Three-stage Procedure Research Articles

The relationship between secondary traumatic stress and burnout in critical care nurses: The mediating effect of resilience

PurposeTo examine the mediating factor on the association of secondary traumatic stress and burnout among critical care nurses. DesignA correlational study. MethodsData were collected from a convenience sampling of 147 nurses from two general hospitals who had six or more months of experience working in an intensive care unit. The collected data were analyzed through t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Bonferroni correction, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient using SPSS 25.0. The mediating effect of resilience was analyzed through the three-stage mediation effect test procedure using hierarchical regression analysis and the Sobel test. ResultsSecondary traumatic stress had a statistically significant positive correlation with burnout (r = 0.45, p <.001), and a statistically significant negative correlation between burnout and resilience (r = −0.54, p <.001) was observed. Secondary traumatic stress was found to have a statistically significant effect on resilience, which was the mediating variable (β = −0.17, p =.042). Additionally, secondary traumatic stress had a statistically significant effect on burnout (β = 0.45, p <.001). The significance of the mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between secondary traumatic stress and burnout was investigated using the Sobel test, and the mediating effect of resilience was found to be statistically significant (Z = 1.98, p =.048). ConclusionResilience was found to have a partial mediating effect in the relationship between critical care nurses’ secondary traumatic stress and burnout. The study thus provides basic data on the importance of resilience in preventing burnout from secondary traumatic stress.

Pedagogical monitoring of the moral culture of a preschool child

The paper is devoted to the problem of complex pedagogical monitoring of the development of moral culture of preschool children. The issues addressed in the paper are updated by the contradiction existing in psychological and pedagogical research between the extensive attention of science to the issues of moral education, the moral development of the personality and the uncertainty of the assessment criteria and the corresponding means of pedagogical monitoring of the development of moral culture among preschoolers. The options for monitoring the moral culture of children proposed by researchers do not reflect a general understanding of moral culture, focusing on its individual aspects (national values, Orthodox moral categories, various moral qualities, etc.), which is undoubtedly significant for science and practice. However, the tasks of preschool education, dictated by modern standards, require a qualitatively new approach to a holistic and comprehensive assessment of the results of the education of moral culture, which emphasizes the need to create, describe and empirically test a model of integrated pedagogical monitoring of the development of moral culture among preschoolers. Within the framework of the model of complex pedagogical monitoring of the development of moral culture among preschoolers described in the paper, a three-stage monitoring procedure is proposed. It allows to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the moral development of children according to cognitive, emotional-evaluative and behavioral criteria. Empirical testing has shown that the proposed monitoring procedure corresponds to the solution of the tasks set, makes it possible to assess both individual criteria and the general level of development of the moral culture of preschoolers, and the results obtained are correlated with expert assessments and observations of teachers and educators.

Evaluating the commercialization of smallholder malt barley farmers via vertical coordination in Arsi highlands, Oromia region, Ethiopia

Smallholder farmers search for their product buyers in local spot market transactions. In spot market transactions, farmers will not be assured of ready markets for their production, or face volatile market prices. Similarly malt barley farmers used to face challenges of accessing input, farm technology, credit, and information that undermine their livelihoods. Vertically coordinated malt barley supply chain is evolving fast in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to analyze nexus between vertical coordination and level of malt barley commercialization in the study area. This study has been conducted in four districts of Arsi highlands known for their malt barley production potentials and presence of active supply chain coordination. A three-stage sampling procedure was employed to collect data using interview schedule from 384 (190 contract and 194 non-contract) randomly selected malt barley farmers. Descriptive statistics and Tobit regression model used to analyze farmer and farm-related factors vis-à-vis vertical coordination and level and determinants of commercialization farm households. Accordingly, the study identified that 11.05% of the respondents had <30% level of commercialization, when 55% were in between 30% and 65% and the rest, 34.21% of sampled malt barley farm households had more than 65% level of malt barley commercialization. Tobit regression revealed that farm size, yield, price, quantity of fertilizer applied, contract agreements, mobile phone ownership and access to credit were determinants of level of malt barley commercialization. Thus, endeavors of malt barley commercialization have to focus on improving access to technology, credit, extension, and organizing farmers in contract farming among others.

