Threat Of Punishment Research Articles

Better monitoring …Worse outcome?

AbstractNew technologies allow firms to collect more information about worker performance than ever before. How will this extra information—much of which is non‐contractible and is used at the firm's discretion—impact incentives? I highlight a better monitoring/worse outcome channel that speaks to these concerns. Some improvements to monitoring tempt the firm to punish excessively. Workers then demand contracts with a small punishment threat. Without a serious punishment threat, effort and surplus decline. I characterize what kinds of improvements to monitoring lead to a worse outcome and explore how technologies can be designed to mitigate the better monitoring/worse outcome effect.

Discipline

With Discipline, we focus on techniques and mechanisms that advance corporeal, attitudinal, and behavioural docility and thereby contribute to contemporary processes of social differentiation and exclusion. Exploring the intersection of migration policy and welfare governance, we discuss disciplinary measures deployed at the intersection of welfare and migration regimes with the aim of understanding how internal border and welfare controls discipline poor non-citizens by criminalising certain kinds of behaviour. Drawing on concepts including micro-violence and micro-aggression, this keyword looks at bureaucratic practices, their justifications and their consequences for non-citizens, before moving on to theorise how such practices have come to permeate the wider society. Disciplinary systems of welfare governance depend on the threat of punishment: individuals are prompted to discipline themselves because they could become the object of disciplinary power at any moment. Such disciplinary techniques are efficient, productive, and subtle, and can result in the increasingly ‘automatic’ internalisation by non-citizens of certain kinds of behaviour.

State Violence, Divine Abuse

Abstract It is tempting to attribute state violence to the imposition of a normative order, and it is tempting to construct an opposition between sanctifying that order and messianic interruptions of that order. This framework supposes that God, and the surrounding language of the sacred, follows the logic of rule, imposing a set of expectations on what is to be done enforced by threat of punishment. But what if we centre the story of Job in our account of the divine and with it an image of God as abuser rather than ruler, that is, God as only imposing the phantom of norms, norms that shift or evaporate as soon as they are imposed, never fulfilling a promise of reward or threat of punishment as expected? I explore this possibility through brief encounters with two texts on the racial violence of the state, one by Aimé Césaire and the other by the contemporary Black American writer Kiese Laymon.

Odmeravanje kazne i generalna prevencija

The paper deals with the question of whether it is necessary and justified for general preventive expectations to be the immediate basis for sentencing. General prevention (deterrence) should be achieved primarily if not exclusively when prescribing the punishment. The application of criminal law and punishment should demonstrate that the threat of punishment is serious. However, it is not necessary to determine what measure of punishment is needed in a specific case in order to influence others not to commit criminal acts. It is not even possible to determine exactly, but a general assessment is sufficient, i.e. the court's impression that with a measured punishment, general prevention can be achieved, both negative (traditional) and positive, which consists in expressing social condemnation for a criminal offense, strengthening moral and strengthening the obligation to respect the law. It is sufficient for the court to determine the punishment, as the law says, "taking into account" the purpose of the punishment. In particular, the paper points out the unacceptability of stricter punishment due to the expected general prevention. At the same time, the importance of the positions taken in this respect in his works by Jovan Ćirić, to whom this work is dedicated, is pointed out.

Study Against Corruption Punishment of the Village Owned Enterprise Agency (BUMDes) of Berjo Village in Karanganyar District

