Three-step Model Research Articles

The impact of leader depletion on leader performance: the mediating role of leaders’ trust beliefs and employees’ citizenship behaviors

The leadership role can be demanding and depleting. Using self-regulation and social exchange theory as a framework, we developed a three-step sequential mediation model that explains how feelings of depletion can degrade leaders’ own performance level, via the reciprocating behavior of their employees. Specifically, we hypothesized that leader depletion is negatively related to their trust beliefs. This lack of trust is expected to be reciprocated by employees in such a way that they display less citizenship behaviors towards their leader. These lowered citizenship behaviors are, in turn, predicted to negatively impact leader performance. Additionally, we hypothesized that these negative effects of feeling depleted are more pronounced for leaders who believe that their willpower is limited. Studies 1 and 2 illustrated that leader depletion indirectly influences their own performance level through leaders’ trust beliefs and employees’ leader-directed citizenship behaviors. Study 3 extended these findings from the inter-individual to the intra-individual level, and demonstrated the predicted moderating role of belief in limited willpower. Together, our studies provide new and useful insights in the broader, more distal implications of leader depletion, which have not yet been considered in existing self-regulation models.

An Arendtian Perspective on Education as a Means of Citizenship: How Citizenship Is Processed by Syrian Immigrant Students in Higher Education

In the present study, the authors focus on putting forward the thoughts of Syrian immigrant students at Turkish universities citizenship about citizenship from an Arendtian viewpoint. The authors investigated the thoughts and experiences of participants using qualitative research and a phenomenological design. The participants are Syrian students at Turkish universities. In order to ascertain the participants, criterion sampling method was used. The collected data was analyzed through a three-step model by exploring the data to obtain a holistic understanding of it, (en)coding the data and determining the themes. After all those procedures, the themes were reached as: the myth of acceptance at first glance, temporary togetherness, and university as a life-saver.

Cultural adaptation of the savvy caregiver program for Korean Americans with limited English proficiency: a feasibility and acceptability study

BackgroundLimited English proficiency (LEP) of dementia caregivers poses a critical barrier to these caregivers’ access to evidence-based interventions. In an effort to make such interventions available and accessible to dementia caregivers with LEP, in the present study we use Barrera and colleagues’ (2011) three-step model of cultural adaptation: (1) information gathering, (2) preliminary adaptation, and (3) full adaptation. Selecting Korean Americans as a target group and the Savvy Caregiver Program (SCP) as a target intervention, we demonstrate the sequential process of cultural adaption and report the outcomes on feasibility and acceptability.MethodsPreliminary adaptation with linguistic attunement was conducted by translating the SCP manual into Korean and certifying two lay individuals who were bilingual in English and Korean as Savvy trainers. The 6-week online SCP program was delivered by the two trainers in Korean with six to seven caregiver participants per trainer (N = 13). Feasibility and acceptability of the SCP for both caregiver participants and trainers were assessed using mixed methods, and their data then informed full adaptation.ResultsFindings not only showed the initial efficacy of the linguistically attuned SCP but also suggested areas for further modification. Data-driven assessment yielded a list of recommended changes for full adaptation, which was reviewed by the SCP developer to ensure fidelity and by community and research partners to confirm contextual and cultural relevance.ConclusionsThe adopted changes are broadly summarized as representing logistical, technical, and cultural issues. Given our refined set of educational materials and implementation guidelines, we discuss future directions for research and development.

A Review of South Africa’s Terms in the United Nations Security Council

ABSTRACT South Africa has served as an elected African member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) three times: in 2007–2008; 2011–2012; and 2019–2020. This article grapples with South Africa’s role as an active, voting participant on the UNSC during its third term, with reference to its previous UNSC tenures. Using a three-step model of voting behaviour analysis, the article highlights aspects of South Africa’s international peacekeeping obligations that interested observers have placed considerable value on, to determine its consistency in acting upon its declared foreign policy. This includes the Republic’s role in bringing the UN and African Union (AU) peace and security structures closer together and its efforts in strengthening the women, peace, and security (WPS) agenda. The study finds that the Republic has consistently built on its memory from its previous two terms, and its failures and successes, enabling it to utilize its third term in the most optimal way possible to meet its multilateral foreign policy goals.

