Threat Of Terrorism Research Articles

Mapping Regional Security Dynamics: Traditional and Non-Traditional Perspectives on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

The research article delves into the multifaceted security dimensions of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its domain allegations. Securitization Theory and Non-Traditional Security Cooperation Theory, find out about scrutinizes traditional challenges like geopolitical rivalries and military engagements, revealing their intertwined nature with financial development. Non-traditional security concerns, along with terrorism threats and cybersecurity issues, add in addition complexity to the BRI. The research emphasizes China's proactive policies, analysing security cooperation, threat valuation, prison frameworks, and infrastructure protection measures. It underscores China's dedication to safeguarding investments distant places whilst merchandising stability. The research about additionally explores regional safety cooperation, highlighting the interconnectedness of traditional and non-traditional security dynamics. Overall, the findings illuminate the refined stability wanted in decision-making for sustainable improvement inside the BRI, showcasing the nuanced interaction between China's monetary ambitions, security considerations, and evolving geopolitical dynamics, offering each possibilities and challenges for China and its associate states concerned in the initiative.

The state terrorist as terrorism racketeer – the case of Egypt

ABSTRACT The last decade witnessed a dramatic surge in state terror and non-state terrorism in Egypt. Against this backdrop, this article investigates how the al-Sisi regime engages in a particular form of terrorism racketeering aimed at generating continued external resources as well as political and military support required for the (re)building of a highly authoritarian order. This analysis thus broadens the concept of terrorism racketeering to include the construction of an existential terrorist threat as a tool of legitimising state terror. By failing to address the conditions, which foster non-state violence, the regime can continue to utilise for purposes of diplomacy and external revenue generation the dichotomy of state terror driven “authoritarian stability” and “terrorist chaos.”

Effects of Terrorism Threat Levels Collaborating Stereotypes, Stigmatization and Prejudices on Perceived Interpersonal Social Support in The Reintegration of Ex-Detained Suspected Terrorists into The Community

This article gives important information about effects of terrorism threat levels collaborating stereotypes, stigmatization and prejudices on perceived interpersonal social support in the reintegration of ex-detained terrorism suspects into the community. The main aim of this research is to examine what effects is embedded in terrorism threat levels collaborating stereotype, stigmatization and prejudice on perceived social support in the reintegration of ex-detained suspected terrorists into the community’?. Sixty participants drawn from Kuchigoro Terrorism Internal Displaced Peoples’ Camp (TIDPC), Abuja, Nigeria were used for the study. A modified version of “Interpersonal Social Support Evaluation List: shortened version – 12 items” was used for the collection of data. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Results indicated significant effects, F (5, 54 = 3.223, P = 0.05). This means terrorism threat levels collaborates stereotypes, stigmatization and prejudices impact on the type of interpersonal social support given to ex-detained suspected terrorists by members of the Community during their reintegration into the community. It was observed and recommended that, there is dire need of deliberate creation of terrorism education awareness and application of psychological interventions, as well as putting in place a mechanism for the resolution of interpersonal conflicts among members of the community. The study’s results imply that, the training programs of Correctional Services Personnel should include rehabilitation and reintegration skills.

Effectiveness of International Cooperation of the Lublin Triangle Countries in Addressing Terrorist Threats

Effectiveness of International Cooperation of the Lublin Triangle Countries in Addressing Terrorist Threats

The Trajectory of International and National Anti‐Terrorism Laws: An Appraisal of Counter‐terrorism Legislation in Kurdistan, Iraq

ABSTRACTTerrorism is not a new phenomenon. Nevertheless, since September 11, 2001, it appears that there has been a global consensus on the need for a more uniform and comprehensive response to terrorism. Thus, countries develop their counter‐terrorism strategy that comprises different approaches, including using the criminal justice system. The criminal justice response to terrorism covers special legislation, strategies, policies, investigation, prosecution, and sentencing. To combat terrorism and improve the criminal justice system in response to existing threats of terrorism, KRI legislated a special anti‐terrorism law. This paper investigates the trajectory of international and national terrorism law in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Accordingly, this research was set to examine international and national terrorism law critically. The focus is placed on the Anti‐terrorism Act No. 3 of 2006, emphasizing the principle of legality. As such, this paper adopted the doctrinal legal methodology that utilized qualitative techniques in analyzing the secondary data. The gathered information and data were then analyzed thematically. Based on the legal analysis, this study found that local circumstances and international pressure influence the trajectory of the counter‐terrorism laws in KRI. The absence of uniformity in the definition indicates the complexity of conceptualizing the phenomenon. The KRI anti‐terrorism law did not define international terrorism and may affect the principle of legality in counter‐terrorism strategy. Consequently, the study will benefit law, security, and international relations researchers. It serves as a basis for future empirical research examining the effects of anti‐terrorism laws in KRI or other jurisdictions.