By closing the case of the village chief who is involved in the corruption of village funds and the allocation of villages funds who have already been accused are subject to the threat of punishment in accordance with Articles 2 and 3 of the Act No. 31 of 1999 as amended by the Law No. 20 of 2001 on the Suppression of Criminal Prosecution of Corruption. How to Juridic Analysis of High Court Judges' Judgment Semarang No. 13/PID.SUS-TPK/2023/PT Smg against the Elements of Justice and Legal Certainty for Corruption Criminal Offenders BUMDes Berjo. The type of research used by the author is normative jurisprudence or library law research or doctrinal law research that can be interpreted as legal research by studying library and secondary materials. The method of approach used in this normative jurisprudence research is the Case Approach to Legislation. The data source used is Decision No. 13/PID.SUS-TPK/2023/PT Smg, No. 31 of 1999 on Combating Corruption Punishment, as amended and supplemented by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20 of 2001 on Amendments to the Law No. 31, 1999 of the Republik of Indonesia on Combatting Corruptions Punishments. Data Collection Techniques using Libraries and Documents Studies. Data Analysis Techniques with Qualitative Analysis.SUS-TPK/2023/PT SMG violates Article 2 paragraph (1) jo. Article 18 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 31 of 1999 on the Elimination of Crimes of Corruption, as amended and supplemented by the Law No. 20 of 2001 on the Amendment to the Law on the Supreme Implementation of the Constitution of the Republik of Indonesia Number 31 of 1999, on the Reduction of Criminal Implications of Coruption. Article 55 (1) paragraph 1 of the Code, with the elements of the following article: "Everyone". The element "Fighting the Law". The item "Committing an act of enriching himself or another person or a corporation". Item "Can harm the finances of the state or the economy of the State". The unit "Who commits, who commits and who accompanies the act". (1) That the judge of the High Court of Semarang ruled the corruption criminal case conducted by the village chief Berjo Suyatno bin Kartorejo was in accordance with the norms in force but in the view of the author still leaves a striking disparity dropped to the accused in corruption cases committed by officials or someone who has power. The prosecution against the accused is too light and has not satisfied the sense of justice in the community in particular for the people of the village Berjo Prefecture of Ngargoyoso district of Karanganyar and does not cause the effect of seizure for the defendants who have used the people's money (the community of the Village Berjo prefecture NgarGoyoso District of Karaganyar) for the personal interests of the Accused.(2) That the amount of the replacement money, although in the appellate judgment of the High Court of Semarang is greater than the judgement of the State Court, the penalty of imprisonment against the defendant as a substitute for the unpaid substitute money, is still too light and tends to be preferred to refrain from paying or refusing to refund the size of the compensation money to be paid by the accused and carrying out the criminal sentence in prison in exchange for the unepaid replacement payment money. Thus, it has been backward with the Government Program in an effort to maximize the reimbursement of the State/Region losses as a result of the corruption crime that has occurred.

Tripping through Hoops: The Effect of Violating Compulsory Government Procedures

Millions of Americans must navigate complex government procedures under the threat of punishment. Violating these requirements can lead to poverty traps or deepening legal system involvement. We use a field experiment to estimate the effect of failing to appear for court on subsequent legal contact. The treatments reduce failure to appear by 40 percent. Using treatment assignment to identify the causal impact of minor procedural violations, we find no effect on arrests. However, for lower-level cases, violations increase fines and fees paid by 59 percent or $79, equivalent to a high-interest loan, showing that minor procedural violations can be costly. (JEL C93, D73, K14, K41)

Application of the Status of Justice Collaborator in the Criminal Justice System in Indonesia (Case Study: Decision of Central Jakarta District Court Number 41/Pid.sus/TPK/ 2017/PN. JKT)

In Indonesian criminal law, the status of a Perpetrator Witness (Justice Collaborator) has significant legal consequences. With the entry of this Justice Collaborator regulation, the threat of criminal punishment will be less effective against perpetrators of serious crimes. This will make it more difficult to identify the main perpetrators in cases of crimes committed together, and will be a new strategy to avoid the threat of high punishment because the status of a Justice Collaborator is guaranteed to get leniency for serious crimes committed. The enactment of the regulation on the status of Justice Collaborator in corruption criminal justice which provides a guarantee of a reduction in punishment for perpetrator witnesses is seen as very counterproductive with a very high criminal threat for corruption perpetrators as perpetrators of certain crimes (serious crimes). Most people in Indonesia even strongly agree that the criminal threat for the perpetrators of corruption crimes is the death penalty, so great are the hopes of people who want no more corruption crimes that are very detrimental to the state and the people of Indonesia.