Low-lying level structures in the transuranic n -rich Z=93 nuclei Np243 and Np244

Low-lying level structures of the neutron-rich transuranic $Z$=93 isotopes, namely, odd-mass $^{243}\mathrm{Np}$ and its odd-odd neighbor $^{244}\mathrm{Np}$, are investigated with a view to characterize the respective ground state (gs) and to identify any long-lived isomer (LLI). For $^{243}\mathrm{Np}$ levels, we critically examine all the available information from three sources, namely, experimental, systematics from isotopic and isotonic neighbor, and theoretical results from microscopic Nilsson model calculations. Our investigations conclude $^{243}\mathrm{Np}$ gs ${\mathrm{J}}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and configuration to be 5/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}[523\ensuremath{\downarrow}$] on all counts. For the odd-odd $^{244}\mathrm{Np}$, we employ our well-tested three-step two-quasiparticle rotor model (TQRM) to identify and evaluate excitation energies of low-lying (${E}_{x}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\le}$ 400 keV) 2qp bands and respective I(I$+$1) rotational levels. These calculations yield $^{244}\mathrm{Np}$ gs to have ${\mathrm{J}}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and 2qp configuration as 2${}^{+}${p:5/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}[523]\ensuremath{\bigotimes}$ n:${9/2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[734]} while confirming the earlier reported ${7}^{\ensuremath{-}}${p:5/2${}^{+}[642]\ensuremath{\bigotimes}$ n:${9/2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[734]} 2.29 m high-spin isomer (HSI) to be an excited state placed around ${E}_{x}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\sim}100$ keV. We also briefly discuss the earlier reported $^{244}\mathrm{Np}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay branches of the ${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$=7${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ isomer and the admissible main $\ensuremath{\beta}$ branches of ${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$=2${}^{+}$ gs to the various levels in $^{244}\mathrm{Pu}$.

Au(111) Surface Oxidation Kinetics Probed by Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid

The kinetics of surface oxidation for Au(111) in 0.1 M HCOOH + 0.1 M HClO4 was studied at 20 °C utilizing the electrocatalytic formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR). In the surface oxidation region, cyclic voltammetry shows a distinct dependence of FAOR on scan rate revealing simultaneous deactivation of active surface sites. The surface oxide is essentially inactive for the FAOR. A series of current-time curves was recorded after potential steps into the potential range between 0.65 and 1.00 V vs saturated Mercury-mercurous sulfate electrode and analyzed within a three-step surface oxidation model, which successively involves (i) adsorption at surface defects, (ii) adsorption on well-defined Au(111) terraces, and (iii) two-dimensional nucleation-and-growth on terraces. Although Au surface oxidation is by far more complex, the system can be described in terms of the intrinsic activity of the Au(111) surface and the oxide coverage The chronoamperometric measurements can be modeled without considering the interaction of the oxide species with the FAOR and the co-adsorption of anions. The potential dependence of the kinetic parameters is used to obtain theoretical current-time curves for FAOR on Au(111). This study sheds light on the “fast FAOR” and contributes to the understanding of degradation phenomena in electrocatalysis.

Classification of natural images inspired by the human visual system

In this paper, a three-step model based on the integration of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) and Decision Models is introduced for image classification which is inspired by the human visual system. To make a decision about an object, many actions should be done in a hierarchical process in the brain. First, the retina receives visual stimuli and transfers them to the visual cortex in the brain. The information extracted in the visual cortex, is accumulated over time to select an appropriate response. Many of the current decision-making models do not show how each image is converted into useful information for the decision model. Some models have used neural networks to convert each image into the information needed in the decision-making model; however, the role of the retina is ignored among these models. In this paper, a combination of retina inspired filters, CNN-based description and accumulator-based decision model is used to classify images. This model’s structure resembles the human brain due to the usage of the DoG filter bank as retina inspired filter in the first stage of it. This model shows a significant improvement in accuracy in comparison to other models; furthermore, its performance is acceptable even with the small sample training set.

The blacksmith approach: a strategy for teaching and learning in the medical anatomy course (a qualitative study)

Background:Anatomy is a symbolic, essential core topic and one of the fundamental pillars of medical and paramedical knowledge. Nevertheless, few exploratory data analyses have focused on how students approach learning anatomy. This study examined how students perceive their learning experience during anatomy lessons and how to make a model which promotes their meaningful learning and professional identity.Methods:Using purposive sampling with maximum variation, we conducted a qualitative content analysis at the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Iran (2020 to 2021). Twenty-four medical students and twelve faculty members of Iran’s medical science universities were enrolled in the study. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed according to the theme.Results:A conceptual model emerged from the data analysis with the main theme called the blacksmith approach, which included Three sub-themes: (1) making a new forge (adequate preparation and mindful beginning), (2) heating the students’ hearts (considering supporting systems that learners need) and (3) using Sledgehammer’s approach (teaching anatomy by using more active methods and engaging all neuroanatomical regions) and (Using fun for enjoyable learning). All the concepts were related to each other.Conclusion:Medical students experience a challenging fundamental evolution into professional doctors. Educational systems focus primarily on teaching and learning, while students’ transition can be facilitated by a three-step model called the Blacksmith Approach. It best serves as an educational framework for any pivotal, preclinical course capable of helping students acquire new roles and tackle challenges. Further research should be conducted to confirm how hard work leads to satisfying results with the opportunity to create enjoyable learning.