The Evolution of Far-Right Terrorist Tactics and Targeting

Far-right terrorism today poses perhaps the gravest terrorism threat to Western communities. Over the course of the past 50 years, however, the manifestations of such violence have shifted, as social media and strategic innovations such as leaderless resistance have impacted both the tactics and targeting involved in far-right violence. Today, lone actor attacks using firearms and targeting soft targets predominate, but terrorists nonetheless continue to innovate with technologies such as 3D-printing. Such developments hold considerable implications for counterterrorism practitioners, who must balance relatively simplistic yet lethal violence with the enduring possibilities of terrorist innovation using emerging technology.

Discursive pragmatics of justification in terrorist threat texts: Victim-blaming, denying, discrediting, legitimating, manipulating, and retaliation

This article explores the under-researched area of discursive tactics employed in terrorist threat texts that exploit moral values to constantly justify violence, fostering a ‘discourse of justification’, disaffiliation and conflict. Employing a discursive pragmatic analysis, it delves into the tactics of violent extremists associated with jihadism and far-right ideologies. Utilising the Appraisal framework and the ‘moral disaffiliation’ strategy, the study uncovers verbal practices shaping a dynamic of justification. Findings reveal threateners’ involvement in regulatory discursive functions – manipulation, deontic-retaliation, and boulomaic effect – and practices of ideologically positioning functions – discrediting, blaming, denying and (de)legitimating. The analysis highlights the construction of negative victim individuals and societies while praising the threatener/in-group, anchored predominantly in values of propriety, capacity, valuation and veracity, as the primary dynamic of threatener-victim disalignment. This study contributes insights into threatener profiling, motivations of violence and future research on threat-genre rhetorical structure analysis.

Missed Signals:Analyzing the Failure of Intelligence Cooperation in ASEAN in Preventing the Jolo Cathedral Bombings 2019

This research examines the failure of ASEAN Our Eyes (AOE) to face the 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings. ASEAN's first intelligence cooperation initiative, known as AOE, was established in 2018 in response to the growing threat of transnational terrorism (ISIS) in the region. The Jolo Cathedral bombing was one of the deadliest suicide bombings in the Philippines, demonstrating the inability of AOE as a counterterrorism mechanism to face the threat of transnational terrorism. The findings of this research shed light on the two major factors - the absence of an agreed standard of procedure and the lack of early warning systems - that contributed to the failure of the AOE. The gaps identified highlight areas for improvement in intelligence cooperation and underscore the need for standardized procedures and robust early warning mechanisms to enhance ASEAN's collective response to transnational terrorist threats.

Deadly consequences: lessons from the evolution of terrorist attacks against United States diplomats

ABSTRACT This article sheds light on the complex relationship between adaptive terrorist behaviours and U.S. diplomacy by investigating the interplay between diplomatic security reform and terrorist target selection. A longitudinal study (1970–2019) of 555 terrorist attacks against U.S. diplomats suggests that terrorists targeted U.S. diplomats between 1970 and 1998 because they were perceived as soft, yet symbolic, targets. In response to increasing attacks on diplomats, the U.S. began improving diplomatic security, but an inability to grasp how terrorists operate caused this process to be inefficient and flawed. Terrorists, in turn, exploited these security conditions for decades until, after the deadliest series of coordinated attacks against U.S. diplomats occurred in 1998, security improved to a level where diplomats were no longer a viable target. The findings underscore the critical role of security enhancements and lessons learned in deterring terrorists, emphasising the need for effective intelligence systems and policies. The analysis therefore has numerous implications for understanding how we can learn from our inaction and demonstrates how we should use our understanding of terrorist rationality to predict tomorrow’s terrorist threats.

Iraq's Counterterrorism Laws Under Scrutiny Unjustified Asset Freezes

In response to the terrorist threat posed by ISIS, Iraq implemented legal frameworks aimed at disrupting terrorist financing, including the establishment of a committee to freeze terrorist assets as per international and national laws. This study assesses the effectiveness of these measures through qualitative analysis of legal documents and judicial reviews by the Federal Supreme Court, which found many asset freezes to be unjustified. The findings indicate a need for procedural refinement to ensure fair and effective enforcement, highlighting the challenges of balancing legal integrity with counterterrorism efforts in Iraq. Highlights: Effectiveness: Examines the effectiveness of Iraq's asset freezing against terrorism, identifying practical issues. Judicial Oversight: Highlights the Federal Supreme Court's role in overturning unjustified asset freezes. Legal Refinement: Emphasizes the need to refine procedures to ensure fairness and compliance with international standards. Keywords: Terrorism Financing, Legal Frameworks, Asset Freezing, Judicial Review, Counterterrorism