Tourism combination forecasting using a dynamic weighting strategy with change-point analysis

ABSTRACT Combination forecasting is an important in the literature on tourism. This study considers three important issues to develop a more accurate combination forecasting method for tourism forecasting. We address the unrealistic requirement related to the statistical properties of the collected data for model fitting, assign changing rather than fixed weights to single models, and incorporate nonlinear relationships among single-model forecasts into forecast combinations. This leads us to develop a three-stage procedure for combination forecasting that consists of generating single-model forecasts with grey prediction models, detecting significant changes in the time series to determine when to update the weights for combining the forecasts, and nonlinearly combining individual forecasts based on a dynamic weighting strategy. In contrast with commonly used fixed weighting, the dynamic weighting used here involves the use of change points to identify the period for which the weights need to be re-estimated. The inbound demand for tourism in Taiwan was used as an empirical case to assess the performance of the proposed framework for forecast combinations. The results show that the nonlinear fuzzy integral with the proposed dynamic weighting strategy significantly outperforms that with the fixed weighting strategy, and has a superior forecasting accuracy than other combined models.

Utilisation of information and communication technologies for agricultural extension service delivery in public and non-public organisations in southwestern Nigeria

The study investigated the use of information and communication technologies for specified extension delivery functions among practitioners in southwestern Nigeria. A pre-tested structured questionnaire along with in-depth interview schedule was conducted to collect data from senior officials who served as key informants from organisations. Data was analysed using descriptive (frequency and percentages and mean) and inferential (linear regression, T-test, and independent sample t-test) statistics. A three-stage sampling procedure was used to select respondents from Oyo, Ondo, Ekiti and Ogun States, being purposively selected due to presence of notable Public Extension Organisations (PEO) and Non-Public Extension Organisations (NPEO) in them. A total number of 165 respondents were selected from NPEO (41) and PEO (124) organisations. Mean of respondents’ ages was higher for respondents in NPEO than PEO organisations. Years of professional experience was higher in PEO. Highest educational qualification for NPEO was Bachelor’s degree while it was HND for PEO. Raising awareness about opportunities was the extension function most respondents used ICTs for. Use of information and communication technologies was significantly influenced by respondents’ M. Sc. educational qualification and years of professional experience in PEO and NPEO. Significant difference existed in the use of technologies between public organisations and non-public organisations. There would be a need to educate practitioners from both organisations in using appropriate technologies that enhances the clienteles’ decision-making process, choice of new innovations over the old ones. It would be advantageous to implement policies that could empower both organisations to use ICT tools. This could ensure access to agricultural-related information that could improve clienteles’ standard of living.

The impact of pre-notifications and reminders on participation in colorectal cancer screening – A randomised controlled trial

This study aimed to test whether participation in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening can be increased by combining the standard invitation procedure with a pre-notification and/or an extra reminder.In a non-blinded randomised controlled trial nested in a population-based CRC screening programme employing the faecal immunochemical test, Group I received a three-staged invitation procedure (pre-notification, invitation and one reminder), Group II received a three-staged invitation procedure (invitation and two reminders) and Group III received a four-staged invitation procedure (pre-notification, invitation and two reminders). The control group received the invitation and one reminder (usual procedure).A total of 59,041 participants were included in the analyses. Overall participation rates increased from 66.9% in the control group to 69.8% in the four-staged invitation procedure corresponding to an increase in overall participation rate of 2.9% (95% CI: 1.8 to 4.0). In the age group 50–59 years, the four-staged invitation procedure increased the participation rate by 4.0% (95% CI: 2.4 to 5.6). An extra reminder increased participation with 2.7% (95% CI: 1.1; 4.2) for males compared to 1.1% (95% CI: −0.3; 2.5) for females.In conclusion, the four-staged invitation procedure was the most effective invitation procedure indicating that multiple invitation procedures are most effective, especially in the youngest age group. If a three-staged invitation procedure is applied, a second reminder should be preferred over a pre-notification.Trial registrationThe project was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 26 February 2020 and patient enrolment began in August 2020.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04292366.