IMPROVING OUTCOMES BY ACHIEVING PERSON-CENTERED CARE: A MODEL TO GUIDE PERSON-FOCUSED PRACTICE

Governments and organizations around the world have adopted the term person-centered care to describe and guide health care services and policies. While this concept is valued in practice it seems it is not always evident to the person/families. This unfortunate reality prompted exploration of this concept. The aim of this exploration was to identify the recognized characteristics of person/family-centered practice. It identified the difficulty of defining this type of practice along with potential barriers to achieving person-centered care in everyday practice. This led to the development of a model to guide all health professionals and guide education of trainee health professionals for delivering person/family-centered care. Exploration of a person-centered approach targeted literature specifically discussing person/family-centered care. The results led to the creation of a three-step model of person/family-centered goals and practice. The model has implications for all health professionals. It suggests characteristics of effective person/family-centered care, thereby potentially producing the ultimate aim of health care: satisfying outcomes for all stakeholders including the person/family, health professionals, employers, and policy makers.

The three-step persuasion model on YouTube: A grounded theory study on persuasion in the protein supplements industry.

Persuasion can be defined as an active attempt by a person to change the behavior and attitudes of others. The purposive attempt to influence one's behavior can originate from different areas, and people who are able to do so are often referred to as influencers. Social media platforms such as Instagram or YouTube have become crucial platforms for influencers who generate their income by recommending products and services to their followers, including cosmetics, multimedia articles or clothing. Studies indicate that influencers actively try to persuade the viewer to adopt specific desirable behavior by strategically altering their displayed behavior on social media. Such strategies have mainly been explored in the context of beauty products, where lack of expertise and misinformation might have few negative consequences. Less is known about strategies used in a health-sensitive context, such as nutritional supplements. This research addresses this gap and aims to understand persuasive techniques used by health professionals on YouTube to promote the use of protein supplements. This study is based on an interpretive paradigm using interpretive grounded theory to analyze 60 YouTube videos. We developed a three-step model of persuasion for YouTube videos consisting of the steps: reaching the message, staying on the message, and performing the action that the persuader desires. Our analysis resulted in five core themes that contributed to the persuasiveness of the analyzed YouTube videos. These themes included: Quality, curiosity, engagement, concretization, and genuineness. We conclude the paper with reflections on our model's theoretical and practical implications.

Development, implementation and evaluation of high-quality virtual preoperative anaesthetic assessment during COVID-19 and beyond: a quality improvement report

BackgroundPreoperative risk factor identification and optimisation are widely accepted as the gold standard of care for elective surgery and are essential for reducing morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 public health restrictions...

Multiband Dynamics of Extended Harmonic Generation in Solids under Ultraviolet Injection

Using one-dimensional semiconductor Bloch equations, we investigate the multiband dynamics of electrons in a cutoff extension scheme employing an infrared pulse with additional UV injection. An extended three-step model is firstly validated to play a dominant role in emitting harmonics in the second plateau. Surprisingly, further analysis employing the acceleration theorem shows that, though harmonics in both the primary and secondary present positive and negative chirps, the positive (negative) chirp in the first region is related to the so-called short (long) trajectory, while that in the second region is emitted through ‘general’ trajectory, where electrons tunneling earlier and recombining earlier contribute significantly. The novel characteristics deepen the understanding of high harmonic generation in solids and may have great significance in attosecond science and reconstruction of band dispersion beyond the band edge.

STED analysis reveals the organization of nonmuscle muscle II, muscle myosin II, and F-actin in nascent myofibrils.

