Three-stage Development Research Articles

로즈마리 래드퍼드 류터의 해방신학적, 여성신학적, 생태신학적 그리스도론

In this article, I will examine the three-stage development of Rosemary Radford Ruether’s Christology. At first Reuther developed her Christology from the perspective of liberation theology by analyzing contemporary studies of the historical Jesus and incorporating insights of liberation Christology. Afterwards, taking seriously feminist critiques of traditional Christology, she argued for an prophetic-iconoclastic Christology from the perspective of feminist theology. More recently, Ruether turned her attention to the cosmic Christology and developed an ecological perspective. While analyzing excerpts from her works, this study explores both the continuity and discontinuity in the development of Ruether’s Christology. In the process it is made clear that her Christology shows a greater continuity throughout her entire career than it first appears and that it becomes even more holistic in her later Christology. In the final analysis, despite Ruether’s significant contribution to contemporary Christological discourse, the author points out some limitations and then suggests urgent tasks of Christology for this century.

The staged development of a horizontal pipe flow at supercritical pressure

The axial development of heat transfer to supercritical fluids in horizontal pipe has been studied both experimentally and numerically. It has been demonstrated that the flow and heat transfer exhibit a distinct three-stage development, including two entrance effect stages and an asymptotic development stage. Stage I is characterized by a rapid heat transfer coefficient reduction and is largely caused by the thermal boundary layer development. When the inlet temperature is close to the pseudo-critical value however, flow laminarisation also plays a role. Stage II is a special entrance effect, which has not been observed in flow and heat transfer at subcritical pressure condition. This is caused by the strong buoyancy effect, leading to stratification and secondary flow. Most interestingly the heat transfer of supercritical fluids in a horizontal flow can reach a pseudo-developed state stage III, where the flow and heat transfer is free from the influence of the entrance condition. This contrasts the common belief that the heat transfer of supercritical fluids can never reach an axially asymptotic condition because of the significant property variations. The existence of such a condition can be of great value for fluid-to-fluid similarity analyses.

О тектоно-геодинамических взаимоотношениях Евразийского бассейна и хребта Ломоносова с континентальной окраиной Сибири по новым сейсмическим данным

Basing on the results of the interpretation of new seismic materials, the authors consider the structural features of the southern segments of the Eurasian Basin and the Lomonosov Ridge in the zone of junction with the continental margin of Siberia (the Laptev and East Siberian Seas). Interpretative analysis of the materials shows that the base of the sedimentary cover of the southern segment of the Eurasian Basin, where there are no regular linear magnetic anomalies, is predominantly represented by strongly stretched blocks of the continental basement. The formation the axial zone of spreading of the Gakkel Ridge here took place according to a three-stage development scheme: rifting in the Aptian-Alba and its telescoping development in the Late Cretaceous — Paleocene-Eocene, inherited valley formation in late neotectonic time. The development of the Severny Basin located in the zone of junction of the Lomonosov Ridge with the continental margin is similar to the scenario for the formation of pull-apart basins. Its formation was interconnected with the simultaneously opening adjacent extreme southeastern segment of the Amundsen Basin of the Eurasian Basin.

Hermann Cohen’s Ethical Ideas in the Works of Boris Pasternak

ABSTRACT A unique feature of Pasternak’s reception and interpretation of Cohen’s philosophical ideas consists in the fact that the poet focused mainly on the conception of ethics posed by the head of the Marburg neo-Kantian school and his conception of a history based on ethical principles. This article offers a comparative analysis of the three-stage development of Cohen’s conception of human being alongside Pasternak’s development of the image of his young female character in the tale “Liuvers’s Childhood.” It shows how Cohen’s intersubjective model of self-consciousness finds its embodiment in the transformations of Zhenya Liuvers’s self-consciousness resulting from the appearance of a “stranger,” or “Other,” in her life. The article also analyzes Cohen’s conception of history in relation to ethically understood human being and shows how Cohen’s specialized approach to understanding time, the future as a moment in time, and the ideal is reflected in Pasternak’s conception of history and its interpretation from a Christian perspective in Doctor Zhivago. In addition to these literary works, the author also uses certain autobiographical and publicistic texts, as well as correspondence, to examine Pasternak’s reception of Cohen’s ethical ideas.

