Three-dimensional Technique Research Articles

Performance Analysis of Water Heat Pipe for Application of the Passive Cooling System in Nuclear Power Plants

Incorporating heat pipes into passive cooling systems in nuclear reactors offers the benefits of passive operation without external power, a simple design, and high thermal capacity. Accurate thermal performance prediction of the heat pipe is crucial for ensuring safe reactor design and operation. Prior studies on nuclear reactor systems utilizing heat pipes have focused on thermosyphons, which operate by gravity. However, to expand the range of heat pipe applications in reactor systems, experimental investigations of large-scale heat pipes driven by capillary pumping force are required. In this study, a water heat pipe with a 25.4-mm diameter and 4-m length was manufactured to provide thermal experimental results under extreme conditions, such as system rollover or loss-of-cooling accidents. A three-dimensional (3D) printing technique was used to fabricate the high-performance lattice capillary wick structure by combining cubic and diamond lattice structures. The 3D printed wick structure showed 21 to 165 times higher capillarity and enhanced surface properties compared to the screen mesh wick structure. Compared to wickless thermosyphons, the 3D printed wick heat pipe exhibited higher thermal conductivity, stable operation in both vertical and horizontal orientations, and faster startup under extreme conditions.

Research and implementation of three-dimensional modeling techniques for Chinese dragon

This paper delves into a new trend in the field of computer science, which involves a shift from complex code editing techniques of the past towards more intuitive visual software applications. Under this trend, modeling and rendering techniques have undergone long-term development and continuous iteration, becoming indispensable tools across various domains. Using the construction of a Chinese dragon model as a case study, this paper showcases the application and development of this new trend through a detailed description of the selected software tools' characteristics, classification of production steps, and the modeling process. Special emphasis was placed on shaping key details such as the dragon's body contour, scales, eyes, etc., during the dragon model construction process, as well as how these details are manifested in software applications. Software selection and utilization were carefully aligned with practical needs and technical features to ensure the efficiency and accuracy of the modeling process. In-depth research into the modeling process revealed the potential and advantages of this new technology, receiving widespread acclaim and recognition.

Research and implementation of three-dimensional modeling techniques for Chinese dragon

This paper delves into a new trend in the field of computer science, which involves a shift from complex code editing techniques of the past towards more intuitive visual software applications. Under this trend, modeling and rendering techniques have undergone long-term development and continuous iteration, becoming indispensable tools across various domains. Using the construction of a Chinese dragon model as a case study, this paper showcases the application and development of this new trend through a detailed description of the selected software tools' characteristics, classification of production steps, and the modeling process. Special emphasis was placed on shaping key details such as the dragon's body contour, scales, eyes, etc., during the dragon model construction process, as well as how these details are manifested in software applications. Software selection and utilization were carefully aligned with practical needs and technical features to ensure the efficiency and accuracy of the modeling process. In-depth research into the modeling process revealed the potential and advantages of this new technology, receiving widespread acclaim and recognition.

Retrospective analysis of pathological changes in the maxillary sinus with CBCT

The aim of this study is to examine the frequency of maxillary sinus pathologies and their relationship with each other using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to make a new grade according to the number of affected walls. 1000 maxillary sinuses of 500 patients with CBCT images were included in the study. Anatomical variations and pathological formations of the maxillary sinuses were examined. Images were evaluated for the presence of flat, polypoidal, partial and generalized mucosal thickening, partial and total opacification, polyps and mucous retention cysts. Maxillary sinus pathologies were graded according to the number of walls affected. In the examined CBCT images, no pathology was found in 54.2% of the maxillary sinuses, while pathology was observed in 45.8%. The most common sinus pathologies were mucous retention cyst (12.3%) and polypoidal thickening (12.2%). While pneumatization, ostium obstruction, and the presence of sinus-related roots were associated with sinus pathology, no relationship was found with nasal septum deviation and the presence of septa. Before dental implant and sinus surgery applications, the presence of sinus pathologies and their relationship with anatomical variations can be evaluated with CBCT, a three-dimensional technique, and complications such as sinus membrane perforation, infection, failure to break the bone window due to the presence of antral septa, graft loss and oroantral fistula formation can be reduced.