Multifunctional Robot for Military Applications

Abstract: The fastest-growing and most fascinating field in the modern world is robotics. A robot's input and output can sense its surroundings and respond accordingly. Scientists have developed military robots through technological advancement and study. Indicate in this section what needs to be modified. After that, select the paraphrasing option below. This increases the security of a soldier's life in combat. Military robots are employed to carry out a number of dangerous jobs, including shooting opponents, detecting landmines, disarming live unexploded explosives, and monitoring combat zones. These combat robots are outfitted with integrated systems, including grippers, cameras, sensors, and actuators. Self-contained robots are required because of the issues that soldiers and civilians are facing with terrorism and insurgencies. Nations invest a great deal of money in the development of new defensive systems that can protect their citizens from terrorist threats. Through the use of a robotic system that can monitor a variety of field conditions and transmit data to an Android application over Wi-Fi, the suggested solution eventually offers a remote monitoring and controlling capability.

BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS CONFLICT IN YEMEN

The article is dedicated to the role of the United Kingdom in the political crisis and the armed conflict in Yemen which has not been settled until now. Special attention is paid to military and technical, diplomatic directions as well as to international development assistance in the British foreign policy towards this country. Study of these directions allowed to identify their interrelation and priority to the United Kingdom, to determine the British attitude towards the settlement of the Yemen conflict and to identify main British goals in this armed confrontation. It has been found that first of all the United Kingdom strives to address the terrorist threat originating from Yemen and to ensure free maritime traffic around it. All three mentioned areas of British foreign policy to a greater or lesser extent are aimed at this goal. As for the issue of the settlement of the Yemen conflict, the United Kingdom moved from unambiguous support for the official government of Yemen and the Arab coalition to the actual recognition of status-quo.

Using the five-factor model of personality to identify an optimal SWAT team member

This study, based on the five-factor model (FFM) of personality, aimed to identify personality traits associated with the most optimal special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team member. SWAT teams are tasked with pre-empting and responding to terrorist threats, conducting hostage rescue operations, and managing situations that exceed the capabilities of conventional law enforcement agencies. The study sought to provide a deeper understanding of how personality traits function within the high-stakes context of these teams. It involved 159 male SWAT officers in active service within the Swedish Police Authority. A work analysis instrument, the Personality Job Profiler (PJP), was administered to these officers, who served as subject matter experts (SMEs) in a comprehensive personality work analysis. Specifically, the study addressed two research questions: How can an optimal SWAT police officer personality profile be operationalized when translated to the FFM of personality? What is the association between this optimal SWAT profile and the ratings of ten Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders personality disorder profiles, based on the FFM of personality? The findings suggest that successful SWAT officers should exhibit low neuroticism and high conscientiousness, specifically featuring low vulnerability and high levels of competence, dutifulness, and self-discipline. Notably, the SWAT profile differs significantly from personality disorders, such as borderline, schizotypal, dependent, and avoidant, when operationalized with the FFM of personality. These results have significant implications for developing predictors for the selection process and can enhance the selection procedures for future SWAT members. This may also prompt further studies on criteria-related validity using various personality assessment methods.

Afghanistan And The Terror Threat In Central Asia

A United Nations sanctions monitoring team, warned in a report in June 2023 that the Taliban “have not delivered on the counter-terrorism provisions” in the Doha Accords, the agreement that paved the way for the withdrawal of U.S. forces and two years after the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan the country is again devolving into a hotbed of terrorism activity that is already beginning to affect the region. Central Asian states are deeply concerned about regional security and potential terrorist threats emanating from Afghanistan and remained on guard against violent extremist elements from Afghanistan crossing their borders or committing cross-border rocket attacks, as well as the potential threat posed by returning citizens who traveled to Iraq or Syria to fight with terrorist groups. Most of the Central Asian countries remained suspicious of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, but they adopted a pragmatic policy of strengthening the defense of their borders with Afghanistan on the one hand and negotiating with the Taliban regime on the other. Tajikistan’s primary concerns are with ISIS-K and Jamaat Ansarullah, which operates from Afghanistan and seeks to overthrow the Tajik government and to establish an Islamic emirate. Unlike Afghanistan’s other neighbors, which adopted cautious stances vis-à-vis the new rulers in Kabul, Dushanbe has been vocal in its criticism, describing the Taliban regime as a threat to regional stability and slamming it for being non-inclusive.