A three-step model has been proposed to describe myofibril assembly in vertebrate cardiac and skeletal muscle cells beginning with premyofibrils, followed by nascent myofibrils, and ending as mature myofibrils (reviewed in Sanger, Wang, et al. (2017). Assembly and maintenance of myofibrils in striated muscle. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 235, 39-75; Wang, Fan, (2020). Myofibril assembly and the roles of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Cytoskeleton 77, 456-479). Premyofibrils are composed of minisarcomeres that contain nonmuscle myosin II filaments interdigitating with actin filaments embedded at their barbed ends in muscle-specific alpha-actinin-rich Z-bodies. Sarcomeres in mature myofibrils have filaments of muscle myosin II that interact with actin filaments that are attached to muscle alpha-actinin in Z-bands. Nascent myofibrils, the transitional step between premyofibrils and mature myofibrils, possess two types of myosins II, that is, nonmuscle myosin II and muscle myosin II. The relationship of these two different myosins II in nascent myofibrils, however, is not clear. Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopic analyses of nascent myofibrils in both embryonic chick cardiomyocytes, and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes revealed that nonmuscle myosin II is in the middle of the nascent myofibril, surrounded by overlapping muscle myosin II filaments at the periphery, and non-striated filamentous actin is present in the nascent myofibril. These findings support the original three-step model of myofibril assembly proposed by Rhee, Sanger, and Sanger, (1994). The premyofibrils: Evidence for its role in myofibrillogenesis. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 28, 1-24.

Low-order nonlinearities and high-order harmonics generation in Zn and ZnSe nanoparticles synthesized during femtosecond laser ablation at a 50 kHz pulse repetition rate

We synthesize Zn and ZnSe nanoparticles during laser ablation of bulk material in ethanol and analyze them using the Z-scan technique and the generation of high harmonics using a 50 kHz, 40 fs, and 1030 nm laser. The low-order nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction coefficients in the colloidal suspensions of the formed nanoparticles were measured using 1030 nm and 515 nm probing laser pulses, respectively. The values of the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient of Zn NPs at 1030 nm wavelength were calculated to be γ = − 1.4 × 10 − 13 c m 2 W − 1 and β = 2.7 × 10 − 11 c m W − 1 , respectively. Similarly, in the case of ZnSe NPs, γ = − 4.9 × 10 − 14 c m 2 W − 1 and β = 0.5 × 10 − 11 c m W − 1 , respectively. In the case of 515 nm probing pulses, the corresponding nonlinear optical parameters of Zn NP suspension were calculated to be γ = − 1.7 × 10 − 14 c m 2 W − 1 and β = 1.0 × 10 − 11 c m W − 1 , and for ZnSe NP suspension, the value of β was calculated to be 2.1 × 10 − 11 c m W − 1 . The nonlinear refractive index of this suspension was γ = − 2.4 × 10 − 14 c m 2 W − 1 . We also report the studies of high-order harmonics generation in plasmas containing Zn and ZnSe NPs using single- (1030 nm) and two-color (1030 nm + 515 nm) laser fields. The maximal generated extreme ultraviolet (XUV) harmonics were 33rd (Zn NPs) and 27th (ZnSe NPs) orders. The decrease of the maximal generating harmonic orders was explained using the three-step model. The high brightness of the ninth and 10th harmonics generated in the two-color laser field was obtained due to the resonance properties of Zn NPs. The maximal generated XUV harmonics were the 33rd (Zn nanoparticles) and 27th (ZnSe nanoparticles) orders.

Facets of life skills education – a systematic review

PurposeThe study aims to review the existing theories and literature related to life skills education for adolescents to construct a model portraying the inter-relatedness between these variables. This study discerns the inferences from the studies conducted earlier to propose various aspects to be considered for future research and interventions targeting the effectiveness of life skills education for adolescents.Design/methodology/approachProlific examination of numerous theoretical and empirical studies addressing these variables was carried out to formulate assertions and postulations. Deducing from the studies in varied streams of education, public health, psychology, economics and international development, this paper is an endeavor toward clarifying some pertinent issues related to life skills education.FindingsAlthough there is abundant evidence to encourage and assist the development of life skills as a tool to achieve other outcomes of interest, it is also important to see life skills as providing both instrumental and ultimate value to adolescents. Quality life skills education needs to be intertwined with the curriculum through the primary and secondary education, in the same way as literacy and numeracy skills.Originality/valueThe present study has important implications for educators and policymakers for designing effective life skills education programs. Additionally, this paper provides a three-step model based on Lewin’s three step prototype for change, to impart life skills trainings to adolescents through drafting pertinent systems. This will help in imparting quality life skills education to adolescents and raising them to be psychologically mature adults.

