Three-dimensional Evolution Research Articles

How does the enterprise green innovation ecosystem collaborative evolve? Evidence from China

As a special type of innovation ecosystem, enterprise green innovation ecosystem (EGIE) provides important support for the formation and diffusion of green innovation. Facing the complexity of green innovation, the research of enterprise green innovation ecosystem needs to rely on new methods and theories. Based on this, we propose to clarify the evolution mechanism of EGIE through synergetics theory. We establish a three-dimensional dynamic evolution model to describe the interactive relationship among green knowledge creation, green product production and green product commercialization in EGIE and conduct simulation analysis. The research finds that under the effect of environmental regulation (ER), EGIE has a trend of collaborative evolution, in which green knowledge creation and green product commercialization show a significant collaborative relationship, while green product production is relatively stable. The life cycle of EGIE will lead to the difference of collaborative state, and the synergy rate of mature EGIE is the fastest. Under different intensities of ER, the synergistic effect of EGIE is significantly different, and higher intensity of ER is more conducive to the collaborative evolution of EGIE. With this research, the paper promotes the research on the collaborative evolution mechanism of EGIE, provides new perspectives and new methods, and plays a positive role in the collaborative development of EGIE.

A wave-breaking model for the depth-semi-averaged equations

We propose an efficient model for the description of the three-dimensional (3-D) evolution of breaking water waves in the nearshore region. A fundamental property of the model is its intrinsic ability to account for the 3-D dynamics of vorticity and the energy dissipation induced by wave breaking. In particular, the vorticity evolution is achieved through the use of mollified operators, an approach similar in spirit to that adopted in smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Further, since the model is based on depth-semi-averaged equations with a core structure similar to that of nonlinear shallow-water equations, it takes advantage of well-known numerical methods for hyperbolic equations, while permitting computation of local flows. Finally, the model relies on a limited number of tunable parameters and a very simple breaking criterion. All the above aspects allow for a simple and reliable representation of the main features of wave breaking at the time and spatial scales typical of the nearshore wave dynamics. A number of benchmarks are used to explore the properties of the model, which is tuned only once for all cases. Wave height decay rates are well described for both sloshing (thin) and shoaling (thick) spillers, and a good description is also provided of the vorticity field. A final run of an impulsive wave over a submerged breakwater is used to illustrate the representation of the 3-D vorticity dynamics.

Measurements and modelling of the three-dimensional near-field dispersion of particulate matter emitted from passenger ships in a port environment

The maritime sector poses significant challenges in controlling the emission of harmful pollutants, such as particulate matter, and reducing their impact on coastal areas and the atmospheric environment. Efforts to regulate the sector necessitate new knowledge and methods to characterise the evolution and physicochemical transformation of maritime particle emissions dispersing in port areas. An experimental campaign at the Port of Rafina, Greece, was conducted with this in mind. In this paper, we report on the first multi-characteristic particle measurements, including particle number (PN), lung deposited surface area (LDSA), and black carbon (BC), performed at both land and sea using a novel instrument set-up mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Land-based measurements showed that LDSA averages, which are influenced by particle number and size, increase up to 20 times above background levels as an emission plume progresses downwind, whereas BC concentrations, which are dominated by mass, are ∼12 times higher than the background concentration. Ground and UAV-based particle comparisons showed that PN and LDSA measurements exhibit greater differences than BC relative to the plume's location. Ground-based sensors had ∼50% lower LDSA and PN concentrations, whereas BC was about equal. The experimental observations are further substantiated by coupling a Gaussian plume dispersion model and a new computationally attractive approach, known as the Incompletely Stirred Reactor Network (ISRN) method, to predict the three-dimensional evolution of particle characteristics considering the effects of dilution, segregation, and physicochemical transformations, such as coagulation. Based on simplifying assumptions for the particle size distribution sources within the port area, the ISRN estimates suggest that the discrepancy between various metrics can be partly explained by coagulation, responsible for a non-linear increase in particle size, depending on the local level of dilution and mixing intensity, leading up to a ∼25% decrease in PN and LDSA compared to BC. Combined, measurements and modelling highlight the effect of the sampling location and the importance of monitoring more than one particle metric to characterise particle evolution.