The relationship between criminal and medical law in the era of cybernetic civilization

The article offers for consideration separate results of comprehensive scientific research on the relationship between criminal and medical law in the era of cybernetic civilization. Attention is focused on the issue of prospects for the formation of elements of artificial intelligence in the medical field with extrapolation and judicial proceedings regarding the criminal responsibility of medical workers. Attention is also drawn to the so-called "criminal medical cases". In the theory of criminal law, criminology and criminology, such a concept as "cases concerning professional medical offenses" is also used in relation to criminal medical cases, in the sense of intentional or negligent acts committed by medical workers in the performance of their professional duties, prohibited by criminal law under the threat of punishment . Analyzing the general issues of responsibility of medical workers for professional criminal offenses, it is proposed to consider them in two aspects of manifestation: professional medical crimes; official medical crimes. Criminal acts of medical workers, for which they are held criminally liable on general grounds, are proposed to be separated separately from the composition of medical crimes. It is shown that today one of the means of systematic resolution of legal conflicts in jurisprudence is the possibilities of achievements in the field of informatics, cybernetics for the proper management of human behavior with the use of electronic communication technologies, which is the essence of the era of cyber civilization, cybernetic society, in particular, in what determines the essence of industry artificial intelligence systems.For the qualitative creation of branch systems of artificial intelligence, legal science faces the task of properly setting tasks for the developers of such systems, taking into account the relevant regulatory and legal array, its incorporation and consolidation, including at the conceptual level. In terms of prospects for further research, it is proposed to pay attention to the problems of systemic improvement of the medical sphere of society, including for the qualitative implementation of the achievements of informatics and cybernetics, in particular through the formation of artificial intelligence. In this regard, legal science should create an appropriate array of structured, interrelated knowledge at the interdisciplinary level under the conventional name of medical and legal informatics.

THE PHENOMENON OF VIOLENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORALITY AND LAW

The article examines the problems of the relationship between morality and law, the similarities and differences in their approaches to regulating social relations. It is noted that the most significant difference between law and morality lies in its reliance on coercion without which, its implementation is impossible. In this regard, the phenomenon of violence as an extreme manifestation of coercion is highlighted as the main aspect of the study. The main signs of violence are indicated – this is an action committed against the will of a person, evaluated purely negatively. The question is being considered whether the punishment imposed by the will of the state, being unconditional coercion, can be regarded as violence. It is noted that, unlike moral norms, sanctions are clearly expressed in legal norms, so it is known in advance what kind of response the state should expect in case of violation of those norms. It is this prior knowledge that allows us to believe that a person who deliberately violated a certain legal prohibition under threat of punishment, thereby expressed its willingness to endure the consequences of such a violation. It is concluded that the imposition of punishment cannot and should not be regarded as violence proper, since it conventionally presupposes consent to its use and, as a result, excludes its negative assessment. In conclusion, it is emphasised that, to a large extent, and since the law is based on coercion, occasionally associated with the use of violence, society places higher demands on the observance of moral norms precisely to those who apply it.

Rekonstruksi Pengaturan Tentang Suap Dan Gratifikasi Dalam Upaya Mewujudkan Kepastian Hukum

Article 12B Paragraph (1) within the Law of Corruption Offenses bears resemblances to provisions regulating bribery offenses (Article 11, Article 12 letter a, letter b, and letter c), subsequently posing challenges in the implementation of law enforcement. Nonetheless, this article also demonstrates several advantages, including the introduction of the reversal of the burden of proof imposed on the defendant. In the effort to fortify the regulation pertaining to gratification offenses, reconstruction is required in several aspects. Firstly, the definition of gratification needs to be elaborated and clarified to avoid interpretation uncertainties. Secondly, the importance of mandatory reporting regulations concerning gratification receipts is crucial in realizing transparency in corruption prevention. Furthermore, precise gradation is needed regarding the elements of the articles and the threat of punishment for bribery and gratification offenses, including distinguishing between various types of gratification. To sustain effective law enforcement, it is recommended that the government evaluates Article 12B Paragraph (1) and undertakes reconstruction in accordance with the outlined suggestions. These steps are expected to address the regulatory overlaps between bribery and gratification, while strengthening the legal foundation to comprehensively combat corruption offenses.

Panggilan Tuhan Untuk Bertobat (Yoel 2:1-4)

God's call to repentance is a theme found in the book of the prophet Joel chapter 2 verses 1-4. In this text, Joel proclaims God's call to His people to return to Him with sincerity of heart. This call carries with it the threat of punishment for disobedience, but also with the promise of grace and restoration for those who repent. This article explores the meaning and relevance of God's call to repentance in the context of today's spiritual and social life.

