithreshold element of multivalued logic according to the main criteria, such as: speed, power consumption, complexity of the structure, the possibility of integrated implementation was made. The future directions of work and expediency of development of subjects of construction of ternary elements and systems on their basis are outlined. All the considered methods of implementation of ternary elements have a number of significant disadvantages. Only using the multithreshold element of multivalued logic allows to create the ternary elements with general approach. One of the obstacles hindering the development of ternary technology is the lack of element base and a common approach to the implementation of components and elements of non-binary computers. Implementing ternary devices based on threshold logic is a way to create ternary devices that can compete with binary devices in terms of equipment.

Deadwood mass and microclimate affect labile soil carbon and nitrogen under thinning of a naturally regenerated oak forest

Context Labile soil carbon and nitrogen are important indicators for evaluating carbon sequestration and nutrient availability under forest management such as thinning. Aims This study assessed the effects of thinning on labile soil carbon and nitrogen indices in a naturally regenerated oak forest. Methods Un-thinned control, 15% thinning, and 30% thinning were set up, and labile soil carbon and nitrogen (microbial biomass, permanganate oxidisable carbon, dissolved carbon and nitrogen, and inorganic nitrogen) and C:N balance indices (C:N ratio and threshold element ratio) were measured after 6 years. Key results Thinning generally increased labile soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations (P < 0.01); however, their fraction within the total soil carbon and nitrogen decreased under thinning. Redundancy analysis revealed that the remaining deadwood mass was the most influential factor affecting such differences in labile soil carbon and nitrogen indices across the three treatments (P < 0.01), although soil moisture had an effect as well (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the dissolved C:N ratio was higher than threshold element ratio only in 15% and 30% thinnings, indicating that thinning could shift the limiting factor for microbial growth from carbon to nitrogen by adding deadwoods, which provided carbon-rich substrates. Conclusions Overall, results demonstrate that deadwood retention and soil microclimatic changes could be the significant factors affecting soil carbon and nitrogen storage and the associated microbial affinity in thinned forests. Implications Therefore, sustainable forestry strategies for thinning residue management should be addressed to reinforce soil carbon and nitrogen conditions and the forest ecosystem functions.

High-speed temporal and spatial beam-shaping combining active and passive elements.

Temporal and spatial shaping of laser beams is common in laser micromachining applications to improve quality and throughput. However, dynamic beam shaping (DBS) of ultrashort, high-power pulses at rates of hundreds of kHz has been challenging. Achieving this allows for full synchronization of the beam shape with high repetition rates, high-power lasers with zero delay time. Such speeds must manipulate the beam shape at a rate that matches the nanosecond to microsecond process dynamics present in laser ablation. In this work, we present a novel design capable of alternating spatial and temporal beam shapes at repetition rates up to 330 kHz for conventional spatial profiles and temporal shaping at nanosecond timescales. Our method utilizes a unique multi-aperture diffractive optical element combined with two acousto-optical deflectors. These high damage threshold elements allow the proposed method to be easily adapted for high power ultrashort lasers at various wavelengths. Moreover, due to the combination of the elements mentioned, no realignment or mechanical movements are required, allowing for high consistency of quality for high throughput applications.

Stoichiometric models of microbial metabolic limitation in soil systems

AbstractAimEcoenzymatic stoichiometry provides a promising avenue for deciphering resource constraints on soil microbial metabolism but is hampered by limitations in current modelling techniques.InnovationHerein we developed new models for quantifying microbial metabolic limitations based on the stoichiometric and metabolic theories of ecology, using an extensive database (n = 2,667) that revealed relationships far from the widely recognized mean ratio of 1:1:1 for carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus (C : N : P) acquiring enzyme activities. We estimated the balance points of P and N acquisition (x0, y0) in the absence of resource constraints to redefine the boundary between P versus N limitation. We then calculated two alternative boundary conditions defining P versus N limitation by scaling the classic threshold element ratio (TER), generating two new models (TEREEA and TERL). In addition, a new enzyme vector (V‐T) model was devised by correcting traditional vector calculations based on observed enzyme activities against these balance points.Main conclusionsThese three new models more consistently predicted microbial metabolic limitations than the traditional TER and vector models. They also predicted that microbial metabolism in high‐latitude grasslands and low‐latitude forests were predominantly limited by soil N and P, respectively, and that increases in soil organic C with ecosystem development could intensify these limitations. In contrast, fertilizers alleviated these limitations in agricultural ecosystems, suggesting that widespread anthropogenic effects could potentially alter microbial resource limitations even in natural ecosystems. In addition, C limitation to microbial metabolism identified by the new V‐T model showed a consistent negative correlation with microbial C use efficiency among ecosystems, confirming that resource constraints regulate microbial resource allocation. These new models provide more precise predictions of microbial metabolic limitations across a wide range of ecosystems and thus may be useful tools for the study of microbial macroecology.

Workshop 2: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) WS2.1. Introduction to TMS

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) transports a short (about 100 µs) high intensity (∼ 2 Tesla) magnetic field painless through the skull into the brain and induces an electric current flow. This in turn excites neurons or fiber tracts. TMS can only induce tangential current flow. Its intensity declines exponentially; thus mainly cortical areas closed to the surface are targeted. The best available data are those obtained at the motor cortex (M1). M1 stimulation allows easy quantification of effects by recording electromyographic muscle activity. When stimulating the visual cortex phosphenes can be induced. Computational models allocate the lowest threshold elements into terminals of the axon collaterals. The dependence of threshold and polarization on spatial and temporal stimulation parameters are strongly affected by morphological features of the axonal arbor, including myelination, diameter, and branching. The thresholds for current flow are directionally sensitive, with lower threshold from the back to the front as vice versa. Intensity dependent a D-wave and several I-waves with 1.5 ms intervals are induced, which can be recorded in man invasively at the cervical spinal cord. In psychology it allows to induce short virtual lesions which provide data on cortical functions arising in the area stimulated. TMS is clinically used to quantify central motor conduction time in particular in patients with multiple sclerosis. Reliable information on amplitude changes e.g. in cervical myelopathy can be obtained by the triple stimulation technique.

Various Segmentation Techniques for Lung Cancer Detection using CT Images: A Review

Computed Tomography (CT) is far and wide utilized to make a diagnosis and access thoracic diseases. The enhanced resolution of CT examination has resulted in a considerable investigation of statistics for analysis. Computerizing the scrutiny of such facts is consequently necessitate and fashioned a hastily emergent research region in medical imaging. The finding of thoracic diseases by means of image processing directs to a pre- processing step identified as “Lung segmentation” which portrays a wide range of techniques starts with simple Thresholding and numerous image processing elements are incorporated to progress segmentation, precision and heftiness. In image processing, techniques like image pre-processing, segmentation and feature extraction have been thrashed out in detail. This paper suggestions investigation of literature on computer examination of the lungs in CT scans and statements the Preprocessing ideas, segmentation of a choice of pulmonary arrangements, and Feature Extraction intended at recognition and categorization of chest abnormalities. As well as, research developments and disputes are recognized and instructions for further examinations are discussed.