Three-body Abrasion Research Articles

The use of Preston equation to determine material removal during lap-grinding with electroplated CBN tools

Grinding executed in a lapping configuration is an alternative finishing process benefiting from both grinding and free-abrasive machining, while minimizing the heat effect impact. Electroplated tools can be effectively used in different abrasive processes, including high-speed grinding, however, the assessment of machining performance over time is a key factor in their correct use to achieve satisfactory technological results. In conventional grinding, bigger grain-coverage provides better results due to the higher bonding strength of grains. In lap-grinding, fracturing and crushing of the abrasive particles initially covered by the plating result in a suspension which is typically dosed continuously in free-abrasive machining. Due to this, the process transforms from two-body (grinding) to three-body abrasion (free abrasive machining) which may result in reduced grinding performance approaching asymptotically a specific value while improving surface finish. The main aim of the presented study is the evaluation of electroplated CBN tools used in lap-grinding of 40H alloy steel workpieces whose hardness was 54 HRC. The obtained results and observations of the working surface of CBN wheels and workpieces allowed for the identification of the wear characteristics for three nickel plating thicknesses corresponding to 35%, 50% and 65% of the nominal CBN crystal size and for specific process parameters. The surface roughness Ra parameter decreased gradually from the initial value 1.9 μm to the values below 0.7 μm for bigger B107 grains and for all plating thicknesses. For smaller B64 grains, the surface roughness and waviness parameters reached similar values to those obtained for the larger B107 grains at corresponding processing times. The lowest value of Ra parameter below 0.4 μm was obtained for B64 grains and for the thinnest plating but with a 50% reduction in material removal comparing to B107 grains. The Preston equation was employed to calculate the material removal as a function of time under variable process conditions in the machining zone due to the tool wear. This attempt extended the range of the material removal modeling, despite the fact that the electroplated wheels were subject to wearing down resulting in the gradual reduction in the efficiency, as well as in the change of the working conditions in the workpiece-tool contact zone.

Comparative study on three body abrasive wear behaviour of natural compliant thermoplastic composite under dry and lubricated conditions

This experimental study investigates the three-body abrasive wear behavior of jute/natural rubber flexible green composite under both dry and lubricated conditions. The composite material is prepared using a layering and compression method. A three-body abrasion tester is used to conduct the wear testing under various loads. The use of a lubricant further enhances the wear resistance of the composite, reducing the wear rate and friction coefficient. Mass loss of Jute/Rubber/Jute, Jute/Rubber/Rubber/Jute and Jute/Rubber/Jute/Rubber/Jute in lubricated wear condition is 44.44%, 15.87% and 29.96% less compared to dry wear condition. Wear mechanisms of the composite material are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing the presence of fiber breakage, and adhesive wear. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the abrasive wear behavior of jute/natural rubber flexible green composite and its potential applications in various industrial sectors.

Tribological effects of boriding treatment on a low carbon steel repaired by wire and arc additive manufacturing

Recently, electric arc-based welding processes have gained significant attention in the manufacturing sector due to their usefulness for repairing or remanufacturing damaged mechanical components. The changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of materials and components repaired by electric arc-based welding techniques have been the focus of most of current research. Since most of components are damaged by wear during operation, the improvement of such repaired/welded materials or components in terms of tribological properties for each specific application is wanted. In this work, the effects of applying a thermochemical treatment (boriding) as a tribological booster on a low carbon steel repaired by arc welding were studied. The tribological behavior (coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear volume) of the repaired steel before and after being borided was evaluated by means of micro-abrasion tests to replicate three-body abrasion under muddy environments. In addition, the physical and mechanical characteristics of the boride coating in both the original material and the repaired zone were evaluated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, instrumented hardness tests and the VDI adhesion test. The wear scars were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and non-contact profilometry to identify the resulting wear mechanisms and to measure wear scars, respectively. The results showed that boriding treatment was effective to increase the hardness and wear resistance of the repaired low carbon steel without creating gradients of hardness, CoF, wear resistance or adhesion strength between the surface of the original material and the repaired zone.