Using drugs alone in single room occupancy housing: Understanding environmental drivers of overdose risk

BackgroundAcross North America most overdose deaths occur in housing, largely due to individuals using drugs alone. In cities, fatalities are disproportionately concentrated in low-income housing, including single room occupancy (SRO) housing. While research has highlighted how SROs operate as risk environments for various poor outcomes, there has been little attention to specific drug use practices (i.e., using alone) associated with overdose vulnerability in these spaces. This study explores how environmental contexts of SROs shape overdose risks, with specific attention to practices of using drugs alone. MethodsIn-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 people who use drugs (PWUD) living in Vancouver SROs. Interviews covered topics such as social-structural environments of housing, drug use practices, and housing-based harm reduction. Thematic analysis drew on the intersectional risk environment framework. ResultsNarratives positioned SROs as extensions of public space, with similar expectations of risks and behaviours as in public spaces. For some participants, using alone in their room was characterized as a practice in claiming privacy within the context of a public existence. Participants highlighted how certain features of SRO's social-structural environments were routinely leveraged against them (e.g., security cameras, staff surveillance), suggesting using alone as a tactic to minimize risks of hyper-surveillance and punitive policies. Further, participants discussed using alone as “safer,” describing how this practice mitigated place-based risks of social-structural harms (e.g., violence, criminalization) in ways that eclipsed overdose risk. ConclusionUsing drugs alone may be understood as a spatial negotiation of vulnerability to diverse harms produced by environmental contexts of SROs. Interventions accounting for broader contextual factors (e.g., improvements housing quality/quantity, providing a safer supply of drugs) that render using alone as instrumental to survival, and that reduce the implicit threat of punishment from intensive surveillance and control practices are critical to reduce vulnerability to overdose and other harms.

Policy on Criminalisation of Necrophilia Behaviour: Case Study of Junior High School Students in Mojokerto

This tragic story involves a young man named M. Adi (19 years old) in Mojokerto, East Java, who was desperate to rape the corpse of junior high school student AE (15 years old). This incident occurred after his life was taken by his classmate, AB (15 years old). Adi raped AE's corpse twice, as the victim's life was taken by AB. Adi's motive was lust. The young man worked as a labourer in an iron factory, earning around Rp500,000 per week. This case began with AB's murder in the rice field behind his house. AB then took AE's body on a motorbike belonging to the victim's uncle to his parents' house. There, Adi was invited by AB to help dispose of AE's body. Adi raped the victim's body twice in an empty house. AB confessed his actions to the police and explained that Adi committed the rapes when he went to buy raffia rope to tie the plastic sack that would be used to wrap the victim's body. This case revealed a cruelty and perversion of behaviour that was deeply disturbing, and society and the law responded strongly to it. Corpse rape, or necrophilia, is a highly reprehensible act that goes against moral and ethical values. Involving sexual acts against a dead human body, which lacks the ability or awareness to consent or engage in the relationship, necrophilia violates basic human principles and social norms held by society. This case also highlights the lacunae in the law regarding necrophilia. While there is a threat of punishment for individuals who engage in corpse rape or mutilation, the existing arrangements have not been specific and explicit enough in addressing acts of necrophilia. Therefore, it is important to consider criminalising necrophilia more explicitly in order to address such inhumane acts and protect human dignity even after a person has passed away. This research applies the normative juridical legal research method to analyse the criminalisation policy of the act of intercourse with a corpse in the case of a junior high school student in Mojokerto, with reference to Criminal Law and Pancasila. A case approach is used in analysing the criminalisation policy of Necrophilia from the perspective of Criminal Law and Pancasila.

