Three-digit Numbers Research Articles

Effect of additional tasks on the reaction time of braking responses in simulated car driving: beyond the PRP effect.

The presentation of one task increases the reaction time on a subsequent task, if stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between tasks is short. This psychological refractory period (PRP) effect is typically leveling off as SOA approaches 1 s, which has been documented both in classical laboratory paradigms and in simulated car driving. Here we report a more persistent effect on the subsequent task that goes well beyond the typical duration of the PRP effect. In a driving simulator, 120 healthy older participants followed a lead car that mostly drove at a constant speed. They had to maintain a regular distance from the lead car and had to brake when the lead car braked. Participants also engaged in several additional tasks during driving (two types of tasks: typing three-digit numbers, stating arguments on public issues). SOA between the braking task and the last preceding additional task was 11.49 s ± 1.99 (mean and standard deviation). In a control condition, the braking task was administered without additional tasks. Main performance outcome was Braking Reaction Time (RT, in s), as the interval between onset of brake lights of the lead car and the moment participants released the gas pedal. Additionally, foot movement time (MT, in s), i.e., the difference between gas pedal release and brake pedal onset, was considered for possible compensation behavior. Inter-vehicle distance to the lead car (in m) was taken into account as a moderator. We found that RT averaged 0.77 s without additional tasks, but averaged 1.45 s with additional tasks. This RT difference was less pronounced at smaller inter-vehicle distances, and was not compensated for by faster MT from the gas pedal to the brake pedal. We conclude that detrimental effects of additional tasks on subsequent braking responses can be more persistent than suggested by the PRP effect, possibly because of maintaining multiple task sets, requiring increased executive control. We further conclude that potential detrimental effects can be ameliorated at small inter-vehicle distances by mobilizing extra cognitive resources when response urgency is higher. As a practical implication of our study, distracting stimuli can have persisting detrimental effects on traffic safety.

Public Attitudes, Inequities, and Polarization in the Launch of the 988 Lifeline

Context: To address the considerable burden of mental health need in the United States, Congress passed the National Suicide Hotline Designation Act in 2020. The act rebranded the national suicide prevention lifeline as 988, a three-digit number akin to 911 for individuals to call in the case of a mental health emergency. Surprisingly little is known about American attitudes toward this new lifeline. Methods: The authors use a demographically representative survey of 5,482 US adults conducted June 24–28, 2022, to examine the influence of mental health status, partisan identification, and demographic characteristics on public awareness of the new 988 lifeline, public support for the lifeline, and intention to use it. Findings: The authors find that while only a quarter of Americans are aware of the lifeline, support for the 988 lifeline is widespread, with more than 75% of Americans indicating they would be likely to use the new number if needed. The authors identify key disparities in awareness, support, and intended use, with Republicans, individuals with low socioeconomic status, and Blacks less supportive of the 988 lifeline and in some cases less likely to use it. Conclusions: The results point to the need for additional interventions that increase public awareness of 988 and reduce disparities in program knowledge, support, and intention to use.

Teaching Place Value Concepts and Their Application Using the Concrete-Representational-Abstract Integrated Sequence

This study examined the effects of the concrete-representational-abstract integrated sequence (CRA-I) on teaching place value concepts and their application. The research questions addressed the extent to which CRA-I changed student performance in (a) completing equations that required subtraction with regrouping in the tens place, (b) completing equations that required subtraction with regrouping in the tens and hundreds place, (c) rounding three-digit numbers to the nearest ten or hundred, and (d) using multiple equations to decompose three-digit numbers. Four students in the fourth grade participated. Three students were eligible for services under learning disabilities (LD) or other health impairments (OHI); two students were English language learners. Employing a single-case multiple-probe-across-behaviors design, a functional relation was found between CRA-I and behaviors associated with number concepts. Implications will be discussed.