Carbonation Process of Reinforced Concrete Beams under the Combined Effects of Fatigue Damage and Environmental Factors

The carbonation process of reinforced concrete (RC) beams considering the combined effect of fatigue load and environmental factors was investigated experimentally in an environmental simulation chamber based on meteorological environmental data. Fourteen beams were constructed and tested, and a carbonation numerical model (CNM) considering medium transport and fatigue damage characteristics was proposed to simulate the carbonation process of RC beams. Based on the experimental results, CNM is extended to reveal the effects of ambient temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and fatigue damage on the carbonation process of RC beams. The results showed that the change in the pore structure of concrete can directly and accurately characterize the effect of fatigue damage on the transport characteristics of concrete. The porosity of concrete substantially increased with increasing levels of fatigue damage. Although fatigue damage did not have a significant effect on the most probable pore radius of the concrete, the total pore volume of the most probable pore notably increased. The results showed that both the carbonation depth and fatigue damage exhibit a three-stage development law. The depth and rate of carbonation are related to concrete pores and macroscopic cracks. In the carbonation analysis of fatigue-damaged RC beams, the changes in both the pore structure and fatigue cracks caused by repeated fatigue loading on carbonation should be considered.

Web-based thematic module in social studies to improving student digital literation skills

Web-based thematic modules were developed based on the needs of social studies teachers and students of a media that collects social science material in an integrated and thematic manner that is easily accessible and flexible. This study aims to (1) find out the procedures for developing and making web-based modules on IPS material, (2) knowing the students' responses after using the WEB-based module as teaching material for social studies, (3) knowing the effectiveness of WEB-based modules viewed from student learning outcomes. The method used is the Research and Development method with a three-stage development model; there are design, production, and evaluation. The results of this study are (1) WEB-based thematic modules developed in two themes, namely the first theme of forest and land fires in Kalimantan and the second theme of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, (2) as for student responses to the use of this web-based thematic module product, in general, give a positive response. Although they found obstacles that were difficult to concentrate when studying with WEB, (3) the effectiveness of the product seen from student learning outcomes showed that this WEB-based module did not have a significant positive impact on student learning outcomes. 46.03% of students entered the category of mastering, and 53.94% of students entered the category of not mastering, so that shows the level of digital literacy of students is still low.

Reconsideration of the Theory on the Three-stage Development of the <i>Apoha</i> Theory

It is well known that Satkari Mookerjee proposed a theory about the three-stage development of the apoha theory. However, the famous three stages including the view of the positivist (vidhivādin) and that of the negativist (pratiṣeḍhavādin) were not explained by Mookerjee, though they are proposed in a modified version offered by Yuichi Kajiyama. I reexamine the three-stage theory and reinvestigate Dhamottara’s apoha theory.

Troubadour: A Gamified e-Learning Platform for Ear Training

Troubadour platform is an open-source personalized and adaptive web platform for ear training. The platform was developed to support music theory classes with automated music-theory-related exercises. In this paper, we present our three-stage development methodology, which incorporated the needs and feedback from both teachers and students to build an engaging music-theory e-learning platform with gamification elements. We developed and evaluated the platform with students of the Conservatory of Music and Ballet Ljubljana. The students of the 1st and 2nd year of the programme were split into two groups—the control group used the traditional way of learning, while the test group augmented their learning with the Troubadour platform. The evaluation results show an increase in exam performance and corroborate the platform’s user experience as one of the key reasons for the students’ engagement.

Numerical analysis of a hybrid cable bending-active plate structure

Research on bending-active systems integrates geometry, design and engineering, as a way to successfully utilize large elastic deformations and achieve form variation and unique system configurations. The deformation process in bending-active members requires thin materials which, however, often fail to provide adequate load-bearing capacity to the structure. The present paper proposes the hybridization of elastic members, with secondary structural components, in order to induce structural efficiency and increased load-deformation capacity. A hybrid system consisting of two elastic strips is interconnected at constant distances along the span direction through strut elements and cables. The configuration series developed refers to the number of segments of the interconnected strips and the resulting spans. The numerical investigation is conducted through a progressive nonlinear form-finding and load-deformation Finite-Element Analysis (FEA). The analysis follows a three-stage development; namely, the elastic members deployment, the vertical erection of the system and its external loading. The analysis of the proposed hybrid system gives an insight to its performance through utilization of bending deformations and tensioning of the members.

360 Video: A prototyping process for developing virtual reality interventions

Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising technological intervention for anxiety disorders. However, there are no existing standards and best practices to evaluate the effectiveness of environments to achieve their intervention goals. The purpose of this study was to develop a VR intervention for student veterans with social anxiety disorder and test feasibility utilizing a three-stage development model. The development of a therapeutic VR environment may benefit from an interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers from various fields of study. Utilizing three stages of prototyping with two virtual reality platforms, fully immersive video (n = 6) and three-dimensional (3-D) immersive virtual reality (n = 8), the research team designed an intervention for student veterans with social anxiety disorder, testing bio-reactivity of participants. Results of prototyping include user feedback validating increased stress levels and increased bio-reactivity specifically in galvanic skin response and heart rate elevation. Implications include the use of 360° video for prototyping 3-D virtual reality interventions.