Particle type effect on mechanisms of surface texturing in reducing wear

The tribological behavior of tungsten carbide-textured samples with different particle types (silica, alumina and diamond) and sizes (5 and 25 µm) are investigated. Pin-on-disk experiments are conducted. Surface texture can effectively reduce the friction coefficient and wear rate of the sample with different particle types and sizes. When the lubricant has silica particles, the friction reduction efficiency of texture is the lowest. Softer particles are more likely to be crushed, making it easier to enter the friction interface and fill into the texture. The wear resistance increases with decreasing particle hardness. The particles will cause three-body and two-body abrasion. Small particles (5 µm) are more likely to enter the friction interface and roll more easily than larger particles (25 µm), causing more three-body abrasion. As the hardness of the particles increases, they are more likely to press against the surface of the specimen as they roll, leading to more three-body abrasion. Compared with untextured samples, textured samples can store particles and lubricant and thus have less three-body abrasion and two-body abrasion. This study provides new ideas for reducing the friction and wear of samples in water containing different particle types and sizes.

The characterization of wear-causing particles and silica sand in particular

Erodants and abradants are two types of wear-causing particles (WCP). Despite their effects on the severity and rate of wear, WCP are inadequately characterized in a surprising number of publications, especially those involving impingement erosion and three-body abrasion. That shortfall makes it difficult to correlate features of WCP with the details of worn surfaces, or to develop wear models that account for those features. It is argued that the documentation of WCP should go beyond simply reporting their composition and mean particle size. In late 1985, ASTM Committee G2 on Wear and Erosion established a task group on the characterization of WCP. At that time, image analysis was slower and less sophisticated than it is today. While that ASTM task group failed to produce a consensus standard, computerized particle characterization methods were developing in fields other than tribology, fields like geoscience, heavy sand mining, materials processing, and pharmaceuticals. A notable exception to this is ferrography, which is a widely-used diagnostic for lubricated tribosystems. In the context of dry wear, it is useful to identify which features of WCP would be beneficial to document, and to identify some techniques and scales of detail appropriate to particular tribosystems. Examples are presented here for the morphological and mechanical characterization of silica sand grains, as prompted by a triboanalysis of the abrasive and erosive wear of biomass pre-processing equipment. The authors propose a minimum level of documentation for WCP, one that can enrich tribosystem analysis both in laboratory tests and field studies.

Fatigue and Wear Performance of Autoclave-Processed and Vacuum-Infused Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Gears

This study focuses on investigating the fatigue and wear behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) gears, which have shown promising potential as lightweight and high-performance alternatives to conventional gears. The gears were fabricated via an autoclave process using an 8-layer composite made of T300 plain weave carbon fabric and ET445 resin and were tested in pair with a 42CrMo4 steel pinion and under nominal tooth bending stress ranging from 60 to 150 MPa. In-situ temperature monitoring was performed, using an infrared camera, and wear rates were regularly assessed. The result of the wear test indicates adhesive wear and three-body abrasion wear mechanisms between the CFRP gears and the steel counterpart. A finite element analysis was performed to examine the in-mesh contact and root stress behaviour of both new and worn gears at various loads and a specified running time. The results point to a substantial divergence from ideal meshing and stress conditions as the wear level is increased. The fatigue results indicated that the CFRP gears exhibited superior performance compared to conventional plastic and composite short-fibrous polymer gears. The described composite gear material was additionally compared with two other composite configurations, including an autoclave-cured T700S plain weave prepreg with DT120 toughened resin and a vacuum-impregnated T300 spread plain weave carbon fabric with LG 900 UV resin. The study found that the use of the T700S-DT120 resulted in additional improvements.

Evaluation of abrasive wear resistance of self-fluxing Ni-base coatings by scratch testing

"Abrasion wear is one of the most dominant types of wear in many applications, causing over 50% of all wear failures [1]. The abrasive wear phenomenon could be classified regarding several aspects: a) the position of the abrasive particles: two-body abrasion if they are fixed, or three-body abrasion if they are free to slide and/or roll, b) the stresses involved: gouging abrasion, high-stress abrasion (grinding) and low-stress abrasion (scratching), c) the surface appearance: ploughing, cutting, fatigue and fracture (cracking). In this study was approached the possibility of abrasion wear resistance evaluation of selffluxing Ni-base coatings by scratch testing. Materials used in tests were: three self-fluxing Ni-base coatings deposited on low-alloyed steel substrate using flame spraying process (referred to as S1, S2 and S3). The wear of the samples and the friction coefficient were investigated with scratch tester and analyzed in correlation with their mechanical properties. "

Lubricated sliding wear of gear material under electrification – A new approach to understanding of the influence of shaft currents in the wear of EV transmissions

