Threat Of Punishment Research Articles

Impact of COVID-19 on Children's and Adolescent's Mental Health in Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundCOVID-19 outbreak was sudden and unexpected in most countries. It has spread globally between January and March 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) first declared the outbreak as a global pandemic on 11 March 2020. While this lockdown has proven to be an important and successful method of social distancing to counter the growing spread of the highly contagious COVID-19 virus, it has also created a degree of psychological impact on the public. Children may be strongly exposed to pandemic-generated biopsychosocial stressors, and once the containment measures of the population are needed to minimize the spread of viruses, they may be negatively impacted by the disturbance of everyday life as a result of social isolation. During school closures, children's routines may change, and healthy behaviors, such as physical activity, adequate diet, or good sleeping habits, may be less likely to happen.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia from 20 March 2021 to 30 March 2021, targeted at children's parents and adolescents. Our concentration was on the impact of COVID-19 on the psychiatric wellbeing of children and adolescents. The data was collected through an online self-administered questionnaire which contains 56 close-ended questions for parents of children and 46 close-ended questions for adolescents. Statistical analysis was performed using R v 3.6.3 (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Counts and percentages were used to summarize the distribution of categorical variables.ResultsThe questionnaire was completed by 1141 respondents, 454 were < 18 years old. Thus, these respondents completed the questionnaire on behalf of themselves. The remaining 688 respondents were adults and completed the questionnaire on behalf of their children. Results showed that higher children's age was associated with less increase in worrying, restlessness, and a higher increase in sadness. Higher age was associated with a higher increase in the frequency of waking up, sleeping little, and uneasiness, and nervousness. Having relatives who were infected with COVID-19 was associated with higher increases in most of the negative behaviors such as anxiety, sadness, sleeping little, indecisiveness, and irritability. Punishment threats, screaming, and hitting were associated with a higher increase in negative behaviors during the pandemic compared to before the pandemic. Results showed that neither the gender of the parent nor the child was associated with any of the domains of the child's behavior. Children whose parents were divorced had higher scores on anxiety, restlessness, and sleep disorders than children whose parents were not divorcedConclusionCOVID-19 has caused increased stress on families, especially children and adolescents who are vulnerable populations. Our results show that the COVID-19 pandemic can affect the mental health of children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia. We showed that parental stress is a predictor of psychiatric problems, which, if unaddressed, can cause child maltreatment and greater psychological distress.

Harsh but Expedient: Dominant Leaders Increase Group Cooperation via Threat of Punishment

Dominant leadership is, surprisingly, on the rise globally. Previous studies have found that intergroup conflict increases followers’ support for dominant leaders, but identifying the potential benefits that such leaders can supply is crucial to explaining their rise. We took a behavioral-economics approach in Study 1 (N = 288 adults), finding that cooperation among followers increases under leaders with a dominant reputation. This pattern held regardless of whether dominant leaders were assigned to groups, elected through a bidding process, or leading under intergroup competition. Moreover, Studies 2a to 2e (N = 1,022 adults) show that impressions of leader dominance evoked by personality profiles, authoritarian attitudes, or physical formidability similarly increase follower cooperation. We found a weaker but nonsignificant trend when dominance was cued by facial masculinity and no evidence when dominance was cued by aggressive disposition in a decision game. These findings highlight the unexpected benefits that dominant leaders can bestow on group cooperation through threat of punishment.

Evaluating mechanisms that could support credible reputations and cooperation: cross-checking and social bonding.

Gossip is believed to be an informal device that alleviates the problem of cooperation in humans. Communication about previous acts and passing on reputational information could be valuable for conditional action in cooperation problems and pose a punishment threat to defectors. It is an open question, however, what kind of mechanisms can make gossip honest and credible and reputational information reliable, especially if intense competition for reputations does not exclusively dictate passing on honest information. We propose two mechanisms that could support the honesty and credibility of gossip under such a conflict of interest. One is the possibility of voluntary checks of received evaluative information from different sources and the other is social bonding between the sender and the receiver. We tested the efficiency of cross-checking and social bonding in a laboratory experiment where subjects played the Prisoner's Dilemma with gossip interactions. Although individuals had confidence in gossip in both conditions, we found that, overall, neither the opportunities for cross-checking nor bonding were able to maintain cooperation. Meanwhile, strong competition for reputation increased cooperation when individuals' payoffs depended greatly on their position relative to their rivals. Our results suggest that intense competition for reputation facilitates gossip functioning as an informal device promoting cooperation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.