Preparation of brittle ITO microstructures using Laser-Induced forward transfer technology

The performance of transparent conductive microstructures plays a significant role in determining the device efficiency. The fabrication of ITO microstructures on the flexible optoelectronic devices remains challenging because of the high-temperature processing requirements and brittleness of the ceramic material. This paper highlights a three-dimensional microfabrication technique that combines sacrificial layer etching and laser-induced transfer. By studying the donor material thickness and the laser energy density, control of the sacrificial layer transfer thrust was achieved to yield an optimal microstructure performance. Different shapes of ITO transparent conductive microstructures were fabricated on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces, demonstrating structural integrity, visible light transmittances > 90 %, and resistivities of ≤ 8 × 10−4 Ω·cm. Finite element analysis was employed to simulate the impact transfer of the donor material onto the receiving substrate, thereby elucidating the energy-absorbing protective role of the flexible PDMS layer. Effective control of the transfer force was identified as a crucial factor in achieving the successful transfer of brittle films. This high-precision and rapid array processing approach meets the demands of automated batch manufacturing, indicating its potential for use in patterned processing on flexible substrates, as an alternative to lithographic techniques. This technique could be applied in the preparation of electronic skins and flexible devices. Additionally, for the first time, a 3 × 3 pixel resistive array sensor was integrated on a Ag nanowires/PDMS surface, demonstrating array pressure-sensing capabilities at pressures of 0–80 kPa. This study represents a significant step towards the development of multifunctional flexible optoelectronic devices.

Enhancing deep orebody prediction and localization through the revelation of geochemical primary halo patterns in drill holes

Geochemical primary halos play a crucial role in mineral exploration as they provide valuable insights into the dispersion of ore materials, identification of concealed deposits, and determination of ore deposit dimensions. The Naruo mining area in the Duolong mineral district, northern Tibet, China well-known for its worldclass porphyry-epithermal Cu–Au deposits is currently chosen as the study area. We employ statistical and nonlinear methods to analyze geochemical data from drill holes. Specifically, R-type cluster analysis is utilized to evaluate element affinity and concentration index, while an improved Grigorian zoning index is employed to delineate the vertical zoning sequence of the primary halo. These methodologies significantly enhance our understanding of element enrichment within geological contexts and greatly contribute to mineral resource evaluation. Based on these results, we have constructed a vertical zonation index model of denudation coefficient tailored to the geological characteristics of mineralization within the study area. This model effectively represents the vertical variation of the ore body. Our findings reveal a decrease in this zoning index towards the central region of deep ore bodies which correlates with deep granodiorite porphyry occurrences. Furthermore, we observe increasing concentrations of Cu, Ag, and Au with depth in specific sections of drill holes indicating promising exploration potential. Supplementary short-wave infrared data suggests the presence of a deep hydrothermal center in drill hole RNZK2404 which tentatively infers concealed porphyry bodies. Notably, the reversal observed at 4200 m on RNZK2404's zoning index hints at a possible hidden ore body at great depths. Finally, three-dimensional visualization techniques effectively illustrate spatial patterns for elements thereby paving way for future endeavors in mineral exploration.

