Three-layered Wall Research Articles

Dynamic modelling of multidimensional thermal bridges in building envelopes: Review of existing methods, application and new mixed method

This study presents four approaches to model correctly the heat transfer through a thermal bridge and simply introduce it into building energy simulation programs. These approaches are based on the equivalent wall method: defining a 1-D three-layer wall, replacing the thermal bridge, which has the same steady and dynamic thermal behaviours as the thermal bridge. The four methods are tested on 1-D simple cases. However, the best approach is a fifth method, a mix between the principles of the structure factors method and a harmonic method: it leads to very accurate results and a unique solution. This mixed method is tested on a 2-D thermal bridge, junction between floor and exterior wall, and the results are again accurate and much better than a classic consideration of the thermal bridge.

Three new arbuscular mycorrhizal Diversispora species in Glomeromycota

Morphological observations of spores and mycorrhizal structures of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) prompted, and subsequent phylogenetic analyses of SSU–ITS–LSU nrDNA sequences confirmed, that they are undescribed species of the genus Diversispora. Morphologically, the first species, here named D. varaderana, is most distinguished by its relatively small (≤90 μm diam when globose) and yellow-coloured spores with a simple spore wall consisting of two layers, of which layer 1, forming the spore surface, is short-lived and usually completely sloughed in most spores. The distinctive features of the second species, D. peridiata, are the occasional formation of spores in clusters and peridium-like hyphae covering the clusters and single spores, and especially the permanent and relatively thick spore wall layer 1, which is the only coloured component of the two-layered spore wall of the yellow-coloured and relatively small spores (≤100 μm diam). The third species, D. slowinskiensis, is most characterized by its spore wall layer 1 that is the only coloured component of the three-layered spore wall and frequently is covered with blister-like swellings. All the three species were grown in single-species cultures established from spores extracted from trap cultures inoculated with rhizosphere soils of plants growing in maritime sand dunes: D. varaderana from those located near Varadero on the Hicacos Peninsula, Cuba, and the two others from those of the Slowinski National Park, northern Poland.

From complex to simple: myogenesis in an aplacophoran mollusk reveals key traits in aculiferan evolution.

BackgroundRecent studies suggest a bifurcation at the base of Mollusca, resulting in the primarily single-shelled Conchifera (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, Monoplacophora, Cephalopoda) and the spicule-bearing Aculifera (Polyplacophora, Neomeniomorpha, Chaetodermomorpha). A recent study revealed a complex larval musculature exclusively shared by Neomeniomorpha and Polyplacophora, supporting a close relationship of both taxa. However, the ontogenetic transition from the complex larval to the simple adult neomeniomorph musculature, which mainly consists of a three-layered body-wall musculature and serially iterated dorsoventral muscles, remains unknown. To close this gap in knowledge, we studied remodeling of the larval musculature during metamorphosis in the neomeniomorph Wirenia argentea. A comparative analysis with a novel data set of a polyplacophoran, Leptochiton asellus, allows us to infer the morphology of the last common ancestor of Aculifera and the evolution of its subclades therefrom.ResultsThe complex larval musculature of Wirenia argentea persists through metamorphosis and becomes modified to form two of the three muscle layers of the adult body wall. The innermost longitudinal layer of the three-layered body wall musculature is generated by transformation and expansion of distinct larval longitudinal muscle bundles. The larval ventrolateral muscle strands are remodeled and eventually become the most ventral part of the adult longitudinal layer of the body wall musculature. The paired larval enrolling muscle forms the lateral parts and the former rectus muscle is destined to become the most dorsal part of the longitudinal layer of the body wall musculature. The transient ventromedian muscle is lost during postmetamorphic development.ConclusionsPostmetamorphic remodeling in W. argentea supports the hypothesis of a complex myoanatomy rather than a three-layered body wall musculature at the base of Aculifera, and thus argues against homology of the body wall musculature of adult Neomeniomorpha and other potential molluscan sister groups. Our data show that the neomeniomorph body wall musculature is a derived condition and not an aculiferan or molluscan plesiomorphy.