Impact of the National Suicide Hotline Number on Care of Outpatient Psychiatric Patients

Background: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has selected 988 as the number for mental health crisis and this came into effect in July 2022. It is not clear how aware psychiatric patients are of this event, and how much impact this will have on outpatient psychiatric care. Methods: Prior to the introduction of 988, the authors performed a study of patients attending the outpatient psychiatric clinic at the department of psychiatry’s outpatient services. The study comprised of a one-page questionnaire to acquire qualitative and quantitative data on patients’ knowledge and acceptance of the change in the access of the suicide prevention number. Results: A total of 74 outpatient psychiatric patients were surveyed during the course of the study. Most (87.8%) of surveyed individuals denied memorisation of their local mental health crisis or suicide prevention hotline number. Of the 24 individuals who reported previously having called a crisis hotline, over one-third (37.5%) reported difficulty remembering or finding the number. In response to the introduction of a three-digit crisis hotline number, 63.5% (47) of surveyed individuals reported both increased confidence in receiving prompt, effective psychiatric care, and greater likelihood of seeking help with the three-digit number. Finally, 77.0% (57) stated that a three-digit number would be more easily remembered than current options. The majority (89%) of responders were not aware of the 988 hotline number. Conclusion: Patients believe the 988 number will be a helpful tool in their care. One year after its introduction, awareness of 988 has barely changed.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE RESITASI SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA

The recitation method, namely the recitation method or assignment assignment is one of the teaching methods that can be chosen by educators, which in practice, educators demand that students play an active role in teaching and learning activities so that they are able to complete the tasks given by educators to do outside lesson hours. The assignments given are usually individual, but can also be given in groups. The focus of the problem in this research are: (1) How is the implementation of the assignment method (recitation) at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al Asy'ariyah Banjarsari Bandarkedungmulyo Jombang?, (2) How are student learning outcomes using the assignment method (recitation) at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al Asy'ariyah Banjarsari Bandarkedungmulyo Jombang?. The research in this thesis uses classroom action research (CAR) research which is carried out collaboratively. The data collection technique used is the test and observation technique (observation). The results of this study indicate that: (1) The first step in planning this action is to analyze the components and content of the items, determine the learning materials, examine the class III mathematics textbooks, develop a syllabus, develop a lesson plan, and make student activity sheets. The implementation process in the first cycle, the researcher succeeded in explaining to students about doing multiplication which resulted in three-digit numbers and division of three-digit numbers and learning by saying and doing would obtain high absorption of learning outcomes. The evaluation process is carried out at each meeting after the learning process takes place to determine how far the development of the method being developed has been successful as planned. (2) The results of class III Mathematics learning by applying the assignment method (recitation) are classified as very good. The results of this study can be seen from the average pre-test and post-test where the pre-test score is 76.19% while the Post-Test reaches a value of 95.23%, there is a very good increase.

Potential moderators of the left digit effect in numerical estimation

Recent work reveals a left digit effect in number line estimation such that adults' and children's estimates for three-digit numbers with different hundreds-place digits but nearly identical magnitudes are systematically different (e.g., 398 is placed too far to the left of 401 on a 0-1000 line, despite their almost indistinguishable magnitudes; Lai et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12657). In two preregistered studies (N = 218), we investigate the scope and malleability of the left digit effect. Experiment 1 used a typical forward-oriented 0-1000 number line estimation task and an atypical reverse-oriented 1000-0 number line estimation task. Experiment 2 used the same forward-oriented typical 0-1000 number line estimation task from Experiment 1, but with trial-by-trial corrective feedback. We observed a large left digit effect, regardless of the orientation of the line in Experiment 1 or the presence of corrective feedback in Experiment 2. Further, analyses using combined data showed that the pattern was present across most stimuli and participants. These findings demonstrate a left digit effect that is robust and widely observed, and that cannot be easily corrected with simple feedback. We discuss the implications of the findings for understanding sources of the effect and efforts to reduce it.