Electrification of drivelines of electric vehicles (EVs) can give rise to damaging shaft voltages/currents that can potentially impair the tribological performance of sliding and rolling elements in these driveline systems. In fact, previous research has shown that the existence of shaft voltages/currents in electric machines is indeed highly detrimental for the service life of tribological components of EVs. Such currents/voltages originate from magnetic flux asymmetry, inverter-induced voltage and triboelectrification and may also interfere with the normal sliding condition of other electrically conductive tribological components connected to the electric motors in addition to those that are comprised in the driveline, e.g., gears. In the past, the influence of shaft voltages/currents in gear systems has been explored scarcely. Accordingly, this work aims to investigate specifically the lubricated sliding friction and wear behavior of gear materials under the influence of DC electrification. For this, many tests were conducted on a gear material in a two-electrode-cell-based pin-on-disc tribometer representing the sliding contact of a gear interface. The tests were run under different currents (0, 1.5 and 3 A) and using different lubricants (pure mineral base oil, gear oil and transformer oil). The differences in sliding contact temperature, coefficient of friction (CoF), wear volumes and underlying mechanisms, as well as the chemical changes occurred in the lubricating oils by electrification are analyzed and discussed. Overall, the results confirmed that electrification can indeed have a strong influence on friction and wear of gear materials besides increasing contact temperature and thus accelerating the oxidation at the sliding interfaces for all the lubricants. The increase in wear is most likely due to three-body abrasion caused by increased oxidation and/or oxide-based debris formation under electrification. CoF was found to decrease by electrification, which was ascribed to the formation of a larger wear scar (that reduced contact pressure) and continuous replenishment of an oxide layer affording Lower Friction To Sliding Surfaces.

A (CrFeNi)83(AlTi)17 high-entropy alloy matrix solid-lubricating composite with exceptional tribological properties over a wide temperature range

High-entropy alloy matrix solid-lubricating composites (HSLCs) are promising anti-wear and friction-reduced materials to meet the demands of complicated engineering applications. Here we present a strategy to develop HSLCs by using the coupled high-entropy phases of (BCC + FCC + L21) with near-equal volume fraction as the matrix material, instead of using the usual single phase-dominated high-entropy phases, which can preserve the intrinsic strength and deformability of the matrix while activating adaptive wear protection during sliding. This enables a low coefficient of frictions of 0.23–0.31 and wear rates within the order of 10–6–10–5 mm3 N m–1 for the (CrFeNi)83(AlTi)17-Ag-BaF2/CaF2 HSLC between room-temperature and 800 °C, considerably outperforming the reported HSLCs and conventional alloy matrix solid-lubricating composites. At low and moderate temperatures, the synergistic Ag-BaF2/CaF2 lubricating films eliminate the surface stress concentration upon wear, thus suppressing three-body abrasion and surface roughening during the groove multiplication process. At elevated temperatures, the high-entropy composite tribo-layers provide the friction interface with strong and deformable stress shielding, which avoids the oxidative and adhesive wear triggered by the delamination of the tribo-layer. Developing similar coupled high-entropy matrix phases may open an avenue for further optimization of the tribological properties of the HSLCs.

Comparative studies of the three-body abrasion wear resistance of hardfacing Fe-Cr-C-B-Ti alloy

In this research, the mechanical and tribological properties of two deposited metal of Fe-C-Cr-B-Ti alloying systems. In this study, comparative tests of the deposited metal hardfacing by two self-shielded flux-cored wires electrode were carried out: with an exothermic additive (110Cr4Cu5Ti1MnVB) and without an exothermic additive (140Cr15TiSi1MnVB). Abrasive wear resistance was evaluated using a slightly modified procedure on a standardized tribological machine for abrasive wear, according to the limits established by the ASTM G65. The results of studies of the efficiency of introduction of an exothermic addition CuO-Al system into the core filler of a flux-cored wire electrode were presented.

Influence of Anodizing Conditions on Biotribological and Micromechanical Properties of Ti-13Zr-13Nb Alloy.