DEMAND AND MARKET CONCENTRATION FOR BRANDED SAUSAGE ROLLS IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA

&lt;p&gt;Branded sausage is one of the fast foods, and the demand for it in Nigeria is increasing substantially due to growing household affluence and its availability and affordability. The study examined the market concentration and the need for branded sausage rolls in Oyo State using 290 respondents (buyers and sellers) collected through a three-stage sampling procedure. The study affirmed that Gala (small and big) had the highest percentage (41.3%) of consumers while bigi and the rite spicy had 22.7% and 21.4%, respectively. The yum-yum brand had the lowest consumers percentage (1.8%). The average amount consumers spent on gala (big and small size) per month was ₦824.18 followed by rite spicy and bigi with a moderate amount of ₦582.98 and ₦520 per month. Gala (small and big) had the highest inequality in sales revenue (0.42) while bigi had the least (0.26). The market concentration of gala was the highest (50%) while bigi had the least (40%). The market share of the gala (big and small size) was 54.4 percent followed by rite spicy and bigi with 23.9 and 21.1 percent, respectively. Monthly income, taste, quality, price, and availability influenced consumers' preference for sausage rolls while monthly payment, household size and brand consumed determined consumers' monthly expenditure on sausage rolls in the study area. The yum-yum brand had the lowest consumer’s percentages in the sausage market at 1.8%. Producers of other sausage rolls brands should develop strategies that would ensure fair competition with other brands so that the dominance of some brands can be reduced to prevent the emergence of a monopolist in the sausage rolls market. The need for market segmentation based on consumers’ income is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;

ANALYSIS OF LOW-COST UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY SOLUTIONS FOR BEACH MODELLING AND MONITORING USING THE OPENSOURCE QUANTUM GIS

Abstract. Coastlines are fundamentally unique features. Their behavioural patterns are predominantly subjects of numerous environmental and engineering studies. With the magnitude of the effects of coastal flooding and erosion, there is a need for accurate techniques for data capture and data processing. With an emphasis on the zero-cost open source GIS software, there is no existing evaluative procedure for demonstrating the analytical capabilities of large-scale UAV-based outputs for microscale analysis for small changes on the beach such as sediment movement, erosion/accretion of individual features. There were four different drone surveys in the study area to determine microscale change over time. A three-stage analysis procedure helps in determining the overview of the coastline and highlights the region(s) of optimum change requiring further spatial analysis with micro-scale change detection. Results obtained show the analytical capabilities of large-scale UAV-based outputs for relatively small but detailed analysis using the open-source QGIS. Results obtained show that spatial analyses of the zoomed areas at different viewpoints and scales improve the confidence level of the hillshading and contour of that particular section on the coastline. The UAV photogrammetry and the three-stage analysis procedure can detect a 1cm change on the beach using the free and open-source QGIS software. It shows the profile modelling of the coastal inundations for both pre and post-flooding events at sub-centimetre intervals can be obtained from QGIS modelling, data computation, analysis, and visualization.

Promoting Sustainability through Assessment and Measurement of Port Externalities: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Paths

In an attempt to mitigate and balance economic, environmental, and societal externalities that ports exert, port sustainability is becoming increasingly important as a key priority. This work embarks on an effort to explore the boundaries, provide a holistic view, and establish a knowledge map of contemporary research in the field of port externalities and impacts, by conducting a systematic literature review (SLR) by carrying out a three-stage procedure (planning, execution, and reporting), enhancing objectivity, while limiting errors and bias. The literature under study pertains to research domains focusing on: (a) identifying port externalities and impacts, (b) utilizing metrics and indicators to measure and quantify the positive or negative impact of port externalities, and (c) promoting an inclusive framework for sustainable port development. Our results include, among others, the classification of methodologies and particularly, of indicators established per type of externality to measure and monitor sustainable port performance, as well as identification of trends and gaps within the contemporary literature. We find considerable room for exploring new concepts and research paths within the domain of port impacts and externalities, both within individual dimensions of sustainability (economic, social, environmental), and on a multidisciplinary level.

Stronger mixed-integer programming-formulations for order- and rack-sequencing in robotic mobile fulfillment systems

This paper addresses the order- and rack-sequencing problem at a single picking station in the context of robotic mobile fulfillment systems, a warehouse technology typically applied in large distribution centers. Following the parts-to-picker concept, items are stored on movable racks that are lifted and transported by automated guided vehicles from the storage area to picking stations for order-processing. The order-picking process involves two linked decisions: How to sequence the processing of orders and how to sequence the rack visits to supply the picking station with the requested items. We present a novel mixed-integer linear programming formulation achieving stronger linear programming bounds than a previous formulation. Including preprocessing techniques it quickly solves instances of medium-size to proven optimality for the first time in literature. For large real-world instances, we provide a three-stage heuristic solution procedure suitable in a dynamic environment, while providing competitive solutions within a short run time. Computational experiments on a broad set of benchmark instances and a comparative study with approaches from literature verify our results.