Dominikia duoreactiva sp. nov. and Dominikia difficilevidera sp. nov., two new species in the Glomeromycota

Two new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the recently erected genus Dominikia (Glomeromycota) are described based on their morphology and phylogenetic analyses of SSU–ITS–LSU sequences. The distinctive morphological characters of the first species, Dominikia duoreactiva sp. nov., is the formation of loose clusters with yellow-coloured, 30–70 μm diameter spores having a three-layered spore wall, of which layers 1 and 3 stain in Melzer’s reagent. The second species, Dominikia difficilevidera sp. nov., is distinguished by its hyaline, 31–45 μm diameter spores, which arise mainly singly and have a three-layered spore wall, of which layer 1 is thicker than the structural laminate layer 2, and layer 3 is flexible to semi-flexible. Both species were originally associated with maritime dune plants; D. duoreactiva comes from the Giftun Island, Egypt, Africa, and D. difficilevidera from the Słowiński National Park, Poland. Based on available data, we suggest D. duoreactiva occurs rarely in the world, and D. difficilevidera has a worldwide distribution, but it either occurs infrequently or has been overlooked or lost during spore extraction from soils of many sites because of its extremely small and hyaline spores. A method allowing the extraction of even the smallest spores of AMF, but observable under a dissecting microscope, is described.

Large-panel buildings after years of exploitation. Selected problems of repairs

In the paper there are presented problems of repairs for existing large-panel buildings within the light of: damage of joints between load-bearing and façade walls, structural requirements for functional modernization, damage of layer joints in load-bearing and façade three-layer walls, new repair questions within the aspect of executed buildings’ thermal modernization.

Xylochrysis lucida gen. et sp. nov., a new lignicolous ascomycete (Sordariomycetidae) with holoblastic conidiogenesis

The monotypic genus Xylochrysis is introduced for a lignicolous perithecial ascomycete that possesses golden yellow ascomata with black glabrous necks, a three-layered ascomatal wall, persistent paraphyses, and cylindrical, long-stipitate unitunicate asci with an inamyloid apical annulus, and hyaline, ellipsoidal, unicellular ascospores. In culture it produces hyaline conidiophores with terminally arranged branches bearing metulae, conidiogenous cells and holoblastic conidia. Phylogenetic analysis of two ribosomal (nc18S and nc28S rDNA) and one protein-coding (RPB2) gene position this species within the Sordariomycetidae but without close ordinal or familial affiliation. Morphological and molecular DNA data support the recognition of this new genus and suggest that Xylochrysis is most closely related to the genera Ceratolenta, Cyanoannulus and Woswasia.

Transient modeling of high-inertial thermal bridges in buildings using the equivalent thermal wall method

The method of the equivalent thermal wall has been employed for modeling the transient response of high-inertial thermal bridges. A new strategy is presented in order to adjust the thermal properties of the equivalent three-layered wall, which takes into account the temperature distribution across the thermal bridge in a steady-state heat conduction scenario. Two different thermal bridge topologies created by the junction of a vertical wall and an intermediate or a ground floor slab are analyzed with this method, and its feasibility for the implementation in building energy simulation tools is discussed: if the thermal bridge is not considered, an underestimation of 25% in the heat flux across the bridge is predicted. If the thermal bridge is modeled but its thermal inertia is neglected, a time-delayed heat flux response is retrieved. Conversely, the simulation based on the equivalent wall method provides a response nearly identical to the actual dynamic performance of the thermal bridge.

Experimental and modelling analysis of a three-layer wall with phase-change thermal storage in a Chinese solar greenhouse

To improve the construction methods of Chinese solar greenhouse wall to enhance the heat storage, we proposed a three-layer wall with phase-change materials, namely, an inner wall layer built with the phase-change materials, an outer insulating layer and a load-bearing wall layer built with heavyweight materials between the two. Based on the field experiment and the proposed valuation indexes of the three-layer wall, the dynamic heat storage characteristics of the wall have been analysed and discussed. The experiment and simulation results showed that the three-layer wall can enhance the heat storage and thermal insulation properties of greenhouse wall, increase the utilisation rate of solar energy, improve indoor thermal environment and increase crop yield and quality. Therefore, these results validated the suitability and correctness of the construction methods of the three-layer wall.

In vivo application of tissue-engineered blood vessels of bacterial cellulose as small arterial substitutes: proof of concept?

BackgroundTissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBVs) represent an innovative approach for overcoming reconstructive problems associated with vascular diseases by providing small-caliber vascular grafts. This study aimed to evaluate a novel biomaterial of bacterially synthesized cellulose (BC) as a potential scaffold for small-diameter TEBV. MethodsSmall-diameter blood vessels with a supramolecular fiber network structure consisting of tubular hydrogels from biodesigned cellulose were created using Gluconacetobacter strains and Matrix reservoir technology. BC tubes (length: 100 mm, inner diameter: 4.0–5.0 mm) were applied to replace the carotid arteries of 10 sheep for a period of 3 mo to gain further insights into (a) functional (in vivo) performance, (b) ability of providing a scaffold for the neoformation of a vascular wall and (c) their proinflammatory potential, and the (d) technical feasibility of the procedure. ResultsPreoperative analysis revealed a bursting strength of the grafts of approximately 800 mm Hg and suture retention strength of 4–5 N. Postexplantation analysis showed a patency rate of 50% (n = 5) and physiological performance of the patent grafts at 4, 8, and 12 wk postoperatively, compared with native arteries. Histologic analysis revealed a neoformation of a vascular wall–like structure along the BC scaffold consisting of immigrated vascular smooth muscle cells and a homogeneous endothelialization of the inner graft surface without signs of prothrombogenic or inflammatory potential. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a confluent luminal endothelial cell layer and the immigration of vascular smooth muscle cells into the BC matrix. ConclusionsBC grafts provide a scaffold for the neoformation of a three-layered vascular wall exhibit attractive properties for their use in future TEBV programs for cardiovascular surgery.

Температурные режимы работы каменных и трехслойных ограждающих стен

Температурные режимы работы каменных и трехслойных ограждающих стен

A new species of Caryospora Léger, 1904 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the snake Philodryas olfersii Lichtenstein (Colubridae) from a coastal habitat in Brazil

A new coccidian species of the genus Caryospora Léger, 1904 (Protozoa, Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) is reported from the colubrid snake host Philodryas olfersii Lichtenstein at a coastal area in the State of Rio de Janeiro, south-eastern Brazil. Oöcysts of Caryospora olfersii n. sp. are spherical to sub-spherical, 33.1×31.2μm, with smooth, colourless, three-layered wall, c.1.4; middle layer lightly striated. Micropyle, oöcyst residuum and polar granule are all absent. Sporocysts are ovoid, 22.9×17.4μm on average, with one extremity in the shape of a short neck. Stieda body present, 3.2×1.3μm, sub-Stieda body present, homogeneous, larger than Stieda body, 4.5×1.7μm. Sporozoites are inserted in a bulky sporocyst residuum.

Integration of the n-th order Linear Differential Equations with Coefficients with Variable Exponential Solutions

This paper covers not linear differential equations (LDE) with variable coefficients but respective Riccati type equations which play a similar role to a characteristic equation during integration of LDE with constant coefficients. We have established a certain analogy of problems of integration of LDE in quadratures with a problem of solution to algebraic equations with radicals [5,6,7,8]. Necessary and sufficient condition for existence of an x e form solution to an LDE of the n-th order with variable coefficients has been found. At the end of this paper we give specific examples. The solutions of this method can be used in the studies of properties of thermal conductivity, hydrophobicity of composite materials, development of new technologies multilayer asphalt and three-layer wall panel of heterogeneous materials.

Development of merosporangia in Linderina pennispora (Kickxellales, Kickxellaceae)

The vegetative and sporulating structures of Linderina pennispora are described using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The vegetative hyphae and sporangiophores were regularly septate, possessed a two-layered wall, and coated with rod-shaped, 0.2-0.7 μm long, 0.15-0.25 μm wide ornamentations. The sporangiophore was erect, cylindrical, and narrower (4-8 μm) than the vegetative mycelium (8-12 μm). The mature sporocladium was ovoid to dome-shaped, sessile, non-septate, 18-24 μm diam, possessed a two-layered wall, and coated with rod-shaped ornamentations. Mature pseudophialides were ellipsoid, 2.0-2.5 μm wide, 4-7 μm long, possessed a two-layered wall, and formed in a series of concentric groups radiating from the "apex" of the sporocladium. The pseudophialides had a round, ca. 1.5 μm diam, base with a narrower, 0.7-0.8 μm diam lobed, cylindrical neck structure in the distal region which extended to the pseudophialide neck. The merosporangia were obovate, 3-4 μm wide near the base, and narrowed distally to 2.0-2.5 μm wide, 18-23 μm long, possessed a three-layered wall, with regular surface annulation with interconnecting ridges, but lacked rod-shaped ornamentations. The merosporangia contained a single, obovate, 2.3-2.5 μm diam merosporangiospore, with a ca. 1 μm diam papilla-like base, that possessed a four-layered wall. Detached merosporangia had a single, acicular, unbranched, 3-5 μm long, ca. 0.1 μm diam "appendage" that was attached to the merosporangiospore inner cell wall layer and passed through the septum plug to the pseudophialide.