Driving Infrastructural Advantage: Google’s Strategic Moves in AI Digital Technology Commons

In recent years, the adoption of open-source digital technologies in AI computing and cloud infrastructures – which we call AI Digital Technology Commons (AI DTCs) – has accelerated the creation and adoption of cloud-based AI applications. This trend is driving infrastructural innovation and the way AI DTC resources can be harnessed for competitive advantage. We document how Google has used strategic and tactical moves in AI DTCs over the past decade to drive AI ecosystem growth while manoeuvring for a position of influence within it, to com-bine infrastructural and product innovation, and harness the resulting AI DTC momentum to drive proprietary advantage by exploiting data network effects. Based on this analysis we propose a three-step process model of infrastructural competitive advantage, which distinguishes between Herding, Productizing, and Colonizing activities in driving and leveraging DTCs for competitive advantage.

Integrated Predictive Control of PMLSM Current and Velocity Based on ST-SMO

To enhance the control performance of a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) and to improve its dynamic response performance and steady-state accuracy, a PMLSM model predictive integrated control (MPC) system based on a super-twisting sliding mode observer (ST-SMO) is proposed. According to the mathematical model of a PMLSM, this paper designs a three-step model to predict the comprehensive control correction factor, optimize the prediction speed and current, reduce the response time, and enhance the system’s stability. Meanwhile, in order to solve the problem of the PMLSM’s high dependence on mechanical sensors, the ST-SMO is introduced to observe the rotation speed of PMLSM, which has better tracking performance and observation accuracy than a traditional sliding mode observer (SMO). Finally, the experimental verification is carried out on the PMLSM experimental platform. The software simulation and hardware experiment results show that the control system designed in this paper not only simplifies the overall structure of the system, but it also has better control performance and tracking ability. Compared with traditional control methods and SMO, it has better control performance, stability, and speed-tracking performance.

Short-term wind speed forecasting using neural network models for Taiwan Strait

In recent years, renewable energy has received rapidly growing attention due to its eco-friendly and sustainable properties. Taiwan as an island nation that is planning to develop offshore wind power to reduce the dependence on imported energy. Due to the intermittent and variable nature of wind, a study on wind characteristics and forecasting will make it possible to obtain valuable information on local wind conditions and enhance local forecasting abilities. In this study, wind data from 2017 to 2019, obtained from the Taipower Meteorological Mast in the Taiwan Strait, was used to develop a short-term multistep wind forecasting model. This model was based on a combination of an artificial neural network and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models. The results revealed that the northeast winds in winter and autumn were steadier, in terms of both speed and direction, than those in spring and summer. The prediction accuracies of this three-step forecasting model reached 0.991, 0.981, and 0.970, respectively. These findings will greatly improve our ability to forecast this important Taiwan Strait wind resource.

User Experience Quantification Model from Online User Reviews

Due to the advancement in information technology and the boom of micro-blogging platforms, a growing number of online reviews are posted daily on product distributed platforms in the form of spontaneous and insightful user feedback, and these can be used as a significant data source to understand user experience (UX) and satisfaction. However, despite the vast amount of online reviews, the existing literature focuses on online ratings and ignores the real textual context in reviews. We proposed a three-step UX quantification model from online reviews to understand customer satisfaction using the effect-based Kano model. First, the relevant online reviews are selected using various filter mechanisms. Second, UX dimensions (UXDs) are extracted using a proposed method called UX word embedding Latent Dirichlet allocation (UXWE-LDA) and sentiment orientation using a transformer-based pipeline. Then, the casual relationships are identified for the extracted UXDs. Third, the UXDs are mapped on the customer satisfaction model (effect-based Kano) to understand the user perspective about the system, product, or services. Finally, the different parts of the proposed quantification model are evaluated to examine the performance of this method. We present different results of the proposed method in terms of accuracy, topic coherence (TC), Topic-wise performance, and expert-based evaluation for the proposed framework validation. For review quality filters, we achieved 98.49% accuracy for the spam detection classifier and 95% accuracy for the relatedness detection classifier. The results show that the proposed method for the topic extractor module always gives a higher TC value than other models such as WE-LDA and LDA. Regarding topic-wise performance measures, UXWE-LDA achieves a 3% improvement on average compared to LDA due to the incorporation of semantic domain knowledge. We also compute the Jaccard coefficient similarity between the extracted dimensions using UXWE-LDA and UX experts-based analysis for checking the mutual agreement, which is 0.3, 0.5, and 0.4, respectively. Based on the Kano model, the presented study has potential implications concerning issues and knowing the product’s strengths and weaknesses in product design.

Three-Step Mathematical Model for Optimizing Rebar Cutting-Stock with Practical Application

Three-Step Mathematical Model for Optimizing Rebar Cutting-Stock with Practical Application