Periconceptional maternal and paternal alcohol consumption and embryonic and fetal development: the Rotterdam periconception cohort

Research QuestionWhat is the impact of maternal and paternal alcohol consumption in the periconception period on embryonic and foetal development assessed using three-dimensional ultrasound and VR techniques? DesignThis is a prospective observational study embedded in the Rotterdam Periconception Cohort (Predict study). Participating women received longitudinal 3D transvaginal ultrasound examinations from week 7 up to week 12 of gestation to measure crown-rump length (CRL) and embryonic volume (EV). Mid-pregnancy foetal size parameters and birthweight were retrieved from medical files. Participants filled out a periconception exposure questionnaire and a validated food frequency questionnaire. Linear mixed models were used to analyse the association between parental alcohol consumption, and embryonic and foetal developmental parameters. Results1141 female and 987 male participants were included in our analyses. Maternal moderate alcohol consumption in the periconception period resulted in a smaller head circumference (β=-1.85, SE=0.84, P=0.03), abdominal circumference (β=-2.65, SE=0.93, P=0.004), femur length (β=-0.56, SE=0.22, P=0.01), and estimated foetal weight (β=-9.36, SE=4.35, P=0.03) at 20 weeks of gestation. Paternal alcohol consumption showed significant positive associations, mainly with foetal size parameters (AC: β=0.033, SE=0.01, P=0.008; EFW: β=0.131, SE:0.06, P=0.03). ConclusionsModerate maternal alcohol consumption is negatively associated with foetal growth parameters. Moreover, alcohol is proven a strong teratogen and the consumption before and during pregnancy should be discouraged in both women and men since it affects both several parameters of embryonic and foetal development.

Randomized prospective trial comparing two schedules of hypofractionated adjuvant radiotherapy 3 weeks against 1 week fractionation regimen in females with breast cancer

Purpose Acceleration of radiotherapy in five fractions for breast cancer can improve treatment accessibility, especially in low, middle-income countries and during pandemics. We report on acute toxicity after whole breast irradiation/chest wall irradiation±nodal irradiation, radiotherapy interruption and reported acute pneumonitis with an ultra-hypofractionation schedule compared to modest hypofractionation protocol during the coronavirus disease pandemic. Patients and methods Acute toxicity assessment using the RTOG acute toxicity scoring system. One of two specified doses was administered to the breast: 15 × 2.67 Gy (40.05 Gy) or 5 × 5.2 Gy (26 Gy), tumor boost when indicated prescribed dose 5 × 200 Gy with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy technique. Inclusion criteria were: T1–T3 invasive breast cancer, N0–N1 and N2 after breast conserving or modified radical surgery. Results A total of 101 patients were included in the study. Median age was 53 ± 10.29 years, with median follow-up time 14 months (12–20 months). A significant difference was observed for acute skin toxicity after radiotherapy in favor of better tolerability for the ultrafractionation schedule (P<0.0001). None of the cases in ultra-hypofractionation had interrupted radiotherapy course for more than 2 days, on the other hand, 45.8% of the cases in modest hypofractionation had interrupted course with chest infection as the second most common cause. Regarding acute radiation pneumonitis none of the cases in both arms reported grades 3–4 acute radiation pneumonitis within the first 90 days postradiotherapy. Conclusion Regarding initial toxicity and patient adherence to the radiation course, this single institute study suggests that hypofractionated breast irradiation in 15 fractions compares favorably to accelerated breast radiotherapy in five fractions over 5 days. However, a longer time for follow-up and larger enrolled numbers are needed to confirm noninferiority of this approach.

From Imaging to Visualization: Seeing the Future of Endometriosis Care

ObjectiveTo describe how the knowledge from standard imaging practices can be translated into three-dimensional visualization techniques and utilized in the surgical planning and management of endometriosis. SettingTertiary care academic centre. ParticipantsTwo case studies of patients with endometriosis are described. InterventionsTransvaginal ultrasound (1), magnetic resonance imaging, three-dimensional printing (2), and three-dimensional virtual reality modeling (3) were utilized during patient workup and preparation. Three-dimensional modeling was performed by a virtual reality technician and verified for accuracy by a fellowship trained radiologist. Surgical management for endometriosis was performed. ConclusionWhile expert transvaginal ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging suffice for the majority of cases, three-dimensional printing and virtual reality modeling are a novel adjunct to standard imaging modalities. Rendering two-dimensional images into a three-dimensional representation allows users to interact with the anatomy and is particularly useful when distorted by complex pathology. These techniques contributed to improved patient understanding and experience, and helped medical learners better grasp regular imaging techniques and its translation to pelvic anatomy. Last, it augmented surgeon comprehension of the relationship between the pelvic structures, allowing for enhanced surgical planning and intraoperative decision making. Further study is being performed to quantify these effects.