Ten years of algal biofuel and bioproducts: gains and pains.

It has been proposed that future efforts should focus on basic studies, biotechnology studies and synthetic biology studies related to algal biofuels and various high-value bioproducts for the economically viable production of algal biof uels. In recognition of diminishing fossil fuel reserves and the worsening environment, microalgal biofuel has been proposed as a renewable energy source with great potential. Algal biofuel thus became one of the hottest topics in renewable energy research in the new century, especially over the past decade. Between 2007 and 2017, research related to microalgal biofuels experienced a dramatic, three-stage development, rising, growing exponentially, and then declining rapidly due to overheating of the subject. However, biofuel-driven algal biotechnology and bioproducts research has been thriving since 2010. To clarify the gains (and pains) of the past decade and detail prospects for the future, this review summarizes the extensive scientific progress and substantial technical advances in algal biofuel over the past decade, covering basic biology, applied research, as well as the production of value-added natural products. Even after 10years of hard work and billions of dollars in investments, its unacceptably high cost remains the ultimate bottleneck for the industrialization of algal biofuel. To maximize the total research benefits, both economically and socially, it has been proposed that future efforts should focus on basic studies to characterize oilgae, on biotechnology studies into various high-value bioproducts. Moreover, the development of synthetic biology provides new possibilities for the economically viable production of biofuels via the directional manufacture of microalgal bioproducts in algal cell factories.

Introducing environmental auditing as a tool of environmental governance in Ukraine

This paper intends to describe and analyse the introduction, development and practice of environmental auditing in Ukraine and how it is affected by the EU-Ukraine integration process. Environmental auditing in Ukraine has combined features of both command-and-control and marked-based policy tools, which reflects a complex combination of influences from its Soviet past and international practices adopted as part of its transition to a market economy. Consequently, there are two types of environmental auditing: mandatory and voluntary, which, although based on different normative documents and having different objectives, largely rely on the same practitioners - environmental auditors. Environmental auditing in countries undergoing political and economic transition, like Ukraine, has not been studied before. A theoretical framework was developed for this purpose, consisting of 1) 'shift of policy paradigms' theory, 2) 'collective action' theory and 3) 'community of practice' theory. Several qualitative methods were used for data collection: literature review, semi-structure open-ended interviews, and participant/non-participant observations. The gathered data are summarised in a three-stage development of environmental auditing in Ukraine as preliminary (1991–2004), foundation (2004–2010) and stagnation (2010–2015) stages. Future EU-Ukraine integration will affect environmental auditing in Ukraine as the supremacy of European Law is accepted, mandatory and voluntary environmental auditing practices will follow different paths.

Numerical analysis and cable activation in hybrid bending-active structures with multiple cables

Recent applications of bending-active structural principles have facilitated the development of unique, material and energy efficient, free-form lightweight systems. The systems are realized through the application of an interdisciplinary design, computational fabrication, exclusive assembly techniques and construction. These aspects are directly linked to the form-finding process through the bending-active members’ activation. A number of design and construction parameters necessary for the morphological objectives succession, as well as the consideration of the deformation behavior of the systems, have raised the challenge of associating generative configuration parameters with their respective post-formed load-deformation behavior. Along these lines, the present paper examines the design of a planar hybrid bending-active system that consists of a single elastic member interconnected with cable elements at equal length intervals of 1 m. The three-stage development of the system consists of its assembly in planar arrangement (i) and erection (ii) following an initial uniform cables’ length reduction, in connection with the appropriate kinematic constraints of the ground supports. In a consecutive post-tensioning stage (iii), the supports are fixed and the cables’ length is further reduced to provide higher system prestress conditions and a differentiated span to height ratio. In a preliminary stage, the system load-deformation behavior under uniformly distributed vertical load is investigated at the end of its erection (ii&Q) and post-tensioning stage (iii&Q). The analysis examines seven system configurations with increasing number of cable segments, from two to eight. For the eight cable segments system, fourteen alternative post-tensioned configurations, emerging from individual, or group, cable activation, are investigated in their load-deformation behavior. The analysis provides insights into the configurability of the hybrid systems and their load-deformation behavior. In conclusion, the paper discusses design aspects that contribute towards structurally efficient configurations of the hybrid system series.