Visualization Problems in Mathematics for the Third Class through Animated Scenarios in an Electronic Learning Environment

The paper aims to present the development of educational content such as animated scenarios for teaching the topic “Division of two-digit and threedigit numbers by one-digitˮ. Visually animated examples through which to present the division of two and three-digit numbers by one-digit ones in an electronic environment, simulating situations close to real life are discussed. The purpose of the publication is to present the development of animated scenarios for teaching the discussed topic in one with its teaching method. The environment chosen for the development of the animated examples is Scratch, due to its rich technical tools and its familiarity with the students.

The lifeline and advanced practice nursing/intervention prevention perspective

The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline (hereinafter referred to as The Lifeline) is a national effort to provide mental health crisis support for individuals or 3rd parties (requesting help for others) via a three-digit phone number. Since July 2022, the Lifeline is part of a national effort to assist individuals who are suicidal, homicidal, or distressed. Over half of suicides in the United States are completed with a gun, hence the need for an effort to focus on prevention related to a growing tragic loss of life. Psychiatric mental health nurses can be part of the prevention focus by promoting and discussing The Lifeline resource with patients, families, and colleagues. The majority of individuals requiring psychiatric-mental health services are living in the community and not institutionalized; therefore, The Lifeline is an invaluable resource to support wellness and well-being.

Solusi Alternatif Pada Bilangan Tiga Digit Kuadrat

Some of the mistakes made by students when working on math problems in square numbers included misapplied material concepts and not being careful in the calculation process which resulted in wrong final results. This study aims to provide alternative solutions in calculating square numbers. In addition, this research required an understanding of previously studied mathematical concepts. By used the literature study method, namely the method of collected data by understood and studied theories from various literature related to research. The results of the study obtained an alternative formulation of three- digit square numbers. Let's say ABC is any squared of any three-digit number. Then by multiplyied the usual stacked, we got the result that ABC²= A²2AB2AC+B²2ABC² regreded the five positions that are underlined, the operations started from the last and last order to the front. If the position operation results in a number of more than one digit, then the number with the last digit is used in that position, while the remaining digits are added with the position operation in front of it. Until the position operation ends at the forefront. As a result of applied this method requires understood the concept of the operation and memorization in applied the method

Database Evaluation for Muscle and Nerve Diseases - DEMAND: An academic neuromuscular coding system

Background: A database which documents the diagnosis of neuromuscular patients is useful for determining the types of patients referred to academic centers and for identifying participants for clinical trials and other studies. The ICD-9 or ICD-10 numeric systems are insufficiently detailed for this purpose. Objective: To develop a database for neuromuscular diagnoses Methods: We developed a detailed diagnostic coding system for neuromuscular diseases called DEMAND: Database Evaluation for Muscle and Nerve Diseases that has been adopted by neuromuscular clinics at University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), Ohio State University (OSU), University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), and University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW). At the initial visit, patients are assigned a diagnostic code which can be revised later if appropriate. Fields include patient’s name, date of birth, and diagnostic code. The neuromuscular database consisted of 457 codes. Each code has a prefix (MUS or PNS) followed by a three-digit number. Depending on whether muscle or nerve is primarily involved, there are eight broad groups: motor neuron disease (MUS codes 100-139); neuromuscular junction disorders (MUS 200-217); acquired and hereditary myopathies (MUS 300-600s); acquired and hereditary polyneuropathies (PNS 100-400); mononeuropathies (PNS 500s); plexopathies (PNS 600s); radiculopathies (PNS 700s); and mononeuritis multiplex (PNS 800s). Results: During a period of 10 years, 17,163 of patients were entered (1,752 at UTHSCSA, 1,840 at OSU, 3,699 at KUMC, 9,872 at UTSW). The number of patients in several broad categories are: 3,080 motor neuron disease; 1,575 neuromuscular junction disease; 1,851 muscular dystrophies; 633 inflammatory myopathies; 1,090 hereditary neuropathies; 1,001 immune-mediated polyneuropathies; 620 metabolic/toxic polyneuropathies; 535 mononeuropathies; 296 plexopathies; and 769 radiculopathies. Conclusion: A detailed diagnostic neuromuscular database can be utilized at multiple academic centers. The database should be simple without too many fields to complete, to ensure compliance during busy clinic operations. This database has been very useful in identifying groups of patients for retrospective, observational studies and for prospective treatment studies including trials for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Muscular Dystrophies (MD), Myasthenia Gravis (MG), and retrospective studies of Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy (CIDP), etc.