Three-Dimensional Determination (Morphometric Study) of Arch Perimeter and Palatal Depth in an Iraqi Sample Aged 17–25 Years with Sickle Cell Anemia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hereditary disorder caused by the substitution of valine for glutamic acid in position six of globin's beta chain. Segmental arch dimensions, arch perimeter, and palatal depth comparison between SCA and control using the three-dimensional (3D) technique was the aim of this study. This cross-sectional investigation was carried out in Karbala City. The sample consisted of 200 casts (100 SCA and 100 control). Each group consisted of 50 casts upper, and 50 casts lower (25 males and 25 females). The arch perimeter was calculated using two segmented arch lengths bilaterally. Palatal depth was measured from the mesiolingual cusp tip of the upper first permanent molar to the corresponding palatal vault. The difference between the control and SCA groups was calculated using the independent t-test. Except for lower left incisal to canine distance (LLI-C), where p = 0.01 there was no significant difference in segmental arch measurements and perimeter between males in SCA and males in control. There was no significant difference in segmental arch measurements and perimeter between females in SCA and females in control. There was no significant difference in palatal depth between the control and SCA (male and female). SCA did not affect the segmental, arch perimeter, and palatal depth measurements.

Experimental studies on behavior of one-part geopolymer composite slabs subjected to blast loading

Over the past two decades, geopolymer has emerged as a noteworthy alternative to traditional cementitious materials in construction, offering comparable performance with reduced carbon dioxide emissions. The recent development of one-part geopolymer composites, which transform the alkaline activating solution into a solid powder form, has significantly enhanced the scalability and applicability of geopolymer in construction contexts. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of one-part geopolymer composite slabs when subjected to blast loading. Four slab specimens were constructed using the one-part geopolymer composite. Two of these specimens were reinforced with steel wire mesh, while the other two used PVA fibers for reinforcement. These slabs were tested under various blast loading induced by a shock tube. Employing three-dimensional digital image correlation techniques, the dynamic responses and damage mechanisms exhibited by these slabs were analyzed and discussed. The experimental results reveal that the fiber-reinforced geopolymer composite (FRGC) slabs demonstrate superior blast resistance compared to those reinforced with steel wire mesh. In particular, the one-part geopolymer matrix combined with PVA fibers exhibited a synergistic effect, indicating an enhanced capacity for energy dissipation. The findings suggest that one-part geopolymer concrete reinforced with PVA fibers holds significant potential for applications in the field of protective engineering, marking a step forward in the development of sustainable and resilient construction materials.

Identification of placenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC-1) expression on human PC-3 cell line-derived prostate cancer stem cells compared to the tumor parental cells

Placenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC-1) is a gene primarily expressed in the placenta and the testis. Interestingly, it is also found to be expressed in many solid tumors, and it is involved in malignant cell features. However, no evidence has been reported regarding the relationship between PLAC-1 and cancer stem cells (CSCs). In the current research, we explored the expression of the PLAC-1 molecule in prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) derived from the human PC-3 cell line. The enrichment of PCSCs was achieved using a three-dimensional cell culture technique known as the sphere-formation assay. To confirm the identity of PCSCs, we examined the expression of genes associated with stemness and pluripotency, such as SOX2, OCT4, Nanog, C-Myc, and KLF-4, as well as stem cell differentiation molecules like CD44 and CD133. These evaluations were conducted in both the PCSCs and the original tumor cells (parental cells) using real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Subsequently, we assessed the expression of the PLAC-1 molecule in both enriched cells and parental tumor cells at the gene and protein levels using the same techniques. The tumor cells from the PC-3 cell line formed spheroids with CSC characteristics in a non-adherent medium. The expression of SOX2, OCT4, Nanog, and C-Myc genes (p < 0.01), and the molecules CD44 and CD133 (p < 0.05) were significantly elevated in PCSCs compared to the parental cells. The expression of the PLAC-1 molecule in PCSCs showed a significant increase compared to the parental cells at both gene (p < 0.01) and protein (p < 0.001) levels. In conclusion, it was indicated for the first time that PLAC-1 is up-regulated in PCSCs derived from human PC-3 cell line. This study may propose PLAC-1 as a potential target in targeted therapies, which should be confirmed through further studies.