Anatomy and physicochemical properties of the chambira fiber

The anatomy of the unopened spear leaf of the chambira palm (Astrocaryum chambira), from which chambira fiber is extracted, is described and compared with that of three species (Astrocaryum jauari, occasionally used for fiber extraction, A. standleyanum and A. perangustatum, which do not provide any fiber). Chambira fiber consists of non-vascular fiber strands closely adhered to the adaxial hypodermis; this forms a compact unit, which makes it easy to separate from the rest of the lamina. A similar arrangement is found in Astrocaryum jauari; however, the non-vascular fiber cells are shorter and fewer per strand. Differences in leaf anatomy of Astrocaryum standleyanum and A. perangustatum may explain why fiber is not extracted: Astrocaryum standleyanum has a dense row of non-vascular fibrous strands under the adaxial hypodermis similar to Astrocaryum chambira but the large size of non-vascular fibrous strands that are located in the abaxial part of the mesophyll makes it difficult to properly extract fiber as is done with chambira. In Astrocaryum perangustatum, non-vascular fiber strands are small and irregularly dispersed in the mesophyll, which makes it impossible to extract quality fibers. Density, thickness and tensile strength are higher in chambira fiber than in jauari fiber. Chambira fiber presents a very high cellulose content (93.9%), while lignin content is low (4.2%). The ultrastructure of the cell wall of the non-vascular fiber is described for Astrocaryum chambira only. The major trait is a three-layered cell wall, with a notably thick inner layer. The physicochemical properties of chambira fiber are compared with other vegetal fibers used by the industry.

Adiaspiromycosis of anApodemus agrariuscaptured wild rodent in Korea

Adiaspiromycosis is caused by pulmonary infection with Emmonsia. Inhalated spores of Emmonsia cause asymptomatic infection to necrogranulomatous pneumonia, depending on the burden of adiaspore and host immunity. For disease monitoring of wild rodents captured on Jeju Island in Korea, we examined the lung tissue of wild rodents histopathologically. Spores composed of thick three-layered walls were found following histopathological examination and were diagnosed as adiaspiromycosis. Adiaspiromycosis has been found in mammals in many parts of the world. To our knowledge, this is the first report of adiaspiromycosis of an Apodemus agrarius captured in Korea.

Development of the pollen in the antarctic flowering plant Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl.

<i>Colobanthus quitensis</i> (Kunth) Bartl. produced two types very small bisexual fl owers. In the Antarctic natural conditions chasmogamic and cleistogamic fl owers most often form fi ve stamina with short fi laments. Two microsporangia with a three-layer wall form in the anther. Microspore mother cells, which develop into microspores after meiosis, form inside the microsporangium. Microsporocytes of <i>Colobanthus quitensis</i> are surrounded with a thick callose layer, the special wall. After meiosis, the callose wall is dissolved and microspores are released from the tetrad. The production of proorbicules, orbicules and peritapetal membrane, and the construction of a complex sporoderm with numerous apertural sites were observed. When microspore and pollen protoplasts underwent necrosis, probably as a result of temperature and osmotic stress, sporoderm layers formed around microspores, and the cell tapetum did not disintegrate. However, woody wall layers did not accumulate in endothecium cells.

Full-hexahedral structured meshing for image-based computational vascular modeling

Image-based computational modeling offers a virtual access to spatially and temporally high resolution flow and structural mechanical data in vivo. Due to inter-subject morphological variability, mesh generation represents a critical step in modeling the patient-specific geometry and is usually performed using unstructured tetrahedral meshing algorithms. Although hexahedral structured meshes are known to provide higher accuracy and reduce the computational costs both for Finite Element Analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics, their application in computational cardiovascular studies is challenging due to the complex 3D and branching topology of vascular territories. In this study, we propose a robust procedure for structured mesh generation, tailoring the mesh structure to the subject-specific vessel topology. The proposed methodology is based on centerline-based synthetic descriptors (i.e. centerlines, radii and centerlines’ normals) which are used to solve the meshing problem following a bottom-up approach. First, topologically equivalent block-structures are placed inside and outside the lumen domain. Then, a projection operation is performed, returning a parametric volume mesh which fits the original triangulated model with sub-micrometric accuracy. Additionally, a three-layered arterial wall (resembling the intima, media and adventitia) is artificially generated, with the possibility of setting variable thickness (e.g. proximal-to-distal tapering) and material anisotropy (e.g. position-dependent collagen-fibers’ orientation). This new meshing procedure, implemented using open-source software packages only, is demonstrated on two challenging human cases, being an aortic arch and an abdominal aortic aneurysm. High-quality meshes are generated in both cases, according to shape-quality metrics. By increasing the computation accuracy, the developed meshing tool has the potential to further add “confidence” to the use of computational methods in vascular applications.