The biomedical Ti-13Zr-13Nb bi-phase (α + β) alloy for long-term applications in implantology has recently been developed. The porous oxide nanotubes' (ONTs) layers of various geometries and lengths on the Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy surface can be produced by anodizing to improve osseointegration. This work was aimed at how anodizing conditions determinatine the micromechanical and biotribological properties of the Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy. First-generation (1G), second-generation (2G), and third-generation (3G) ONT layers were produced on the Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy surface by anodizing. The microstructure was characterized using SEM. Micromechanical properties were investigated by the Vickers microhardness test under variable loads. Biotribological properties were examined in Ringer's solution in a reciprocating motion in the ball-on-flat system. The 2D roughness profiles method was used to assess the wear tracks of the tested materials. Wear scars' analysis of the ZrO2 ball was performed using optical microscopy. It was found that the composition of the electrolyte with the presence of fluoride ions was an essential factor influencing the micromechanical and biotribological properties of the obtained ONT layers. The three-body abrasion wear mechanism was proposed to explain the biotribological wear in Ringer's solution for the Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy before and after anodizing.

Surface and Tribological Properties of Powder Metallurgical Cp-Ti Titanium Alloy Modified by Shot Peening

The present study reveals for the first time the dry sliding wear behavior of a powder metallurgical pure titanium alloy (Cp-Ti) modified by shot peening. Cp-Ti samples were manufactured via powder metallurgy, and then their surface and subsurface features were modified using a custom-made, fully automated shot-peening system. The texture isotropy rate and the highest orientation angle of the shot-peened samples were 71.5% and 36°, respectively. The Abbott curves of the shot-peened surfaces revealed that the most common areal roughness value was 5.177 μm, with a frequency of 8.1%. Shot-peened surfaces exhibited an ~20% lower wear rate than unpeened surfaces under dry sliding wear, whereas the coefficient of friction was the same for both surfaces. Micro-ploughing, micro-cutting, oxidation, and three-body abrasion wear mechanisms were observed on the shot-peened and unpeened surfaces. High resolution 3D surface topographies of worn unpeened and shot-peened surfaces revealed micro-scratches and inhomogeneities along wear tracks, which are indicative of three-body abrasion mechanisms during contact. In addition, vertical and horizontal microcracks were visible just beneath the wear track, suggesting a clear indication of plastic deformation during contact. The cross-sectional hardness maps of shot-peened samples revealed the formation of a work-hardened surface layer with shot peening, which improved the wear resistance. These findings support that shot peening can be a useful tool to modify the surface and tribological properties of powder metallurgical Cp-Ti alloys.

Tribological performance of thermal sprayed coatings under abrasive conditions

In this work, the tribological behaviour of thermally sprayed titanium and chromium ceramic-based coatings was investigated under abrasive conditions. Their structure was studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while their hardness was evaluated using a microhardness tester. To study the strength of these ceramic coatings under abrasion conditions, reciprocating sliding experiments were carried out in a high-precision (10 mN resolution, 1000 Hz data acquisition) pin-on-disk apparatus and by using a Ø6 mm corundum ball to generate high contact pressures (1.5 GPa). To thoroughly investigate the friction evolution of the tribo-system, three-dimensional mapping of the tangential friction forces (triboscopy) was performed. Following the abrasion experiments, the wear of these coatings was measured using confocal microscopy. The obtained friction and wear results were compared to state-of-the-art materials and coatings that are currently being used in various industrial applications. From this comparison, it was found that the titanium and chromium ceramic-based coatings have comparable if not better tribological properties for the given conditions. The main wear mechanism was mainly two-body abrasion due to the surface roughness of the counter-material, as well as three-body abrasion due to the formation of debris at the interface.

Wear and Mechanical Behavior of ZA27 Alloy Reinforced with B4C Produced by Powder Metallurgy Method

In this study, ZA27 matrix alloy was reinforced with nano-sized B4C and its wear behavior and mechanical properties were investigated. The samples were produced using the powder metallurgy technique. The reinforcement ratio (0, 0.125, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3% by weight) the internal structure, morphology, and wear surfaces were investigated and by SEM analysis and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Wear tests were carried out in a dry friction environment using 1, 2, 5, and 10 N loads. The results showed that the increased B4C reinforcement increased the abrasion resistance of the composite samples, especially under 10 N load, the weight loss was 250 mg in the matrix material, while it was measured as 0.023 mg in the 3% B4C reinforced sample. As a result of this, while the B4C reinforcement increased, the weight losses decreased under all loads. Although, all the wear types changed from adhesive to abrasive wear when the adhesive wear mechanism was more dominant for ZA27 alloy and had a lot higher weight loss composites. Essentially, reinforcement with nano B4C particles changed the mechanism to abrasive wear. The increase in nano B4C content resulted in the changing of wear from two-body to three-body abrasion.