СУСПІЛЬНА НЕБЕЗПЕЧНІСТЬ НАРКОМАНІЇ ЯК КРИМІНОЛОГІЧНИЙ ФАКТОР НЕДОЦІЛЬНОСТІ ДЕКРИМІНАЛІЗАЦІЇ СТ. 309 КРИМІНАЛЬНОГО КОДЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The article provides the author’s justification of the decriminalization inexpediency of Art. 309 of the Criminal Code (CC) of Ukraine through a criminological analysis of the public danger of drug addiction as a background phenomenon for crime. The article also analyzed the Draft law No. 9028 on amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses regarding the improvement of liability for illegal production, manufacture, acquisition, storage, transportation or forwarding of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues without the purpose of sale. Considering the fact, the Draft law proposes to exclude Art. 309 from the CC of Ukraine, replacing criminal liability to administrative liability for committing of certain illegal actions, it is emphasized that a number of problematic issues have arisen today regarding the implementation of such a draft law, since both society and state bodies are not ready for such changes. The conducted analysis showed that the decriminalization of Art. 309 of the CC of Ukraine has different points of view. Some scientists believe that decriminalization can help reduce drug addiction and drug-related crime, as instead of being prosecuted, people will be able to get medical help and support for responsible drug use, and reduce pressure on the justice system. In its turn, a lack of continence in the form of sufficient punishment threat will reproduce committing of a number of new, more serious criminal offenses. That is why the authors of the article believe that the decriminalization of drug use can confirm the negative social consequences of drug addiction and can send the wrong message to young people on drug use. Concerns have also been expressed that such decriminalization may lead to an increase in drug use and an increase in the risk of harmful effects on people’s health, and even more so will lead to committing of other, more serious criminal offenses. Key words: criminal offense, crime, criminal misdeed, criminal responsibility, administrative offense, administrative responsibility, decriminalization, background phenomena for crime, marginal environment, narcotic drugs, drug addiction, juvenile delinquency, involvement of juveniles to narcotic drugs use, criminogenic factors, determinants, self-serving violent crime, violent criminal offenses, criminal groups, criminal offenses in the domestic (family) sphere, prevention, police officers, evidence.

Comparison Of Criminal Sanctions Against Sexual Harassers In Indonesia And Malaysia

State on sexual harassment. This article uses normative research methods with a legislative approach and a comparative approach to the laws of Indonesia and Malaysia. Based on the results of the analysis conducted by the state of Indonesia and Malaysia have similarities in defining sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is part of sexual violence in the form of sexual acts through physical and non-physical touch with the target sexual organs or sexuality of the victim. Sexual harassment through physical touch in the form of poking or touching parts of the body. Sexual harassment in Indonesia is regulated by Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning the crime of sexual violence, while the criminal law on sexual harassment in Malaysia is regulated by the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law 2022. The threat of punishment for perpetrators of sexual violence in Indonesia is the highest 12 (twelve years) and/ or a maximum fine of Rp300, 000, 000.00 (three hundred million rupiah). While the threat of punishment for perpetrators of sexual violence in Malaysia is the highest 10 years or a fine or both.

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penentu Ancaman Pidana Menggunakan Metode Technique For Order Performance of Similarity (TOPSIS)

In this era of increasingly advanced technology, all groups can easily use the Internet. This convenience is also experienced by children who access the internet and imitate contemporary things. The lack of filters for children when accessing the internet causes children to imitate bad things. This is what causes bad behavior and tends to lead to crime. Violators will be punished according to the 1945 Constitution. Indonesia is a country that upholds the law. The results of the Third Amendment stipulate that every aspect of social, state and government life must always be based on law. Therefore, individuals may be subject to fines according to applicable regulations. The trial lasted so long that the public did not know how the trial was going. Defendants arrested in criminal cases also face very lengthy trial processes. Therefore, a decision support system was built to determine the threat of punishment for criminals using the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance of Similarity) method. This system aims to speed up the decision-making process and become more efficient over time. This method will make decisions based on the weight values ​​determined by domain experts.
 

Tinjauan Teologis Terhadap Ritual Sumpah Tippu’sasa Dalam Adat Mentawai Di Desa Mongan Poula

Oaths play a crucial role in human life, particularly in religious and cultural aspects. This paper elucidates the concept of oaths as an endeavor to bolster the veracity of a statement by invoking sacred entities such as God. In Israeli culture, oaths are regarded seriously and involve the name of God, with the threat of divine punishment if the oath is breached. Challenges for Christians arise when they encounter the influences of local culture and traditions, such as the Tippu’ Sasa oath ritual of the Mentawai tribe, which contradicts biblical teachings. Therefore, a profound understanding of oaths and the challenges of maintaining the sanctity of the Christian faith amidst local culture becomes imperative. This underscores that oaths are not merely verbal acts but also reflect profound spiritual commitments, serving as the foundation for a meaningful and responsible life.