The Evolution of Social Behaviour

The Evolution of Social Behaviour

What Happens When Robots Punish? Evaluating Human Task Performance During Robot-Initiated Punishment

This article examines how people respond to robot-administered verbal and physical punishments. Human participants were tasked with sorting colored chips under time pressure and were punished by a robot when they made mistakes, such as inaccurate sorting or sorting too slowly. Participants were either punished verbally by being told to stop sorting for a fixed time, or physically, by restraining their ability to sort with an in-house crafted robotic exoskeleton. Either a human experimenter or the robot exoskeleton administered punishments, with participant task performance and subjective perceptions of their interaction with the robot recorded. The results indicate that participants made more mistakes on the task when under the threat of robot-administered punishment. Participants also tended to comply with robot-administered punishments at a lesser rate than human-administered punishments, which suggests that humans may not afford a robot the social authority to administer punishments. This study also contributes to our understanding of compliance with a robot and whether people accept a robot’s authority to punish. The results may influence the design of robots placed in authoritative roles and promote discussion of the ethical ramifications of robot-administered punishment.

Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Pelaku Penelantaran Anak Berdasarkan Undang-undang Perlindungan Anak

Child neglect is a phenomenon that often occurs in society which means that adults fail to take responsibility for providing various needs or adequate needs for the child. This can be seen from the needs such as clothing, food, shelter, education to the health of the child himself. This study aims to examine the legal protection of children who are victims of neglect and uncover criminal sanctions against perpetrators of neglect of children. This study uses a normative method considering that there is still a lack of legal norms, with a legislative approach. The data sources used are primary and secondary data obtained through library or recording techniques. After the data is collected, it is then processed descriptively qualitatively. Legal protection for neglected children is a right for every citizen, especially children, which can be divided into preventive and repressive protection. Law Number 35 of 2014, regulates various matters relating to the protection of children about what is prohibited until the sanctions in Article 76B contain that all forms of exploitation such as neglect and involving children in bad or wrong conditions can be subject to the threat of punishment as stated in Article 77B sentenced to imprisonment for 5 years or a fine of up to IDR 100,000,000.

Unsteady Is the Cross: Catholic Missionaries, Marriage, and Fang Communities in the Gabon Estuary, ca. 1914–1945

Between 1914 and 1945, French Catholic missionaries and Gabonese priests tried to impose their faith and ideals of family life on Fang communities in the rural Estuary region of the French colony of Gabon. Catholic evangelists offered benefits such as education as well as threats of spiritual punishment to convert Fang people. However, Fang men and women often rejected these demands. While Fang men tried to maintain polygamy as a sign of successful manhood, women often rejected their spouses. At the same time, missionaries relied on Catholic lay Fang catechists in their work. Male catechists often violated the marital ideals of the missionaries, but they also successfully promoted Catholic conversions. Ultimately, rural Estuary communities selectively appropriated aspects of Catholicism, even if relatively few followed Catholic teachings on marriage.

Pemikiran Pendidikan Islam Ibn Miskawaih (Studi tentang Konsep Akhlak dan Korelasinya dengan Sistem Pendidikan)

The current education is far from expectations, it can be seen from the failure of Islamic educational institutions in producing a generation with good morals. Actually there are many concepts presented by previous figures, including Ibn Miskwaih. On this basis, this study aims to analyze Ibn Miskawaih's thoughts on moral education and the education system. The research method used is library research. The primary data used is the book of Tahdzib al-Akhlak. secondary data obtained from other books, and articles sourced from journals and research results. The results of the study explain that humans consist of physical and spiritual and have the potential or basic abilities that are tabi'i, but they can change due to influences from within and outside of humans, namely through education. Ibn Miskawaih hints that the purpose of education is the formation of a noble personality, which he calls isabah al-khuluq al-syrif, namely a substantially and essential noble person, not a temporal and accidental glory such as a materialistic and autocratic person. While the educational methods and tools that can be used according to Ibn Miskawaih are natural methods (tabi'i), advice and guidance, threats of rebuke, blows and punishments, flattery and praise, and educating based on educational principles.