Improvement of the Wear Resistance of Circular Saws Used in the First Transformation of Wood through the Utilization of Variable Engineered Micro-Geometry Performed on PVD-Coated WC-Co Tips

Reduced performance of circular saws due to premature chipping of their teeth has been a critical issue in woodcutting industry for many years. This research examined the impact of surface coating and variable engineered micro-geometry of the cutting edges of carbide teeth (tips) on the wear resistance of circular saws used in primary wood processing. CrN/CrCN/DLC, CrN/AlTiN, CrN/CrCN, and CrCN/TiSiCN were deposited on tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) substrates using the cathodic arc evaporation technique. The CrN/CrCN coating proved to be the one with highest wear resistance and adhesion among those studied. No sign of delamination was observed around the indentation of the CrN/CrCN coating after the adhesion test. Furthermore, no abrasion, delamination or crack was observed on the surface of the CrN/CrCN coating after the three-body abrasion wear test. The results of the dry-sliding wear test revealed that CrN/CrCN coating significantly decreased the wear rate of WC-Co substrates by 74%, 66% and 77% at sliding speeds of 50, 100 and 250 mm/s, respectively. Afterwards, a CrC/CrCN coating was deposited on the teeth of conventional circular saws. Next, the cutting edges of teeth were modified through variable engineered micro-geometry. Tests were conducted at a sawmill with three series of saws: 1-coated and edge-modified, 2-coated and conventional edge geometry, and 3-uncoated and edge-modified. Wood processing was performed during two shifts of 480 min each. The width of the wear land was the criterion used as the wear index. The results of industrial tests showed that saws with edge-modified teeth had significantly less chipping and no breakage at their corners compared to the saw without edge modification (conventional saw). After 480 min of sawing, the wear rate of the coated saw with edge modification decreased by 46% and 16%, compared to the coated saw without edge modification and the uncoated saw with edge-modified teeth, respectively. Those values reached 73 % and 41%, respectively, after 960 min of sawing. The study shows that by optimizing the surface chemistry and the geometry of the cutting edge of WC-Co tips, tool life can be significantly increased therefore reducing downtime due to saw replacement and resharpening, thus significantly increasing productivity in the first transformation of wood.

Unlubricated sliding wear of B4C composites spark-plasma sintered with Si aids and of their reference B4C monoliths

Two fully-dense B4C–SiC composites were fabricated by spark-plasma sintering (SPS) from B4C+Si powders, one superhard (i.e., ∼28.7(8) GPa) with abundant SiC by SPS of B4C+20vol%Si at 1400 °C and the other ultrahard (i.e., ∼35.1(4) GPa) with little SiC by SPS of B4C+4.28vol%Si at 1800 °C, and their unlubricated sliding wear was investigated and compared with those of the reference B4C monoliths. It was found that the two B4C–SiC composites underwent mild tribo-oxidative wear with preferential removal of the oxide tribolayer, with the one SPS-ed at 1400 °C from B4C+20vol%Si being, despite its lower hardness and greater proneness to form oxide tribolayer, only slightly less wear resistant than the one SPS-ed at 1800 °C from B4C+4.28vol%Si (i.e., ∼1.0(5)·107vs 1.37(8)·107 (N⋅m)/mm3). The reference B4C monolith SPS-ed at 1400 °C is comparatively two orders of magnitude less wear resistant (i.e., ∼1.70(6)·105 (N⋅m)/mm3), attributable to its undergoing severe purely mechanical wear by microfracture-dominated three-body abrasion due to its very poor sintering (i.e., high porosity of ∼33.5 %), poor grain cohesion, and low hardness (i.e., ∼3.1(5) GPa). The reference B4C monolith SPS-ed at 1800 °C, while equally or less hard (i.e., ∼28.4(9) GPa) and slightly porous (i.e., ∼5.3 %), is somewhat more wear resistant (∼1.8(3)·107 (N⋅m)/mm3) than the B4C–SiC composites, attributable to its undergoing only mild purely mechanical wear by plasticity-dominated two-body abrasion without porosity-induced grain pull-out, but it requires SPS temperatures well above 1400 °C. Finally, relevant implications for the ceramics and hard-materials communities with interests in tribological applications are discussed.