Leveraging State DOT Technology and Practice for Cost-Effective Pavement Management by Local Government Authorities

To improve management of the pavement assets in Georgia’s local government authorities (LGs), there is a need to leverage the existing pavement management and maintenance technology and practice in the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT). However, due to the difference in organizational structure and resource limitation of LGs, GDOT’s technology cannot be directly adopted. To address this issue, a research team at Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) developed the Computerized Pavement Condition Evaluation System for Counties and Cities (COPACES-CC) that is based on GDOT’s current practice on pavement management and maintenance. To facilitate the technology transfer (T2) from GDOT to Georgia’s LGs, the Georgia Tech research team has collaborated with GDOT’s Office of Research, Local Technical Assistance Program, Office of Local Grants, and Office of Maintenance. LGs’ decision makers and stakeholders were also engaged in this T2 activity. This paper presents the research need and development of COPACES-CC, a guided T2 process that was adopted in three-stage development and implementation strategies, and the key factors that are related to the components of a guided T2. Conclusions and future recommendations are offered. It is hoped that the successful experience in the T2 of COPACES-CC could be useful and beneficial to other state DOTs and LGs.

Development of mucosal-associated invariant T cells.

Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells develop in the thymus and migrate into the periphery to become the largest antigen‐specific αβ T‐cell population in the human immune system. However, the frequency of MAIT cells varies widely between human individuals, and the basis for this is unclear. While MAIT cells are highly conserved through evolution and are phenotypically similar between humans and mice, they represent a much smaller proportion of total T cells in mice. In this review, we discuss how MAIT cells transition through a three‐stage development pathway in both mouse and human thymus, and continue to mature and expand after they leave the thymus. Moreover, we will explore and speculate on how specific factors regulate different stages of this process.

Supercritical flows and their control on the architecture and facies of small-radius sand-rich fan lobes

New insights into flow characteristics of supercritical, high-density turbidity currents initiated renewed interest in a sand-rich lobe complex near the hamlet of Mizala in the Sorbas Basin (Tortonian, SE Spain). The field study was done using drone-made images taken along bed strike in combination with physical tracing of bounding surfaces and section logging. The studied lobe systems show a consistent built-up of lobe elements of 1.5–2.0m thick, which form the building ‘blocks’ of the lobe system. The stacking of lobe elements shows lateral shift and compensational relief infill. The new model outlined in this paper highlights three stages of fan lobe development: I. an early aggradational stage with lobe elements characterized by antidune and traction-carpet bedforms and burrowed mud intervals (here called ‘distal fan’ deposits); II. a progradational stage, where the distal fan deposits are truncated by lobe elements of amalgamated sandy to gravelly units characterized by cyclic step bedform facies (designated as ‘supra fan’ deposits). The supra fan is much more channelized and scoured and of higher flow energy than the distal-fan. Aggradation of the supra-fan is terminated by a ‘pappy’ pebbly sandstone and by substrate liquefaction, ‘pappy’ referring to a typical, porridge-like texture indicating rapid deposition under conditions of little-to-no shear. The facies-bounded termination of the supra-fan is here related to its maximum elevation, causing the lobe-feeding supercritical flow to choke and to expand upwards by a strong hydraulic jump at the channel outlet; III. a backfilling stage, characterized by backfilling of the remaining relief with progressively thinning and fining of turbidite beds and eventually with mud. The three-stage development for fan-lobe building is deducted from reoccurring architectural and facies characteristics in three successive fan-lobes. The validity of using experimental, supercritical-flow fan studies for understanding the intrinsic mechanisms in sand-rich-fan lobe development is discussed.

Evolution of char structural features during fast pyrolysis of corn straw with solid heat carriers in a novel V-shaped down tube reactor

Investigating structural properties of the chars derived from biomass pyrolysis and their evolution mechanisms is of potential interest because they play crucial roles not only in biomass thermochemical conversion but also for bio-char processing and high value-added utilization. In this study, the evolution of char structural features during fast pyrolysis of corn straw with solid heat carriers in a novel V-shaped down tube reactor was studied within a wide temperature range of 200–900°C. The char fractal properties were explored to evaluate the complexities of pore development. In addition, the volatilization behaviors of the alkali and alkaline earth metallic species (AAEMs) during rapid pyrolysis were analyzed in detailed. The H/C and O/C ratios were reduced by 85.5% and 89.8% respectively in response to increasing temperature until 900°C. Great loss of O-containing structures, particularly ether and CO groups, resulted in more aromatic and ordered structure of the chars at high temperature. The evolution of pore structure exhibited a three-stage development. Increasing temperature gave rise to progressive increase in porosity development, whereas the maximum BET surface area and pore volume appeared at 500°C. The pore fractal dimension (Ds) and BET surface area (SBET) demonstrated an excellent positive linear correlation. The volatilization extent of AAEMs significantly depended on temperature in the order of Na>K>Mg>Ca. The K and Na concentration in chars reached maxima of 1.123wt% and 0.049wt% at 350°C, respectively.