“So, Sue Me:” Medical Professionals Should Support Title VI Civil Rights Law Improvements as Part of their Anti-racism Work

“So, Sue Me:” Medical Professionals Should Support Title VI Civil Rights Law Improvements as Part of their Anti-racism Work

Alternative strategies for sustaining Yogyakarta Philosophy Axis and impact on community and the environment

Since 2016 the Yogyakarta City Government together with the Provincial Government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has continued to rearrange green open spaces in the Yogyakarta Philosophy Axis area. The Philosophy Axis, which was the result of the thoughts of Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I in 1756, has been designated by the Governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta as a cultural heritage according to the Decree of the Governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta number 108 / Kep / 2017. On March 14, 2017, the Philosophy Axis was submitted to UNESCO to become a World Heritage City. This study aims to formulate a strategy to preserve the Philosophy Axis through descriptive analysis. SWOT analysis is used by dividing it into two, namely IFAS and EFAS. The research data was collected qualitatively by in-depth interview. This research is focused on disclosing the problems that will occur and what will be done in the future. The results show that the strategy formulation refers to quadrant 1, with several alternative strategies suggested, such permits for construction and use of buildings on the Philosophy Axis must be reaffirmed by the Office of Investment and Licensing; instilling an awareness of protecting cultural heritage in collaboration with the Cultural Heritage Conservation Center; collaborating with the Ministry of Communication and Informatics for the promotion of the Philosophy Axis through social media; community involvement to participate in managing the Philosophy Axis bridged by the Village Community Empowerment Institution; clear and firm warnings and signs are needed in the area so that tourists and the public know that there is a threat of punishment if they do not comply with the regulations. Meanwhile, the latest policy appeared starting November 2020 in the form of testing the pedestrian path along Malioboro, so that it became an area that was not allowed for motor vehicles to pass. This resulted in the turnover of traders in the Malioboro area decreasing by 20%. However, it has a positive impact on the environment, because the number of pollutants is expected to decrease. The preservation of the Philosophy Axis is expected to be able to improve the quality of green open space and increase the number of tourists and the welfare of traders.

High cooperation and welfare despite-and because of-the threat of antisocial punishments and feuds.

Cooperation can be difficult to sustain when there is a temptation to free-ride on the efforts of others. In experiments, peer punishment often stabilizes cooperation but fails to improve earnings because of the costs associated with punishment. In addition, antisocial use of punishment-punishing cooperators, counterpunishing, and feuding-often leads to lower cooperation and earnings. The current study investigated if powerful individuals-individuals who can punish without cost or who are immune from punishment-police the antisocial use of punishment, thus reducing the undesirable effects of punishment. In order to create ample opportunities for antisocial punishment and identify the motives for the use of punishment, our modified public goods game implemented fixed groups, fixed participant identifiers, 2 punishment stages, and full information about participant actions. The powerful participants with cost-free punishment or immunity punished low contributors more often, and immune participants also punished those who punished cooperators. Intriguingly, we found that whenever all participants could be punished-regardless of the cost of punishing or asymmetry in the cost-cooperation and net earnings reached very high levels. However, participants who were immune cooperated at a markedly low level, reducing earnings in the group. The results show that in an environment with repeated interactions, plenty of information, and everyone being accountable, even inefficient punishment can maintain high cooperation and earnings, but immunity of the powerful leads to corrupt behavior and reduced efficiency. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Tinjauan Yuridis Tindak Pidana Penggelapan Sertifikat Hak Milik Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor 733/Pid.B/2018/Pn.Dps.