Improving 3D reconstruction for accurate measurement of appearance characteristics in shiny fruits using post-harvest particle film: A case study on tomatoes

Besides the importance of internal quality, the textural quality properties of the product have a remarkable effect on consumer satisfaction and market price. Mainly, the three-dimensional (3D) modeling technique is applied to evaluate the quality of agricultural products. This study aimed to employ the structure from motion (SFM) method along with the particle film technique to predict the physical features of tomatoes. Reconstructing 3D models of tomatoes is challenging due to their shiny skin. In this study, a new method based on particle films was developed to address this issue. Fifty samples of tomatoes were randomly selected with various sizes and four ripeness levels with no-external damage. The SFM technique applied with kaolin particle film was a suitable approach for assessing the surface area, volume, and color index, with a correlation coefficient of 0.76, 0.88, and 0.67, respectively. Also, 3D model predictions achieved these textural properties by obtaining RMSEs of 2.44, 2.30, and 0.35, respectively. Finally, the proposed SFM method’s results showed an error of less than 5%. This technique has proven to be a cable technique for the 3D reconstruction of products with a glossy surface.

Development of an Orthosis to Compensate VolumetricDysmetria of Feet

The concept of symmetry applied to the two halves of the human body has been the subject of reflection by anatomists. One of the most common inequalities is dysmetry of the lower limbs (LL), especially the legs and/or feet. In the case of a height difference in the legs, if it is very pronounced, it is necessary to develop strategies capable of correcting or reducing its impact on the quality of life of people who live with it daily. A rare type of dysmetria is the volumetric difference of the feet, not accompanied by changes in the length of the legs. In these cases, filling with conventional orthopedic insoles to improve the fixation of the foot inside the shoe is completely inappropriate because it slightly increases the length of the respective lower limb, which is reflected in changes in the spine that can degenerate into severe scoliosis. To solve these problems, a volumetric compensation orthosis applicable to this type of situation was developed. Using modern three-dimensional scanning and 3D printing techniques, an orthosis was customized for placement inside the shoes of an individual with this volumetric anomaly. To ensure walking comfort, a common flexible material (TPU) was chosen, and the printing parameters were studied based on feedback given by the user. As a measure of the effectiveness of the developed product and to analyze the effect produced, tests were carried out to compare gait patterns before and after the correction was established. The results found showed an approximation to standard gait patterns, a considerable improvement in the fixation of the foot inside the shoe and an interchangeability that allows the use of the orthosis in any type of footwear, such as classic shoes, boots or sneakers.

High-Precision Monitoring Method for Bridge Deformation Measurement and Error Analysis Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning

In bridge structure monitoring and evaluation, deformation data serve as a crucial basis for assessing structural conditions. Different from discrete monitoring points, spatially continuous deformation modes provide a comprehensive understanding of deformation and potential information. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a three-dimensional deformation monitoring technique that has gained wide attention in recent years, demonstrating its potential in capturing structural deformation models. In this study, a TLS-based bridge deformation mode monitoring method is proposed, and a deformation mode calculation method combining sliding windows and surface fitting is developed, which is called the SWSF method for short. On the basis of the general characteristics of bridge structures, a deformation error model is established for the SWSF method, with a detailed quantitative analysis of each error component. The analysis results show that the deformation monitoring error of the SWSF method consists of four parts, which are related to the selection of the fitting function, the density of point clouds, the noise of point clouds, and the registration accuracy of point clouds. The error caused by point cloud noise is the main error component. Under the condition that the noise level of point clouds is determined, the calculation error of the SWSF method can be significantly reduced by increasing the number of points of point clouds in the sliding window. Then, deformation testing experiments were conducted under different measurement distances, proving that the proposed SWSF method can achieve a deformation monitoring accuracy of up to 0.1 mm. Finally, the proposed deformation mode monitoring method based on TLS and SWSF was tested on a railway bridge with a span of 65 m. The test results showed that in comparison with the commonly used total station method, the proposed method does not require any preset reflective markers, thereby improving the deformation monitoring accuracy from millimeter level to submillimeter level and transforming the discrete measurement point data form into spatially continuous deformation modes. Overall, this study introduces a new method for accurate deformation monitoring of bridges, demonstrating the significant potential for its application in health monitoring and damage diagnosis of bridge structures.

Failure Analysis and Piezo-resistance Response of Intralaminar Glass/Carbon Hybrid Composites Under Blast Loading Conditions

Abstract In this study, damage mechanisms and the piezo-resistance response of glass/carbon intralaminar hybrid composites are examined under blast loading conditions. Two-ply orientations are considered, namely a repeating ((G45C45)R) and an alternating ((G45C45)A) +/− 45° glass/carbon layers, along with three boundary condition configurations: simply supported, partially fixed, and fully fixed are applied. A shock tube apparatus and the three-dimensional digital image correlation technique are utilized to investigate the interaction of shock waves with the composites and gather a comprehensive deformation field during the loading. A modified four-probe resistivity measurement method is implemented to comprehend the piezo-resistance response associated with damage evolution. The results underscore the substantial influence of boundary conditions on the blast mitigation capacity of the composites. Analysis following the experiments reveals that the damage to the specimens primarily involves the fracture of fibers accompanied by internal delamination. Thermal imaging of the tested composite specimens provides enhanced insight into the precise occurrences of internal fiber breakage and delamination. Composites of (G45C45)A type demonstrate an increased energy dissipation ranging from 18% to 33% compared to (G45C45)R composites, depending on the specific boundary conditions among the three types considered. Furthermore, the findings indicated a strong correlation between changes in piezo-resistance and the fracture of carbon fibers, coupled with the sustained deformation of the composites. Notably, (G45C45)A composites exhibited 100% ∼ 300% higher change in piezo-resistance compared to (G45C45)R composites, indicative of the superior damage-sensing capabilities of the former.

Construction of oral squamous cell carcinoma organoids invitro 3D-culture for drug screening.

Patient-derived organoids are potent pre-chemotherapy models. Due to limited research on diverse types of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and construction efficiency, our goal was to optimize OSCC organoid models from various sites and assess drug responsiveness. We screened and optimized culture media, employing three-dimensional techniques to construct human-derived oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) organoid models invitro. Morphological validation, immunofluorescence analysis, tissue origin verification, and Short Tandem Repeat (STR) sequencing confirmed the consistency between organoids and source tissues. These organoid models were then subjected to varying concentrations of anticancer drugs, with subsequent assessment of cell viability to calculate IC50 values. Twenty-nine surgical specimens yielded an 86.2% success rate in culturing 25 organoids invitro. Morphological consistency confirmed nuclear atypia and positive expression of K5, P40, and E-cadherin, indicating squamous epithelial origin. Cultured complex organoids included α-SMA+ tumour-associated fibroblasts and tumour stem cells expressing CD44 and Ki67. STR sequencing affirmed genomic homogeneity between cultured organoids and source tissues. Drug sensitivity testing revealed diverse responses among organoids, highlighting their value for assessing drug sensitivity. An efficient OSCC organoid culture system for personalized invitro drug sensitivity screening was established, laying the foundation for precise treatment development.