Three-dimensional architecture and evolution of Quaternary contourite drifts on the Vøring Plateau, Norwegian Sea

We use newly available, extensive two- and three-dimensional seismic datasets in the Vøring Plateau sector of the mid-Norwegan continental margin to investigate the architecture and evolution of Quaternary contourite drifts in the Norwegian Sea. The drifts typically comprise tens of cubic kilometres of sediment, often intercalated between lenses of glacigenic debris flows, and demonstrate migrating depositional centres along the upper and middle slope sectors of the mid-Norwegian margin through the last ~2.7 M.yr. By contrast, the contourite deposited in the southern Vøring Plateau area is anomalously large covering an area of ~17,000 km2 and comprising over 720 km3 of sediment. Correlation of internal drift surfaces with well-dated sediment cores shows that the massive, up to 280 m thick drift contains two major units that were deposited over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles, yielding extremely high sedimentation rates, comparable to those sourced directly from erosive meltwater-rich glaciers and fast-flowing ice streams. A revised evolutionary drift model provides an end-member example of how a combination of rapid glacially-derived sediment delivery and its subsequent transport and deposition by along-slope processes may exert considerable influence on continental margin morphology over geologically short timescales.

Insights into in-situ catalytic degradation of plastic wastes over zeolite-based catalyst from perspective of three-dimensional pore structure evolution

Insightfully understanding the process of volatiles from plastic depolymerization entering from the exterior into internal structure of catalyst favors to rationalize the catalyst design in scale-up principles. Herein, catalytic degradation of plastic wastes with fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) was investigated in-depth. The yield and composition of liquid and gas products over various FCCs were studied quantitatively. The structural evolution of catalyst on overall scope, including the topology of heterogeneous pore systems and spatial distribution of zeolite was probed by X-ray nano-CT. The results showed that FCC enhanced the transformation of C16-C30 chains to C9-centered monocyclic aromatics. The nano-CT analysis of FCCs illustrated remarkable loss of exterior porosity after reaction, particularly at the depth of ∼16.5μ m from the outmost layer. While the interior pores were marginally affected, indicating large hydrocarbons incapable of engaging with active sites to full advantage, which preferably occupied large-size pores (>385 nm) of external surface.

Three-dimensional microstructure evolution of Ti–6Al–4V during multi-layer printing: a phase-field simulation

Remelting and grain growth in deposited layers and the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) have a significant impact on microstructural evolution during the multilayer printing process. A three-dimensional phase-field model incorporating a heterogeneous nucleation model was developed to study the microstructural evolution under different scanning strategies and scanning velocities during directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing. An experiment was performed to validate the predicted grain morphologies using the proposed model. The results indicate that undercooling determines the extent of heterogeneous nucleation and controls the CET. In comparison with constitutional undercooling and curvature undercooling, thermal undercooling contributes more to the DED of Ti–6Al–4V. The maximum undercooling occurs on the top layer leading to a higher ratio of equiaxed grain formation. The undercooling increases with the build height, which is beneficial for the CET. The growth direction of the columnar grains is controlled by the size and shape of the melt pool. The bidirectional scanning strategy leads to bent columnar grains as a result of the changing growth direction between adjacent deposited layers. The decrease in the scanning velocity leads to coarsening of the grains.

Imaging ultrafast evolution of subwavelength-sized topography using single-probe structured light microscopy

Imaging ultrafast processes in femtosecond (fs) laser–material interactions such as fs laser ablation is very important to understand the physical mechanisms involved. To achieve this goal with high resolutions in both spatial and temporal domains, a combination of optical pump–probe microscopy and structured illumination microscopy can be a promising approach, but suffers from the multiple-frame method with a phase shift that is inapplicable to irreversible ultrafast processes such as ablation. Here, we propose and build a wide-field single-probe structured light microscopy (SPSLM) to image the ultrafast three-dimensional topography evolution induced by fs lasers, where only a single imaging frame with a single structured probe pulse is required for topography reconstruction, benefiting from Fourier transform profilometry. The second harmonic of the fs laser is used as the structured probe light to improve spatial lateral resolution into the subwavelength region of ∼ 478 nm , and the spatial axial and temporal resolutions are estimated to be ∼ 22 nm and ∼ 256 fs , respectively. With SPSLM, we successfully image the ultrafast topography evolution of a silicon wafer surface impacted by single and multiple fs pulses. The variable formation and evolution of the laser induced periodic surface structures during an ultrashort time are visualized and analyzed. We believe that SPSLM will be a significant approach for revealing and understanding various ultrafast dynamics, especially in fs laser ablation and material science.