Design Consideration of 650-MHz Circular Electron–Positron Collider Klystron and Simulation of Its Beam Tester**Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11475201, and the Innovation and Technology Fund of Institute of High Energy Physics.

We present the first phase R&D for the 800 kW cw, 650 MHz klystron for the future circular electron–positron collider (CEPC) project in China. The CEPC requires 192 klystrons and it is desired to be designed in the Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, and manufactured domestically. Therefore, we present the manufacturing schedule of this project; the three-stage development from the beam test tube to the klystron having a high efficiency structure. Design of the beam test tube that comprises electron gun and collector is presented. First, gun simulation having a modulating anode is performed using DGUN software. The uniform beam trajectories with a beam perveance of 0.64 μA/V3/2 are simulated. We employ a Ba-dispenser cathode of radius 35 mm with ϕ10 hole at the center and obtain a current density on cathode less than 0.45 A/cm2. The beam trajectories are also simulated over beam test tube of length about 2 m with a magnetic field of 213 Gauss. Thermal analysis of the collector is performed using the ANSIS-CFX code and hence the cooling structure is determined. Mechanical design is almost carried out and it is in manufacturing stage.

Impact of surface roughness and contact pressure on wear behaviour of PEEK, POM, and PE-UHMW

Three thermoplastics - PEEK, POM, and PE-UHMW - were investigated in order to highlight the influence of surface roughness, wear regime, and contact pressure on their wear performance and to understand the role each parameter plays in the development of the wear mechanisms. The surface roughness (Ra) was modified in order to reach a high roughness value and a low roughness value. The change in contact pressures was achieved by conducting measurements at the same applied load (30 N) and at the same exerted pressure (62 MPa). The wear regime was varied by increasing the number of testing cycles. The frictional behaviour of PEEK shows a threestage development which is strongly influenced by the increase of roughness and wear regime, whereas in case of PE-UHMW and POM the frictional behaviour does not seem to be affected by these parameters. A strong correlation was observed between material's mechanical properties, wear mechanisms and frictional behaviour.

Development and validation of the guideline for reporting evidence-based practice educational interventions and teaching (GREET)

BackgroundThe majority of reporting guidelines assist researchers to report consistent information concerning study design, however, they contain limited information for describing study interventions. Using a three-stage development process, the Guideline for Reporting Evidence-based practice Educational interventions and Teaching (GREET) checklist and accompanying explanatory paper were developed to provide guidance for the reporting of educational interventions for evidence-based practice (EBP). The aim of this study was to complete the final development for the GREET checklist, incorporating psychometric testing to determine inter-rater reliability and criterion validity.MethodsThe final development for the GREET checklist incorporated the results of a prior systematic review and Delphi survey. Thirty-nine items, including all items from the prior systematic review, were proposed for inclusion in the GREET checklist. These 39 items were considered over a series of consensus discussions to determine the inclusion of items in the GREET checklist. The GREET checklist and explanatory paper were then developed and underwent psychometric testing with tertiary health professional students who evaluated the completeness of the reporting in a published study using the GREET checklist. For each GREET checklist item, consistency (%) of agreement both between participants and the consensus criterion reference measure were calculated. Criterion validity and inter-rater reliability were analysed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC).ResultsThree consensus discussions were undertaken, with 14 items identified for inclusion in the GREET checklist. Following further expert review by the Delphi panelists, three items were added and minor wording changes were completed, resulting in 17 checklist items. Psychometric testing for the updated GREET checklist was completed by 31 participants (n = 11 undergraduate, n = 20 postgraduate). The consistency of agreement between the participant ratings for completeness of reporting with the consensus criterion ratings ranged from 19 % for item 4 Steps of EBP, to 94 % for item 16 Planned delivery. The overall consistency of agreement, for criterion validity (ICC 0.73) and inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.96), was good to almost perfect.ConclusionThe final GREET checklist comprises 17 items which are recommended for reporting EBP educational interventions. Further validation of the GREET checklist with experts in EBP research and education is recommended.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0759-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.