An in-vitro three-dimensional surgical simulation technique to predict tibial tunnel length in transtibial posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundDuring the transtibial posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, drilling depth excessively longer than the tibial tunnel length (TTL) is an important reason to cause popliteal neurovascular bundle injury when preparing the tibial tunnel. This study aims to develop an in-vitro three-dimensional surgical simulation technique to determine the TTL in anteromedial (AM) and anterolateral (AL) approaches.MethodsA total of 63 knees’ 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography models were included in this study. The SuperImage system was used to reconstruct the 3D knee model and locate the tibial PCL site. The established 3D knee model and the coordinates of the tibial PCL site were imported into Rhinoceros 3D modeling software to simulate AM and AL tibial tunnel approaches with different tibial tunnel angles (TTA). The TTL and the tibial tunnel height (TTH) were measured in this study.ResultsIn AM and AL tibial tunnel approaches, the TTL showed a strong correlation with the TTA (for AM: r = 0.758, p < 0.001; for AL: r = 0.727, p < 0.001). The best fit equation to calculate the TTL based on the TTA was Y = 1.04X + 14.96 for males in AM approach, Y = 0.93X + 17.76 for males in AL approach, Y = 0.92X + 14.4 for females in AM approach, and Y = 0.94X + 10.5 for females in AL approach.ConclusionMarking the TTL on the guide pin or reamer could help to avoid the drill bit over-penetrated into the popliteal space to damage the neurovascular structure.

3D printing for the reinterpretation of architectural heritage: Proposal of a model

3D printing for the reinterpretation of architectural heritage stands out as one of the most efficient ways of using contemporary printing technologies in terms of architecture. The aim of the study is to present a comprehensive methodology on how to use 3D printing techniques for reinterpretation of architectural heritage. In this context, the scope of the study consists of pioneering information obtained from literature studies focusing on the details of the use of three-dimensional printing techniques in the promotion, preservation and remodeling of cultural heritage and architectural heritage components. The method of the study was determined as identifying leading themes through literature research and presenting a method proposal by grouping conceptually related themes. The unique value of the study is important in that the model to be created offers a potential to affect mass production tools, offices and local governments by incorporating contemporary architectural heritage products into a modeling process that can produce more innovative and faster solutions. The findings of the study show that the different techniques used can respond to different detail scales and different contextual challenges. Each modeling method and strategy creates different feedback mechanisms, mediating the recognition of the architectural heritage element by larger user groups or the more effective protection of the architectural heritage element. In the model presented as a result of the study, which mediates the gathering of the techniques used in different sample projects on a common working ground with a series of successive strategies, a comprehensive basis for which 3D printing solution will be used for which problem is presented and solution suggestions are offered for a case-oriented 3D printing strategy.

4D printing and simulation of body temperature-responsive shape-memory polymers for advanced biomedical applications

Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting holds significant promise in precision medicine, enabling the emulation of dynamic changes in the human body and tissues to provide personalized treatments. Smart materials for 4D printing (i.e., responsive to specific stimuli) should exhibit properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and ease of processing, while also enabling the prediction of time-dependent behavior in programmed geometry. This study focused on the development of a body temperature-responsive shape-memory polymer (SMP). The thermal properties of the SMP were analyzed, and its biodegradability and biocompatibility were assessed through structures fabricated by three-dimensional printing techniques. The simulation calculated with this finite element (FE) solution was in good agreement with those measured in experiments. The findings contribute to our understanding of the behavior of SMP under various conditions, validating the effectiveness of the developed material for potential applications in precision medicine and 4D bioprinting. It has the potential for use in medical devices, such as catheters, stents, and artificial scaffolds, prepared by 4D bioprinting. &amp;nbsp;