Brexit’s Illusion: Decoding Islamophobia and Othering in Turkey’s EU Accession Discourse among British Turks

The warnings about Turkey’s not-so-near accession to the EU are explored as a strategic tool in the Brexit campaign, linking concerns about sovereignty and immigration compounded with the anxieties surrounding Islam and the threat of terrorism. Drawing on the theoretical framework of Edward Said’s Orientalism and the unique perspectives gathered from British Turks, this paper sheds light on their nuanced responses. It uncovers strategies of disbelief and denial in the face of the constructed narrative that portrayed Turkey as an undesirable ‘Other’ with its predominantly Muslim population. A closer analysis of some British Turks’ narratives is premised not only on the sacralised defence of the principles of Turkish westernisation but also on the socio-political reputation of the Islamic Ottoman past as almighty. The article equally contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between British national identity and discourses surrounding immigration, sovereignty, and Islamophobia within the context of Brexit, as well as the principles by which the privileges of modern, secular Turkey, as well as the demise of the mighty Ottoman image, are maintained. In a paradoxical manner, the act of denial only serves to affirm the Brexit campaign’s narrative depicting Turkey as an undesirable ‘Other’ with a predominantly Muslim demographic.

White partisans’ reactions to real politicians’ tweets framing white supremacy and radical Islam as terrorist threats

ABSTRACT In recent decades, the discussion of terrorist threat in the United States has focused almost exclusively on radical Islam. Now, progressive politicians increasingly talk about white supremacy as a form of terrorism. We explore reactions to this new rhetoric using two survey experiments, in which non-Hispanic white respondents are exposed to real tweets of Democratic and Republican politicians discussing white supremacy and radical Islam as security threats. We formulate two alternative expectations: after seeing messages from Democratic politicians linking white supremacy to terrorism, whites may either diverge in their assessments of Republicans’ anti-Muslim appeals depending on their own partisanship or they may uniformly rate anti-Muslim rhetoric as more acceptable. Both experiments show significant increases in the perceived acceptability of anti-Muslim appeals when they are presented after messages about white supremacy, and these results are driven by white Democrats. Our results highlight the potential side effects of political communication about terrorism.

Problems of countering international terrorism as an object of scientific research: development of publication activity

Modern terrorism has become synonymous with fear and uncertainty about the future in recent years. In some socio-political circles, the question is no longer "if", but "when" the next terrorist attack will be committed. The authors, in their own scientific research, seek to compare the well-known terrorism of the late 20th century and the present. In the vast majority of publications, scientists consider terrorism as a tool for achieving goals, especially political ones. Given that there is no clearly defined actor (s) controlling modern terrorism, and the strategic goals are blurred, these actions can be classified as hybrid. The authors also try to point out the need to counter modern terrorism by analyzing the causes of its existence, rather than focusing on dealing with the consequences. The article examines scientific publications devoted to the study of the experience of anti-terrorist activities of international and regional organizations, as well as the relevant state policy of a number of countries. Scientific research reveals current trends in the fight against terrorism, taking into account the growing level of terrorist threat, the formation of new challenges to national and international security.

Fear - an Essential Characteristic of Recent Times

Current sociological and psychological research tends to consider fear as an essential feature of recent times, an omnipresent phenomenon of contemporary society that influences individual and collective behaviors in different fields. This theoretical analysis explores the various aspects of fear in modern society, with a focus on key concepts such as fear culture, fear sociology, liquid fear, terrorist threat, and fear of freedom. The main objective of this theoretical analysis/research/documentation is to become the theoretical framework for further research on fears and threats in a modern society.

Implementation of State Defense Education in Facing the Threat of Terrorism

Implementation of State Defense Education in Facing the Threat of Terrorism

Women's involvement in terrorism in Indonesia (A study of nirmilitary defence strategies to counter the threat of terrorism by involving women)

The phenomenon of women's involvement in acts of terrorism around the world is growing, including acts of terrorism in Indonesia that use women as suicide bombers. Terrorism crimes are included in non-military threats so that they must be faced with non- military strategies. In this case, BNPT is the leading sector in implementing non-military strategies to prevent women from being involved in terrorism and also deradicalisation efforts for prisoners, deportees and returnees. The purpose of this study is to analyse how the motives and factors of women can be involved in terrorism and how the non-military defence strategy to overcome women's involvement in terrorism. The research method used is qualitative which is conducted by using desk review technique. The results show that there are two opinions found to be the root cause of women's involvement in terrorism, the first is patriarchy culture and women as victims. But the tendency in Indonesia that occurs is women as victims, the powerlessness of women who are bound by patriarchal culture, the limited insight they have is also the reason so that women are victims of terrorism itself, the findings of the other root of the problem are social inequality or economic problems. Non-military strategy can be implemented by increasing awareness and education for women with a religious approach, economic empowerment, and also women's equality.