The crime of embezzlement is a form of crime against human assets, which is regulated in the Criminal Code. The crime of embezzlement often occurs in all fields, even the perpetrators at various levels of society, from the lowest level to the top layer, can commit the crime of embezzlement, which is a crime that starts with a belief in other people so that trust disappears because of the weakness of honesty. This study aims to examine the legal arrangements for embezzlement and to analyze the legal considerations in imposing a verdict on the embezzler of title deeds that may result in losses. The method used was normative legal research with the statutory, case, and conceptual approaches. Sources of data were sourced from primary and secondary legal materials obtained through interviews and documentation and recording. The results showed that in case No.733 / Pid.B / 2018 / PNDPS, it was found that it had fulfilled the elements in article 372 because it fulfilled the elements of embezzlement, the perpetrator was subject to sanctions, the perpetrator was charged with article 372 of the Criminal Code where the threat of punishment is a maximum of four years in prison and a maximum fine of nine hundred rupiahs. The legal considerations by the judge in making the verdict in case No.733 / Pid.B / 2018 / PNDPS were in accordance with existing legal regulations, based on evidence, namely, witness testimony and the defendant's testimony during the trial. The Panel of Judges is expected to be based on the facts revealed during the trial and to judge that the defendant can be held accountable for his actions, that the defendant carried out his actions in a condition that was both mentally and physically healthy

Perbandingan Tindak Pidana Makar dalam KUHP Indonesia, Malaysia, Austria dan Konsep Hukum Islam

This study aimed to analyze the forms of treason and a comparison of the criminal acts of treason against the Indonesian, Malaysian, Austrian, and Indonesian Criminal Codes and the concept of Islamic law. The research used a normative law with a statutory approach and a comparative approach. The research data were analyzed descriptively. The results of this study found that forms of treason included treason that attacked the legal interests of the head of state, territorial integrity, and government. The crime of treason in Indonesia was distinguished between crimes against security within the country and outside the country, both committed by diplomats and the military. Sanctions for perpetrators of the crime of treason in Malaysia range from the threat of capital punishment, imprisonment, and fines. The crime of treason in Austria did not affect the sentence and did not distinguish between crimes against justice and against the government, all those involved in treason were sentenced to death. The concept of Islamic law provided an extraordinary warning for perpetrators of treason against the government because state security greatly determined the smooth running of worship and the welfare of all citizens.

PEMBUKTIAN TINDAK PIDANA POLITIK UANG DALAM PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH TAHUN 2019

In almost every election event in Indonesia, it can be seen that there are many violations that often characterize it, the criminal behavior of money politics, for example, is always repeated even though the threat of criminal punishment lurks the perpetrators and recipients. This situation makes it difficult to enforce the law by the Panwaslu, the Police, and the Prosecutor's Office, which are members of the Gakkumdu center, this is because there are obstacles at the time of legal proof from the interpretation and perspective of the meaning of money politics itself which is considered to still have different views/perspectives. . The application of the law and the handling of violations by the Panwaskab against money politics based on formal offenses is a criminal act that has been committed and the act matches the formulation in Article 187 A paragraph (1) of Law Number 10 of 2016 concerning the Election of Governors, Regents and Mayors which requires an act that is prohibited or required to be completed without mentioning the consequences or prohibited by law is the act.&#x0D; Keywords: Crime, Money Politics, Pilkada.

Purposes and Content of Legal Restrictions in Criminal Punishment

A comparison of the goals of punishment and the goals of restricting rights and freedoms declared in the Constitution shows that only crime prevention, both at the level of a threat of punishment and the actual execution of punishment, fully corresponds to the constitutional standards of restricting rights. The goal of restoring social justice cannot legitimize punishment because it turns punishment into a demonstration of a just retribution for the violations committed by the offender. The goal of correcting convicts does not have direct legal grounds in Russia as well. However, since punishment includes both a restriction of rights and educational-rehabilitation programs, the goal of correction could only be justified as an element of penitentiary rehabilitation practice, as a desired result of moral and psychological influence on a person. The analysis of the contents of punishment from the standpoint of restricting human rights showed that these restrictions of rights of a convicted person could be either a part of punishment or could be immediately connected with the punishment, ensuring its execution and constituting part of the «punishment regime». The restrictions of rights in the process of executing a punishment (compulsive labor, restriction of visits, etc.) could only be introduced as necessary restrictions that ensure not only the law-abiding behavior of convicts during the term of punishment and their correction, but also a preparation for their release. The restrictions of rights and freedoms that constitute the essence of criminal punishment should not infringe on the «core of the personality», should not result in a situation when these rights and freedoms become meaningless, should not be cruel or humiliating for human dignity. It is established that the following rights should not be restricted as a criminal punishment: a right to life, equality, privacy, inviolability of the home, use of a native language, freedom of belief, conscience and religion, freedom of thought and speech, a right to education, protection provided by the state, and some others. The deprivation or restriction of three rights should be recognized as rational and sufficient for constituting punishment: those of physical freedom, property and involvement in some types of activities.