Three-dimensional structure-guided evolution of a ribosome with tethered subunits.

RNA-based macromolecular machines, such as the ribosome, have functional parts reliant on structural interactions spanning sequence-distant regions. These features limit evolutionary exploration of mutant libraries and confound three-dimensional structure-guided design. To address these challenges, we describe Evolink (evolution and linkage), a method that enables high-throughput evolution of sequence-distant regions in large macromolecular machines, and library design guided by computational RNA modeling to enable exploration of structurally stable designs. Using Evolink, we evolved a tethered ribosome with a 58% increased activity in orthogonal protein translation and a 97% improvement in doubling times in SQ171 cells compared to a previously developed tethered ribosome, and reveal new permissible sequences in a pair of ribosomal helices with previously explored biological function. The Evolink approach may enable enhanced engineering of macromolecular machines for new and improved functions for synthetic biology.

Experiments on three-dimensional flaw dynamic evolution of transparent rock-like material under osmotic pressure

The dynamic evolution mechanism of intrinsic crack propagation in rocks is a topical and difficult problem in rock mechanics and engineering. Numerous examples of rock mass engineering disasters indicate that the three-dimensional (3D) flaw propagation and evolution process are the internal factors causing geological disasters. A persistent puzzle is the effect of osmotic pressure on the spatial form of crack propagation in compressed rock mass. As the naked eye cannot observe the dynamic evolution process of internal natural crack propagation, we experimented with transparent specimens that have brittle fracture properties similar to those of a rock-like material under frozen conditions. We prefabricated elliptical open cracks in the specimens, on which were applied osmotic pressure through a high-pressure osmotic injection equipment. Through uniaxial and biaxial compression tests, we established a set of compression test steps and methods for intrinsic open-type prefabricated crack specimens under osmotic pressure. Further, we analyzed and compared with the dynamic evolution law of the entire stress–strain process of 3D flaw under osmotic pressure, exploring the effects of different osmotic pressures and crack forms on the crack initiation, penetration, and peak strengths of elliptical open-type cracks. Consequently, the fan-shaped and spiral surface cracks formed by 3D flaw propagation were found for the first time without osmotic pressure. Meanwhile, osmotic pressure accelerated the growth of wrapping wing cracks and inhibited the growth of petal cracks and wrapping anti-wing cracks. Lateral pressure suppressed the vertical propagation of the wing cracks, increased the crack stress and peak strength, and reduced the initial propagation angle of the wing cracks at the long axis end of the prefabricated crack. These findings provide an important basis for expanding the initiation, propagation, evolution, and failure mechanism of 3D flaw under osmotic pressure in natural rock mass.

Effects of temperature and time on three-dimensional microstructural evolution of semi-solid 2A14 aluminum alloy during short process preparation of semi-solid billets

To shorten the preparation process of semi-solid billets, semi-solid billets of 2A14 aluminum alloy were prepared by wrought aluminum directly semi-solid isothermal treatment (WADSSIT) process. Three-dimension (3D) combined microstructure evolution, namely transverse direction (TD) surface, rolling direction (RD) surface, and normal direction (ND) surface, was studied. Effects of temperature and holding time on average grain size and average shape factor were investigated. The results showed that the optimum conditions for preparation of 2A14 semi-solid billets by this process were 615 °C and 20 min (average grain size of 124 μm and shape factor of 0.81). Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) observations indicated that the microstructure was completely recrystallized when it was heated to 600 °C. Grain size was increased with the increase of temperature and grew up slowly with the holding time prolonging. Roundness was increased with increase of holding time but was not sensitive to temperature.