GTOC 11: Results from Tsinghua University and Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering

In this paper, the methods and results from Tsinghua University and Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering for the 11th Global Trajectory Optimization Competition (GTOC11) are presented. To deal with the complicated “Dyson Sphere” building problem, a three-stage procedure is conducted. First, the pre-analysis is performed to reduce search space. It is found that two-impulse maneuvers between asteroid flybys are near-optimal, the semi-major axis of the “Dyson Ring” should be better at 1.0–1.5 AU, and the larger arrival mass asteroids tend to be selected. Second, the globally optimal trajectory design problem is further divided into two sub-problems, the mothership trajectory design and the asteroid assignment to the “Dyson Ring” power stations. For the first problem, beam search is used to obtain numerous single mothership trajectories based on a pre-constructed flyby trajectory database of 3–8 asteroids. The overall trajectories and asteroids visited are obtained by selecting 10 mothership trajectories with a genetic algorithm. For the second problem, we build a database of optimal rendezvous times for all the 83,453 asteroids at different phase angles to reach power stations of different radii and phase angles, then a greedy algorithm is proposed to obtain the asteroid arrival schedule based on all the asteroids visited by motherships. Finally, local optimization of asteroid sequence and flyby epochs is conducted. The activation time adjustment in combination with indirect continuous-thrust trajectory optimization is used based on the global optimization result. In the final submission, motherships fly by 388 asteroids, and the minimum mass of twelve power stations reaches 94% of the theoretical upper bound, which is defined using the minimum-time orbital transfers with free initial and target phases.

Strengthening resilience to flooding in Yangon using sustainable urban drainage systems

The paper assesses the potential for adopting sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) in Myanmar to mitigate flood risks related to urbanisation. Fieldwork in commercial and industrial developments and informal settlements was undertaken to identify flood problems, understand causes and assess the potential for SUDS in Yangon. Hydrological modelling was used to assess the benefits in terms of flood risk mitigation from a quantitative perspective and engagement with key stakeholders facilitated a consideration of the practical implications of SUDS adoption. The results demonstrate that on-site source control technologies can play a key role in mitigating flood risks for storm events with return frequencies of one in 10 years. Based on simulation results, the existing situation shows extensive flooding with 45% of the area flooding to a depth of 0.25 m, the SUDS scenario reduces this from 30 to 15% of the modelled catchment area. SUDS need to be adopted at scale for the benefits to be realised but the adoption of SUDS in existing developments is seen to be constrained due to practical and financial considerations. Therefore, green field sites offer the greatest potential for SUDS and a three-stage procedure based on flood risk and drainage impact assessments were developed to be incorporated in the existing planning applications process.

The relationship between R&D, innovation and productivity in emerging economies: CDM model and alternatives

• The original CDM model and its modified forms does not reflect the stylized facts related to innovation in emerging economies. • Two alternative models - investment and production capabilities driven - better reflect the stylized facts of innovation in emerging economies. • A policy should aim at enhancing manufacturing and implementation capability, and on the transition from production to innovation capability. CDM (Crépon, Duguet and Mairesse, 1988) is a workhorse model in the economics of innovation, which explains productivity in a three-stage procedure driven initially by R&D and leads to patents and then to productivity improvements. Based on the logic of this model, an increasing number of papers applies it to emerging economies but modifies the original model without being explicit about the nature and implications of this modification. We argue in this paper that, in its original form, CDM does not capture stylized facts of the determinants of productivity in emerging economies and that we need alternative models. Accordingly, we are critical of papers that try to maintain the validity of the model but actually change it. For that purpose, we test the original CDM model and its two alternatives: investment and production capability–driven models. Our research is based on a large sample of firms in Central and Eastern Europe, former Soviet republics and Turkey, and we show that the alternative models are much closer to the stylized facts of innovation activities and technology upgrading in these and other emerging economies. Our conclusions have important policy implications, which we discuss.