Albena Shkodrova. Communist Gourmet. The Curious Story of Food in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria

Albena Shkodrova. <i>Communist Gourmet. The Curious Story of Food in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria</i>

Comprehension of acoustically degraded speech in Alzheimer's disease and primary progressive aphasia.

Successful communication in daily life depends on accurate decoding of speech signals that are acoustically degraded by challenging listening conditions. This process presents the brain with a demanding computational task that is vulnerable to neurodegenerative pathologies. However, despite recent intense interest in the link between hearing impairment and dementia, comprehension of acoustically degraded speech in these diseases has been little studied. Here we addressed this issue in a cohort of 19 patients with typical Alzheimer's disease and 30 patients representing the three canonical syndromes of primary progressive aphasia (non-fluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia; semantic variant primary progressive aphasia; logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia), compared to 25 healthy age-matched controls. As a paradigm for the acoustically degraded speech signals of daily life, we used noise-vocoding: synthetic division of the speech signal into frequency channels constituted from amplitude-modulated white noise, such that fewer channels convey less spectrotemporal detail thereby reducing intelligibility. We investigated the impact of noise-vocoding on recognition of spoken three-digit numbers and used psychometric modelling to ascertain the threshold number of noise-vocoding channels required for 50% intelligibility by each participant. Associations of noise-vocoded speech intelligibility threshold with general demographic, clinical and neuropsychological characteristics and regional grey matter volume (defined by voxel-based morphometry of patients' brain images) were also assessed. Mean noise-vocoded speech intelligibility threshold was significantly higher in all patient groups than healthy controls, and significantly higher in Alzheimer's disease and logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia than semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (all P < 0.05). In a receiver operating characteristic analysis, vocoded intelligibility threshold discriminated Alzheimer's disease, non-fluent variant and logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia patients very well from healthy controls. Further, this central hearing measure correlated with overall disease severity but not with peripheral hearing or clear speech perception. Neuroanatomically, after correcting for multiple voxel-wise comparisons in predefined regions of interest, impaired noise-vocoded speech comprehension across syndromes was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with atrophy of left planum temporale, angular gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus: a cortical network that has previously been widely implicated in processing degraded speech signals. Our findings suggest that the comprehension of acoustically altered speech captures an auditory brain process relevant to daily hearing and communication in major dementia syndromes, with novel diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

National preparedness for 988—the new mental health emergency hotline in the United States

988, a national mental health emergency hotline number, went live throughout the United States in July 2022. 988 connects callers to the 988 Crisis & Suicide Lifeline, previously known as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. The transition to the three-digit number aimed to respond to a growing national mental health crisis and to expand access to crisis care. We examined preparedness throughout the U.S. for the transition to 988. In February and March 2022, we administered a national survey of state, regional, and county behavioral health program directors. Respondents (n = 180) represented jurisdictional coverage of 120 million Americans. We found that communities throughout the U.S. appeared ill-prepared for rollout of 988. Fewer than half of respondents reported their jurisdictions were ‘somewhat’ or ‘very’ prepared for 988 in terms of financing (29%), staffing (41%), infrastructure (41%), or service coordination (47%). Counties with higher representation of Hispanic/Latinx individuals were less likely to report being prepared for 988 in terms of staffing (OR: 0.62, 95 %CI: 0.45, 0.86) and infrastructure (OR: 0.68, 95 %CI: 0.48, 0.98). In terms of existing services, sixty percent of respondents reported a shortage of crisis beds and fewer than half reported availability of short-term crisis stabilization programs in their jurisdictions. Our study highlights components of local, regional, and state behavioral health systems in the U.S. that require greater investments to support 988 and mental health crisis care.