Comparison of Three-Body Abrasion Behaviors of High-Cr-Mo- and High-Cr-Based Multicomponent White Cast Irons

Comparison of Three-Body Abrasion Behaviors of High-Cr-Mo- and High-Cr-Based Multicomponent White Cast Irons

Quantitative investigation of thermal evolution and graphitisation of diamond abrasives in powder bed fusion-laser beam of metal-matrix diamond composites

ABSTRACT Preventing the thermal damage of diamond abrasives is the major challenge of diamond composites in the field of super-hard tools by laser additive manufacturing. In the presented work, we established a quantitative framework to accurately evaluate the thermal damage behaviour and the relevant microstructure-performance characteristics, by using CuSn10-diamond composite by powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB). By simulating the thermal history of diamond in the molten pool and microstructure characterisation, the critical temperature of 1491.6°C of diamond graphitisation was obtained. Below the critical temperature, the composite with no diamond-graphitisation exhibited abrasive wear and wear loss rate below 0.01%. The increasing temperature led to the aggravation of graphitisation, which ID: IG value changed from 2.00 to 0.57 with the temperature increasing from 1491.6°C to 1896.1°C, resulting in wear mechanism changing from adhesive wear to three-body abrasion, with the wear loss rate from 0.01% to 0.73%. Integrating the results of simulation, microstructures and wear properties, the graphitisation threshold of diamond in PBF-LB was revealed and the quantitative relationship of ‘PBF-LB parameters - Temperature - Graphitisation degree - Wear resistance’ of the metal-matrix diamond composites was established.

Metallographic Study and Sliding Wear Optimization of Nano Si3N4 Reinforced High-Strength Al Metal Matrix Composites

The strongest among the all-aluminum alloy series is 7xxx due to its unique composition of alloying elements, making it perfect for automotive and aerospace applications. The present research included manufacturing of Si3N4 reinforced aluminum alloy (AA) 7068 nanocomposites via stir casting combined with ultrasonication, followed by a bottom pouring technique. The Si3N4 reinforcement has been conducted in different fractions (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) by weight. The microstructure characterization of prepared composites was conducted using FESEM, EDS, and elemental mapping. The microstructure of the AA7068 matrix was significantly refined after incorporating Si3N4 nanoparticles. The hardness of alloy increased with reinforcement addition and maximized at 1.5 wt.% due to the combined effect of hard Si3N4, difference in thermal co-efficient, Hall-Petch, and Orowan strengthening mechanism. The wear resistance significantly increased after incorporating (Si3N4)np in the alloy by increased load-bearing capacity and hardness of nanocomposites. The wear of alloy and nanocomposites is mainly due to the adhesion, two-body, and three-body abrasion mechanism. Optimization of wear parameters was completed using the Taguchi approach. The L-25 orthogonal array was selected to perform the wear test, and, later, the ANOVA tool was used to understand the percentage contribution of each factor. The load has the maximum contribution of 65.67%, followed by reinforcement wt.% and sliding distance. Minimum wear loss was noticed when the wear test was conducted on optimum wear parameters (1.5 wt.% reinforcement, 10 N load, and 400 m sliding distance). Hardness and wear behavior were oppositely influenced by the clustering of particles found at 2 wt.% nanocomposites.

A Comparative Study of Hardfacing Deposits Using a Modified Tribological Testing Strategy

In this study, hardfacing deposits using materials of different surface hardness are investigated using an innovative strategy for tribological testing. The abrasive wear behaviour of AISI 316L stainless steel is compared to the Cr–Ni–Mn alloy (OK Autrod 16.95) and the Cr-Mo alloy (Fluxofil 58), deposited on a substrate of S355JR steel. A modified three-body abrasion test and a modified scratch test were used to evaluate the tribological behaviour and wear mechanisms of these materials. The modified double-pass scratch test on the abraded surfaces is analysed using the geometrical parameters of grooves to aid in predicting the lifetime of machinery parts in abrasive working conditions. This leads to a shortening of the resistance to abrasion wear time of the evaluation of the abrasion wear resistance of materials. The validation of the results obtained in the double-pass scratch tests was carried out using three-body abrasion tests, according to the ASTM G65 standard. Wear mechanism investigations were carried out by scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional surface topography and was analysed using an optical microscope. The results obtained from experimental research show that double-pass scratch tests demonstrated that it is possible to shorten the time needed to predict the abrasive behaviour of materials using this method.