A new early Paleocene dinoflagellate cyst species, Trithyrodinium partridgei: its biostratigraphic significance and palaeoecology

A palynological investigation of lower Paleocene (lower Teurian) marine sediments of the Abbotsford Formation, exposed in the Fairfield Quarry, Dunedin, New Zealand, reveals a well-preserved association of dinoflagellate cysts and miospores. Thirty-six dinoflagellate species representing 26 genera were recorded, including one new peridinioid dinoflagellate species, Trithyrodinium partridgei characterized by a three-layered wall and a distinct brown, foveolate mesophragm. Trithyrodinium partridgei has a narrow range and at Fairfield Quarry co-occurs with typical New Zealand late Danian to Selandian index species such as Glaphyrocysta perforata and Alterbidinium pentaradiatum; hence it may prove an additional useful stratigraphic marker. The terrestrial palynomorph assemblage from samples within the range of Trithyrodinium partridgei includes 36 spore-pollen species dominated by the podocarp pollen Phyllocladidites mawsonii. The presence of Nothofagidites waipawaensis and Tricolpites phillipsii confirms a Paleocene age for the assemblage. The abundance of terrestrial palynomorphs and the composition of the dinocyst assemblages suggest a marine nearshore depositional environment.

Culture‐independent characterization of a novel, uncultivated magnetotactic member of theNitrospiraephylum

A magnetotactic bacterium, designated strain LO-1, of the Nitrospirae phylum was detected and concentrated from a number of freshwater and slightly brackish aquatic environments in southern Nevada. The closest phylogenetic relative to LO-1 is Candidatus Magnetobacterium bavaricum based on a 91.2% identity in their 16S rRNA gene sequence. Chemical and cell profiles of a microcosm containing water and sediment show that cells of strain LO-1 are confined to the oxic-anoxic interface and the upper regions of the anaerobic zone which in this case, occurred in the sediment. This microorganism is relatively large, ovoid in morphology and usually biomineralizes three braid-like bundles of multiple chains of bullet-shaped magnetosomes that appeared to be enclosed in a magnetosome membrane. Cells of LO-1 had an unusual three-layered unit membrane cell wall and contained several types of inclusions, some of which are sulfur-rich. Strain LO-1 is motile by means of a single bundle of sheathed flagella and exhibits the typical 'wobbling' motility and helical swimming ('flight') path of the magnetotactic cocci. This study and reports from others suggest that LO-1-like organisms are widespread in sediments of freshwater to brackish natural aquatic environments.

Entrophospora nevadensis, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus from Sierra Nevada National Park (southeastern Spain)

A new fungal species in the arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming Glomeromycetes, Entrophospora nevadensis, was isolated from soil near the roots of several endemic and endangered plant species (e.g. Plantago nivalis and Alchemilla fontqueri) growing in Sierra Nevada National Park (Granada, Andalucía, Spain). The fungus was propagated in trap cultures on Plantago nivalis and Sorbus hybrida and in pure cultures on Trifolium pratense and Sorghum vulgare. Spores are yellow brown to brown, 90–115 μm diam and form singly in soil, in the neck of adherent sporiferous saccules that form either terminally or intercalary on mycelial hyphae. Spores have two three-layered walls and conspicuous, 6–12 μm long, spiny, thorn-like projections on the outer wall consisting of hyaline to subhyaline, evanescent tips and yellow brown to brown, persistent bases. In aging spores these projections are usually shorter (1–2.8 μm) and dome-shaped or rounded, sometimes with a central pit on top where the evanescent tip has sloughed off. Molecular analysis with partial sequences of the 18S ribosomal gene places the fungus within the Diversisporales. The new fungus was found in soil near plants with different living strategies but growing in high altitude soils with acidic pH, high soil moisture and organic carbon content, and close to streams.