Does Executive Function Influence Walking in Acutely Hospitalized Patients With Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A Quantitative Analysis.

IntroductionIt is well-known that, in Parkinson's disease (PD), executive function (EF) and motor deficits lead to reduced walking performance. As previous studies investigated mainly patients during the compensated phases of the disease, the aim of this study was to investigate the above associations in acutely hospitalized patients with PD.MethodsA total of seventy-four acutely hospitalized patients with PD were assessed with the delta Trail Making Test (ΔTMT, TMT-B minus TMT-A) and the Movement Disorder Society-revised version of the motor part of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS III). Walking performance was assessed with wearable sensors under single (ST; fast and normal pace) and dual-task (DT; walking and checking boxes as the motor secondary task and walking and subtracting seven consecutively from a given three-digit number as the cognitive secondary task) conditions over 20 m. Multiple linear regression and Bayes factor BF10 were performed for each walking parameter and their dual-task costs while walking (DTC) as dependent variables and also included ΔTMT, MDS-UPDRS III, age, and gender.ResultsUnder ST, significant negative effects of the use of a walking aid and MDS-UPDRS III on gait speed and at a fast pace on the number of steps were observed. Moreover, depending on the pace, the use of a walking aid, age, and gender affected step time variability. Under walking-cognitive DT, a resolved variance of 23% was observed in the overall model for step time variability DTC, driven mainly by age (β = 0.26, p = 0.09). Under DT, no other significant effects could be observed. ΔTMT showed no significant associations with any of the walking conditions.DiscussionThe results of this study suggest that, in acutely hospitalized patients with PD, reduced walking performance is mainly explained by the use of a walking aid, motor symptoms, age, and gender, and EF deficits surprisingly do not seem to play a significant role. However, these patients with PD should avoid walking-cognitive DT situations, as under this condition, especially step time variability, a parameter associated with the risk of falling in PD worsens.