Orbitofrontal and Prelimbic Cortices Serve Complementary Roles in Adapting Reward Seeking to Learned Anxiety

BackgroundAnxiety is a common symptom of several mental health disorders and adversely affects motivated behaviors. Anxiety can emerge from associating risk of future harm while engaged in goal-guided actions. Using a recently developed behavioral paradigm to model this aspect of anxiety, we investigated the role of 2 cortical subregions, the prelimbic medial frontal cortex (PL) and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC), which have been implicated in anxiety and outcome expectation, in flexible representation of actions associated with harm risk. MethodsA seek-take reward-guided instrumental task design was used to train animals (N = 8) to associate the seek action with a variable risk of punishment. After learning, animals underwent extinction training for this association. Fiber photometry was used to measure and compare neuronal activity in the PL and lOFC during learning and extinction. ResultsAnimals increased action suppression in response to punishment contingencies. This increase dissipated after extinction training. These behavioral changes were associated with region-specific changes in neuronal activity. PL neuronal activity preferentially adapted to the threat of punishment, whereas lOFC activity adapted to safe aspects of the task. Moreover, correlated activity between these regions was suppressed during actions associated with harm risk, suggesting that these regions may guide behavior independently under anxiety. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the PL and lOFC serve distinct but complementary roles in the representation of learned anxiety. This dissociation may provide a mechanism to explain how overlapping cortical systems are implicated in reward-guided action execution during anxiety.

The Validity Of The Additional Obligations Of The Notary Profession Through PP Number 43 Of 2015 Of The Notary As The Reporting Party

The Indonesian government has enacted Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering, along with its implementing regulation, Government Regulation Number 43 of 2015 on Reporting Parties in the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering Crimes. This regulation designates Notaries as one of the reporting parties in Suspicious Financial Transactions related to Money Laundering (TFM), obligated to submit reports to the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK). Meanwhile, Article 16 paragraph (1) letter f of the Notary Law states that in carrying out their duties, Notaries must maintain the confidentiality of deed contents. Here, there is a contradiction between legal regulations. This study aims to examine and analyze the validity and legal consequences of the additional professional obligations for Notaries as stipulated in the Notary Law, supplemented by Government Regulation Number 43 of 2015, designating Notaries as reporting parties in TFM related to Money Laundering. The research indicates that the confidentiality duty of Notaries is not absolute; in other words, the obligation to maintain confidentiality in the Notary Law can be set aside by other laws, in this case, the Law on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering through Government Regulation Number 43 of 2015, a directly authorized implementing regulation. The additional obligation as a reporting party cannot be considered a violation of the principle of notary confidentiality but rather a form of protection, with Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 9 of 2017 serving as an implementation of the prudence principle for Notaries in performing their duties. Furthermore, the legal consequences for Notaries, if they breach their duty as keepers of official secrets, may include criminal sanctions based on Article 322 of the Criminal Code and Law Number 43 of 2009 concerning Archives, civil sanctions under Article 1365 of the Civil Code, and administrative sanctions under Article 85 of the Notary Law. Additionally, if a Notary fails to report suspicious financial transactions resulting in criminal activities, the Notary faces the threat of punishment as regulated in Article 5 of the Law on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering, which includes passive involvement in money laundering crimes (Article 55 of the Criminal Code) and active assistance in criminal activities (Article 56 of the Criminal Code).

Enforcement of Fairness Norms by Punishment: A Comparison of Gains and Losses.

Although in everyday life decisions about losses are prevalent (e.g., the climate crisis and the COVID-19 crisis), there is hardly any research on decisions in the loss domain. Therefore, we conducted online experiments with a sample of 672 participants (mostly students), using third-party punishment dictator games (DGs) in the loss domain to explore the impact of losses and punishment threats on the conformity to the fairness norm. Subjects in the treatment condition have to divide a loss of -10 € with the threat of a third-party punishment with different strengths (control: gains, no punishment). Overall, the statistical evidence seems rather weak, but when it comes to losses, subjects are more rational and straightforward with their words and deeds than with gains. Therefore, in the loss domain, subjects are more likely to believe that the fairness norm should be followed, and they subjectively perceive that the others do as well. Furthermore, although dictators' decisions are more selfish in the loss domain, dictators there react more strongly to the punishment threat by reducing their demands than in the gains domain. This holds as long as the punishment threat is strong enough, as judged from a rational perspective.