Analyzing socioeconomic related health inequality in mothers and children using the concentration index

&#x0D; Background: The effect of socioeconomic inequity on major public health indices such as maternal and child mortality rates in low- and middle-income countries are less understood and needs to be evaluated through the concentration index.&#x0D; Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 in Hamadan City, the west of Iran, and 1400 households were enrolled through a stratified cluster random sampling method. The effect of inequity on health outcomes was investigated via a three-stage procedure including: (a) definition of health outcomes; (b) measuring socioeconomic status using an asset index; and (c) measuring inequality of health outcome using concentration index (CI).&#x0D; Results: There was inequality for all outcomes of interest. The CI was negative for low birth weight, underweight, stunting, wasting, minor injuries, moderate injuries, consanguineous marriage, child with disability, short birth spacing, and adolescent pregnancy indicating the disproportionate concentration of the health outcomes among the poor. On the other hand, CI was positive for preterm birth, Nonexclusive breastfeeding, severe injuries, incomplete health care, cesarean section, and advanced maternal age indicating opposite conclusion.&#x0D; Conclusion: According to our results, there is a health inequality between the poor and the rich subgroups which may increase the risk of mothers and infant mortality and morbidity rates among the poor while the majority of the conditions related to the health outcomes are preventable.&#x0D;

Determinants of Antenatal Care Utilization Among Childbearing Women in Burkina Faso.

IntroductionAntenatal care (ANC) is one of the pillars of maternal and child health programs aimed at preventing and reducing maternal and child morbidity and mortality. This study aims to identify the factors associated with ANC use, considering both health care demand and supply factors in the single analysis.MethodsWe used data from the endline survey conducted to evaluate the impact of the performance-based financing (PBF) program in Burkina Faso in 2017. This study was a blocked-by-region cluster random trial using a pre–post comparison design. The sample was derived in a three-stage cluster sampling procedure. Data collection for the endline surveys included a household survey and a facility-based survey. Women of childbearing age who gave birth at least once in the past 2 years prior to this survey and residing in the study area for more than 6 months were included in this study. Multilevel statistical techniques were used to examine individual and contextual effects related to health care demand and supply simultaneously and thus measure the relative contribution of the different levels to explaining factors associated with ANC use.ResultsThe working women were five times [odd ratio (OR): 5.41, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 4.36–6.70] more likely to report using ANC services than the women who were not working (OR: 5.41, 95% CI 4.36–6.70). Women living in a community with high poverty concentration were 32.0% (OR: 0.68, 95% CI 0.50–0.91) less likely to use ANC services than those in a community with low poverty concentration. Women living in a community with a medium concentration of women's modern contraceptive use were almost two times (OR: 1.88, 95% CI 1.70–2.12) more likely to use ANC services than those living in a community with a low concentration of women's modern contraceptive use. Women living in the health area where the level of ANC quality was high were three times (OR: 2.96, 95% CI 1.46–6.12) more likely to use ANC services than those in the health area where the ANC quality was low.ConclusionPolicies that increase the opportunity for improving the average ANC quality at the health facility (HF), the level of women's modern contraceptive use and women employment would likely be effective in increasing the frequency of use of antenatal services.

Three-stage minimum risk point estimation with termination defined via Gini’s mean difference

In this article, we revisit the classic inference problem of minimum risk point estimation for an unknown normal mean when the variance also remains unknown. We propose an alternative three-stage sampling procedure with termination defined via Gini’s mean difference rather than the traditional sample standard deviation. A number of asymptotic properties are investigated both theoretically and empirically. An extensive set of simulations is conducted to demonstrate the remarkable performance of the new procedure. For practical purposes, we also include illustrations using real data sets on the number of days marigold seeds need to flower.

Key issues impeding the integration of international faculty at Japanese universities

The study is devoted to identifying the key issues impeding the integration of international faculty at Japanese universities via a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews with 40 international faculty hired in Japanese universities with various backgrounds were conducted. The interview data were analyzed based on a three-stage coding procedure, namely open, axial, and selective coding, which identifies the main themes through increasing the level of data abstraction. The study identified the key issues from work, cultural, and interpersonal dimensions in the context internal to Japanese universities, and environmental dimension in the context external to Japanese universities. Meanwhile, the study also acknowledged the perceptual differentiation of these issues depending on international faculty’s backgrounds. Based on the principles of Embedded Intergroups Relations Theory, it appears that the key issues differ according to international faculty’s identity (country of origins), cultural backgrounds (previous experiences in Japan), and their organizational characteristics (academic ranks and disciplines). In other words, junior faculty in the Humanities who were not from countries in which Chinese characters are historically used or without previous experiences in Japan tend to perceive themselves as tokens at Japanese universities. Theoretical and practical implications including policies, future studies, and support systems are offered for policymakers, researchers, and university administrators.