Join Me in My ‘Roadmap’ for APA’s Future

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article From the PresidentFull AccessJoin Me in My ‘Roadmap’ for APA’s FutureRebecca Brendel, M.D., J.D.Rebecca BrendelSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., J.D.Published Online:22 Jun 2022https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.07.7.10The joy of being together in person at the New Orleans Annual Meeting in May kicked off my year as president by reinforcing the gifts of connection, community, and our profession and their relevance to my presidential theme of “A Roadmap for the Future.” As we find ourselves now faced with a twin mental health pandemic, how can we apply these gifts to the challenge at hand—ensuring that every American has access to effective, high-quality mental health care?As you may have heard or read in the report on my speech, to do this work we must focus internally on supporting psychiatrists, developing our workforce, and fighting structural stigma that reimburses psychiatrists less than our medical colleagues. These are the reciprocal responsibilities that we accept in recognition of the gift of profession and collegiality. We need to develop and advance policy and structure to advance our goals and fight systems and business practices that prioritize profits over patients, and we must advocate for the communities we serve. Finally, we will have to build critical connections for public engagement to advance health, including mental health. We must connect and stay connected. (Speaking of which, I encourage you to follow me on Twitter through the APA president’s official Twitter account at @Pres_APA.)This month, on July 16, the new nationwide 988 mental health crisis number goes live (see 988 is Coming, But Most Localities Still Not Prepared). With 988, suicide prevention and mental health crisis response will be accessible by a three-digit number, just like the 911 number for medical emergencies that preceded it by half a century. The 988 line will patch into the existing federal national suicide prevention lifeline, which consists of over 200 crisis centers from coast to coast, though many calls are not answered locally. The existing hotline number (1-800-273-TALK [8255]) will also stay live, continuing to field the nearly 2.5 million calls it receives annually from Americans experiencing mental health crisis and suicidality. With rising suicide rates in the United States, record drug overdoses, and Americans increasingly concerned about mental health, any measure to reduce barriers to an emergency mental health response, particularly a simplified three-digit number, is welcomed. But the potential impact of 988 is even greater.The 988 rollout has the potential to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness. In the current system, 911 responses all too often include dispatching law enforcement personnel to intervene in mental health crises, especially, but not limited to, those involving behavioral dysregulation. A law enforcement response reinforces an association between crime and mental illness—a false, stigmatizing, and damaging narrative that has played out in harmful ways from erecting barriers to care to false but often persuasive public narratives about mental illness as the etiology of acts of mass violence. APA has joined with other organizations in challenging this narrative especially in light of recent mass shootings. In addition, law enforcement involvement is more likely to result in inequitable rates of legal system entry for Black and other racialized and minoritized individuals compared with other Americans.There is no question that safety is important and that we can provide training to law enforcement personnel to improve the efficacy and de-escalate mental health crisis interventions when they do respond. However, effective mental health crisis response requires more trained responders, community resources, and connections to care. 988 has the potential to go beyond connection to community with funding to support local mental health crisis response services and treatment and to integrate with the existing 911 emergency medical response system.Imagining, designing, and envisioning this constellation of services from crisis to ongoing care along with the integration of medical and mental health care can set a roadmap for the future imbued with connection, community, and visionary psychiatric leadership.Want to be part of the solution? We encourage you to learn more about 988 and what you can do to support 988 implementation in your community (again, see article on page 12 and especially its ending). Finally, thanks to those of you who have volunteered your ideas for the future of psychiatry. I encourage you to keep them coming at [email protected]. Until next month! ■ ISSUES NewArchived

Crisis text-line interventions: Evaluation of texters' perceptions of effectiveness.

ObjectiveCrisis Text Line (CTL), the largest provider of text‐based crisis intervention services in the U.S., has answered nearly 7 million conversations since its inception in 2013. The study's objective was to assess texter's perceptions of the effectiveness of CTL crisis interventions.MethodSurvey data completed by 85,877 texters linked to volunteer crisis counselor (CC) reports from October 12, 2017, to October 11, 2018 were analyzed. The relationship of several effectiveness measures with texters' demographic and psychosocial characteristics, frequency of CTL usage, and texters' perceptions of engagement with their CCs was examined using a series of logistic regression analyses.ResultsBy the end of the text‐based conversation, nearly 90% of suicidal texters reported that the conversation was helpful, and nearly half reported being less suicidal.ConclusionsOur study offers evidence for CTL's perceived effectiveness. These findings are of critical importance in light of the launch of a nationwide three‐digit number (988) for suicide prevention and mental health crisis supports in the U.S., which will include texting.

Centering equity in mental health crisis services.

Centering equity in mental health crisis services.

APA Member Urges Congress to Act Now to Provide MH Help for People Impacted by Pandemic

APA Member Urges Congress to Act Now to Provide MH Help for People Impacted by Pandemic

APA’s Government, Policy, and Advocacy Update (April 2022)

APA’s Government, Policy, and Advocacy Update (April 2022)

ALGORITHMIC BASES OF TECHNOLOGY OF TEACHING ONE-DIGIT AND TWO-DIGIT DIVISION OF THREE-DIGIT NUMBERS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL

In the articleThe relevance of the study of methodological aspects of the teaching of three-digit numbers in primary and one-digit numbers in primary grades based on algorithmic bases is substantiated. The scientific interpretation of the technology of formation of practical application of the section algorithm of the educational process in students in accordance with the expansion of the range of natural numbers in educational units is reflected in the students. Key words: decimal composition of numbers, divisible, divisible fortune and balance, incompletely divisible, sequential exit, section algorithm, an open description of the algorithm, section into equal parts, component section, special fortunes