Towards three dimensional aspects of plasticity-induced crack closure: A finite element simulation

The mutual interactions between intrinsic (damage) and extrinsic (shielding) mechanisms are essential for understanding fatigue crack growth in ductile materials. In the latter case, plasticity-induced crack closure is the dominating retardation mechanism in the Paris regime. The transition between plane strain and plane stress states leads to a locally different fracture surface contact, which is difficult to access during experiments. In this work, plasticity-induced crack closure under constant amplitude loading of an AlCu4Mg (AA2024) aluminium sheet material is studied from a three-dimensional perspective. An elastic–plastic 3D finite element model of an M(T)160 specimen with a bilinear isotropic hardening model is used to study the evolution of plasticity during fatigue crack growth. Cyclic crack propagation is simulated with the releasing-constraint method.In the results, plasticity-induced crack closure is present up to a load ratio R = 0.3. Detailed investigations of the contact pressure distributions indicate a strong dependence on the stress intensity factors and the sheet thicknesses. The contact pressure distributions on the fracture surface can be divided into three characteristic regions. Near the plastic zone, plastic energy is still induced during the unloading process after the crack is already closed. However, the crack surface contact does not affect the shape of the plastic zone. Additionally, further plastic energy accumulates in the plastic wake region during crack closure within subsequent load cycles, described here as cyclic plastic wake. In summary, the finite element model can reproduce the major features of fatigue crack closure like Kop or Kcl and the three-dimensional and load-dependent evolution of plasticity-induced crack closure.

A novel method for objective identification of 3-D potential vorticity anomalies

Abstract. Potential vorticity (PV) analysis plays a central role in studying atmospheric dynamics and in particular in studying the life cycle of weather systems. The three-dimensional (3-D) structure and temporal evolution of the associated PV features, however, are not yet fully understood. An automated technique to objectively identify 3-D PV features can help to shed light on 3-D atmospheric dynamics in specific case studies as well as facilitate statistical evaluations within climatological studies. Such a technique to identify PV features fully in 3-D, however, does not yet exist. This study presents a novel algorithm for the objective identification of PV anomalies along the dynamical tropopause in gridded data, as commonly output by numerical simulation models. The algorithm is inspired by morphological image processing techniques and can be applied to both two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D fields on vertically isentropic levels. The method maps input data to a horizontally stereographic projection and relies on an efficient computation of horizontal distances within the projected field. Candidates for PV anomaly features are filtered according to heuristic criteria, and feature description vectors are obtained for further analysis. The generated feature descriptions are well suited for subsequent case studies of 3-D atmospheric dynamics as represented by the underlying numerical simulation. We evaluate our approach by comparison with an existing 2-D technique and demonstrate the full 3-D perspective by means of a case study of an extreme precipitation event that was dynamically linked to a prominent subtropical PV anomaly. The case study demonstrates variations in the 3-D structure of the detected PV anomalies that would not have been captured by a 2-D method. We discuss further advantages of using a 3-D approach, including elimination of temporal inconsistencies in the detected features due to 3-D structural variation and elimination of the need to manually select a specific isentropic level on which the anomalies are assumed to be best captured. These advantages, as well as the suitability of the implementation to process big data sets, also open applications for climatological analyses. The method is made available as open-source for straightforward use by the atmospheric community.

Detection and analysis of emergency topic in social media considering changing roles of stakeholders

PurposeMost of the existing studies on the evolution of emergency topics in social media focused on the emergency information demand of fixed user type in emergency while ignoring the changing roles of stakeholders during the emergency. Thus in this study, a three-dimensional dynamic topic evolution model is proposed, in which fine grained division of time, dynamic identification of stakeholders in the emergency, and emergency topic evolution based on both timeline and stakeholder's type are all considered.Design/methodology/approachParticularly the relevance between the tweets posted and the topic of emergency, the influence on the social network, and the attention of emergency topic are as well taken into account to quantitatively calculate the weight and ranking of stakeholders at different stages of the emergency. To verify the proposed model, an experimental demonstration was carried out under an emergency event posted on social media.FindingsThe results show that (1) based on the three-dimensional dynamic topic evolution model, the composition and ranking of stakeholders have obvious differences at different stages; (2) the emergency information needs and the sharing behavior of stakeholders on emergency information also indicate different preferences where the topic concerns of stakeholders at different stages have a strong relationship with their weight ranking; (3) the emergency topic evolution considering both the dynamics of emergency stakeholders and emergency information demand could more accurately reflect the changing regularity of social media users' attention to information in emergency events.Originality/valueThis study is one of first to investigate the emergency topic evaluation on social media by considering the dynamic changes of various stakeholders in emergency. It could not only theoretically provide more accurate method to understand how users share and search emergency information in social media, but also practically signify an information recommendation way in social media for emergency tracking.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-02-2021-0098.