Antibiotic use by backyard food animal producers in Ecuador: a qualitative study

BackgroundAntibiotics are increasingly used throughout the world in food animal production for controlling and preventing disease and for promoting growth. But this trend also has the potential for promoting antibiotic resistance, which represents a threat to human, animal, and environmental health. The use of antibiotics and the potential effects of antibiotic dependence has often been associated with large-scale food animal production. But rural households also engage in small-scale production, often operating literally in backyards. While some small-scale producers use veterinary antibiotics, many do not. This paper examines knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and agricultural practices (KAP) that represent an alternative to dependence on antibiotics.MethodsQualitative field research was based on four focus group discussions (FGDs) with non-indigenous backyard food animal producers in four communities near Quito, Ecuador and two FGDs with veterinarians. FGDs were supplemented by structured observations and key informant interviews. They were recorded with digital audio devices and transcriptions were analyzed independently by two researchers using a three-stage coding procedure. Open coding identifies underlying concepts, while axial coding develops categories and properties, and selective coding integrates the information in order to identify the key dimensions of the collective qualitative data.ResultsBackyard food animal producers in the Ecuadorian highlands generally do not use antibiotics while rearing small batches of animals and poultry for predominantly non-commercial household consumption. Instead, they rely on low cost traditional veterinary remedies. These practices are informed by their Andean history of agriculture and a belief system whereby physical activity is a holistic lifestyle through which people maintain their health by participating in the physical and spiritual environment.ConclusionsBackyard food animal producers in the Ecuadorian highlands implement complex strategies based on both economic calculations and sociocultural underpinnings that shape perceptions, attitudes, and practices. They use traditional veterinary remedies in lieu of antibiotics in most cases because limited production of food animals in small spaces contributes to a predictable household food supply, while at the same time conforming to traditional concepts of human and environmental health.

Technical Efficiency and Economic Analysis of Rice Crop in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

Pakistan is one of the world’s leading producers, exporters, and consumers of rice. This study analyzes the technical efficiency of rice growing farmers in the Swat district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A three-stage sampling procedure was used to interview 204 rice growers through a well-structured and pretested interview schedule. The maximum likelihood function results showed that chemicals, urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP), labor, and farmyard manure (FYM-dummy) were positive and had a statistically significant effect on rice yield; this implies that a 1% increase in chemicals, urea, DAP, labor, and FYM leads to an increase in rice production by 0.22%, 0.25%, 0.02%, 0.03%, and 0.01%, respectively. The estimated results of model 2 reported that respondents’ age had a positive significant effect on inefficiency, showing that with a rise in farmers’ age, the farmers’ inefficiency significantly increased. The education and experience of farmers were negative and significant, implying that these variables significantly decreased the farmers’ inefficiency. Furthermore, the results showed the mean technical efficiency as 87%, with a minimum of 66% and a maximum of 99%. The study recommends that the extension department needs to arrange training programs for the rice growers in this specific area to boost rice yield, enhance agronomic skills, and facilitate these farmers with the technical knowledge for efficient production.

Leader–follower psychological capital congruence and work outcomes: the mediating role of organizational embeddedness

PurposeBased on the micro role transition theory (MRTT), the present study aims to explore how leader–follower congruence in psychological capital (PsyCap) affects followers' task performance and voice behavior, in which we uncover the mediating role of organizational embeddedness.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted in South China through a three-stage procedure, and finally, a dyad-structured sample of 62 leaders and 218 employees was matched. The polynomial regression method, response surface analysis and structural equation modeling were employed to test the effects of leader–follower PsyCap congruence.Findings(1) Followers' organizational embeddedness will be higher when leaders' and followers' PsyCap are more aligned; (2) followers' organizational embeddedness will be higher when leaders' and followers' PsyCap are aligned at a high level rather than when they are aligned at a low level; (3) followers' organizational embeddedness will be higher when followers' PsyCap is higher than leaders', compared to when followers' PsyCap is lower than leaders'; (4) organizational embeddedness mediates the relationship between leader–follower PsyCap congruence and followers' (a) task performance and (b) voice behavior.Originality/valueThis study emphasizes leaders' pivotal role in a process where followers' PsyCap affects task performance and voice behavior, and further extends MRTT through introducing organizational embeddedness as a mediator in such a mechanism.