The Hyper-inflation Stage in the Coronal Mass Ejection Formation: A Missing Link That Connects Flares, Coronal Mass Ejections, and Shocks in the Low Corona

We analyze the formation and three-dimensional (3D) evolution of two coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their associated waves in the low corona via a detailed multi-viewpoint analysis of extreme-ultraviolet observations. We analyze the kinematics in the radial and lateral directions and identify three stages in the early evolution of the CME: (1) a hyper-inflation stage, when the CME laterally expands at speeds of ∼1000 km s−1, followed by (2) a shorter and slower expansion stage of a few minutes and ending with (3) a self-similar phase that carries the CME into the middle corona. The first two stages coincide with the impulsive phase of the accompanying flare, the formation and separation of an EUV wave from the CME, and the start of the metric type II radio burst. Our 3D analysis suggests that the hyper-inflation phase may be a crucial stage in the CME formation with wide-ranging implications for solar eruption research. It likely represents the formation stage of the magnetic structure that is eventually ejected into the corona, as the white-light CME. It appears to be driven by the injection of poloidal flux into the ejecting magnetic structure, which leads to the lateral (primarily) growth of the magnetic flux rope. The rapid growth results in the creation of EUV waves and eventually shocks at the CME flanks that are detected as metric type II radio bursts. In other words, the hyper-inflation stage in the early CME evolution may be the “missing” link between CMEs, flares, and coronal shocks.

Elastic-plastic progressive damage model and low-velocity impact failure mechanism of composite materials

An elastic-plastic progressive damage model (PDM-3DEP) was proposed to study the mechanical response and damage development of composite laminates under low-velocity impact. The 3D Hashin failure criterion and an improved three-dimensional damage evolution model that considers strain component of ε33 and shear stain are implemented to describe the initiation and evolution of damage modes. The zero-thickness cohesive elements which follow bilinear traction-separation law are applied to simulate delamination. The numerical and experimental mechanical curves and damage distribution of composite laminate with a stacking sequence of 03o/45o/−45oS were compared to verify the proposed PDM-3DEP. The consistent results of the numerical and experimental data indicates that the proposed method can accurately describe damage mechanical behavior under low-velocity impact. Moreover, another type of composite laminate with a stacking sequence of 02o/902o/02o/902o/02oS is adopted for further verification. It is concluded that the proposed model can accurately analyze the mechanical responses of different composite laminates.

Collaborative evolution of regional green innovation system under the influence of high-speed rail based on Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.

As a green transportation mode and carrying factors with high knowledge-intensive characteristics, high-speed rail (HSR) has contributed to the improvement of regional green innovation. However, the relationship between HSR and regional green innovation is still limited. Based on the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (B-Z) reaction model, this study establishes a three-dimensional logistic dynamic evolution model for factor flow, knowledge spillover and green innovation performance. Through linear stability analysis, the threshold conditions for the evolution of the regional green innovation system under the influence of HSR are explored, and the impact of HSR policy on the regional green innovation system under four different initial states is examined. The results reveal four major points: (1) Factor flow is the order parameter and shows a significant collaborative relationship with green innovation performance. (2) The opening of HSR can effectively promote the evolution of the regional green innovation system, and the powerful stimulus of HSR contributes to shortening its evolutionary cycle. (3) The initial state of the regional green innovation system plays a crucial role in the green innovation performance. (4) In the process of collaborative evolution of regional green innovation system, factor flow and knowledge spillover serve as the premise and foundation, respectively, to jointly promote green innovation performance enhancement. Findings not only provide references for decision-makers to implement green innovation strategy and boost the green innovation performance, but also extend the theoretical system of HSR effect and collaborative evolution.

Manipulation of thin metal film morphology on weakly interacting substrates via selective deployment of alloying species

We demonstrate a versatile concept for manipulating morphology of thin (≤25 nm) noble-metal films on weakly interacting substrates using growth of Ag on SiO2 as a model system. The concept entails deployment of minority metallic (Cu, Au, Al, Ti, Cr, and Mo) alloying species at the Ag-layer growth front. Data from in situ and real-time monitoring of the deposition process show that all alloying agents—when deployed together with Ag vapor throughout the entire film deposition—favor two-dimensional (2D) growth morphology as compared to pure Ag film growth. This is manifested by an increase in the substrate area coverage for a given amount of deposited material in discontinuous layers and a decrease of the thickness at which a continuous layer is formed, though at the expense of a larger electrical resistivity. Based on ex situ microstructural analyses, we conclude that 2D morphological evolution under the presence of alloying species is predominantly caused by a decrease of the rate of island coalescence completion during the initial film-formation stages. Guided by this realization, alloying species are released with high temporal precision to selectively target growth stages before and after coalescence completion. Pre-coalescence deployment of all alloying agents yields a more pronounced 2D growth morphology, which for the case of Cu, Al, and Au is achieved without compromising the Ag-layer electrical conductivity. A more complex behavior is observed when alloying atoms are deposited during the post-coalescence growth stages: Cu, Au, Al, and Cr favor 2D morphology, while Ti and Mo yield a more pronounced three-dimensional morphological evolution. The overall results presented herein show that targeted deployment of alloying agents constitutes a generic platform for designing bespoken heterostructures between metal layers and technologically relevant weakly interacting substrates.

Investigation on the mechanical coordination mechanisms of the multilayer gradient structures in wheat straw by SR-CT technology

Wheat straw is a light-weight, hollow biological material. It plays an important role in supporting weight and resisting storms beating. Here, an in-situ investigation on the three-dimensional microstructure evolution of wheat straw under tensile load was carried out by the synchrotron radiation computed tomography technology. The gradient structures and their important evolution phenomena (e.g. multi-point initiation of cracks, crack jumping and deflection) were clearly observed and tracked. Quantitative analysis showed that the gradient layered structure will induce gradient mechanic behavior and play an important role in coordinating the overall mechanical properties, which may provide optimization design strategies for lightweight composites.

In situ investigation of the healing process in dual-microcapsule self-healing materials by the synchrotron radiation computed tomography

Microcapsule-based self-healing materials have attracted overwhelming attention for their smart damage recovery capability with great potential applications in aerospace, electronic devices, etc. Numerous experimental and numerical methods have been developed to analyze the healing performance. However, there is a lack of understanding of the in-situ damaging and healing process under external loading. Here, an in-situ investigation on the internal three-dimensional microstructure evolution and damaging-healing process of a dual-microcapsule-based self-healing material with fast healing chemistry was performed by SR-CT technology. Some important but previously undiscovered phenomena such as microcapsules rupture, crack propagation, healing liquids flowing and mixing were clearly observed. Further study combined with 3-Dimensional stress field analysis indicates that the healing behaviors have significant regional characteristics, and were affected by multiple factors including the geometric, internal defects and especially the gradient distribution of stress field. These results may provide useful guidance for the design and performance optimization of self-healing materials.

Tracking the 3D evolution of a halo coronal mass ejection using the revised cone model

Aims. This paper aims to track the three-dimensional (3D) evolution of a full halo coronal mass ejection (CME) on 2011 June 21. Methods. The CME results from a nonradial eruption of a filament-carrying flux rope in NOAA active region 11236. The eruption was observed in extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths by the extreme-ultraviolet imager (EUVI) on board the ahead and behind Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) spacecrafts and the atmospheric imaging assembly (AIA) on board the solar dynamics observatory (SDO). The CME was observed by the COR1 coronagraph on board STEREO and the C2 coronagraph on board the large angle spectroscopic coronagraph (LASCO). The revised cone model was slightly modified, with the top of the cone becoming a sphere, which is internally tangent to the legs. Using the multipoint observations, the cone model was applied to derive the morphological and kinematic properties of the CME. Results. The cone shape fits nicely with the CME observed by EUVI and COR1 on board the STEREO twin spacecraft and LASCO/C2 coronagraph. The cone angle increases sharply from 54° to 130° in the initial phase, indicating a rapid expansion. A relation between the cone angle and the heliocentric distance of the CME leading front is derived, ω = 130° −480d−5, where d is in units of R⊙. The inclination angle decreases gradually from ∼51° to ∼18°, suggesting a trend of radial propagation. The heliocentric distance increases gradually in the initial phase and quickly in the later phase up to ∼11 R⊙. The true speed of the CME reaches ∼1140 km s−1, which is ∼1.6 times higher than the apparent speed in the LASCO/C2 field of view. Conclusions. The revised cone model is promising in tracking the complete evolution of CMEs.