Near-Miss Deterrence: Incorporating Near-Miss Effects into Deterrence Theory

We investigate the applications of near-miss effects to theories of effective deterrence. Classical deterrence theory specifies two types of criminal deterrence: general deterrence, in which potential criminals are deterred from offending by the threat of punishment, and specific deterrence, in which criminals who have already offended are deterred from re-offending by experiences with punishment. In this paper, we introduce a novel category of deterrence–Near Miss Deterrence–that falls between general and specific deterrence. Under near-miss deterrence, transgressors do not experience punishment directly, but rather feel a sense of subjective closeness to an avoided punishment and adjust their behavior accordingly. Across two experimental studies (N = 2,049), we study how individuals behave after getting away with a first instance of cheating, and demonstrate the deterrent effects of near misses. We show that participants who cheat and experience subsequent close calls with punishment reduce their cheating in levels comparable to cheaters who are punished. By contrast, participants who avoid punishment by wider margins do not decrease their cheating. We do not find evidence that this effect is driven by transient shifts in affect. These results have important implications for theories of deterrence and for policy. Note: The first two authors contributed equally to this work

Penerapan Diversi melalui Pendekatan Keadilan Restoratif (Restorative Justice) pada Anak Pelaku Penyalahgunaan Narkotika

This research aims to find out how implementation of the diversion of the perpetrators of the abuse of narcotic drugs by using the method of the approach of restorative justice by involving the perpetrator, the victim, the family of the offender or the victim, community counselors and professionals. The research method used is the normative legal research with approach of legislation, articles as well as the doctrine or the views from experts associated with the diversion and narcotic in children. With regard to the handling of child abuse of narcotic drugs, the problems in this thesis is the arrangement of diversion by law about the criminal justice system of the child and the application of diversion through approach restorative justice in the criminal offence of child perpetrator of abuse of narcotic. The settings regarding diversion here is actually a settling criminal acts with children outside of the criminal justice process. Where the diversion can be carried out against the perpetrator of the crime that the threat of punishment of less than 7 (seven) years and is not a repetition of the crime. Against the application of the abuse of narcotics diversion for children conducted through deliberation in accordance whit the provisions of article 8 of law about the criminal justice system so that children can make a deal with diversion consider the child’s interests, in this case intended to avoid and keep children from the judicial process. In terms of the results of the diversion agreement already agreed upon with the parties where the implementation of the outcome of the diversion agreement would of course also have to be monitored both from the elderly, the environment, and investigators also rehabilitation center to ascertain if the result of the diversion deal was already done by the child and reported to the Chairman of the District Court where the implementation of such diversion is implemented.

Accounts of Unlawful Use of Force and Misconduct of the Nigerian Police in the Enforcement of COVID-19 Measures.

In response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the Nigeria police was entrusted with the responsibility of coordinating local shutdowns, encouraging social distancing, enforcing stay-at-home mandates, and supervising compulsory wearing of face masks. Drawing from procedural justice theory, this study explored accounts of unlawful use of force, human rights violations, and other police misconducts that resulted from the enforcement of COVID-19 measures. Using a victim-centred approach involving qualitative, in-depth interviews with 71 people, who perceived their encounters with the police enforcing COVID-19 measures as bordering on their rights, were conducted, and a thematic analysis of the narratives carried out. Participants reported significant variety of police aggression directed towards them: including actual threats of physical violence, hostility, intimidation, extortion, and punishment. Female participants reported incidents of sexual harassment, unwanted sexual advances, and assault. The study concludes that the militarized option adopted by the police to enforce COVID-19 measures drew deeper divides between the police and communities than previously existed. This stresses the need for Nigeria police to train officers, reprimand erring officers, and deploy procedural justice principles in enforcing COVID-19 measures.

Disciplinary Liability of Judges – Prevention or Encouragement

Present paper is intended to verify how strongly the current legislation of Georgia is focused on prevention of disciplinary misconduct of judges. The matter is discussed through the prism of the concept of general prevention (Die generalpräventive Lehre). After a consistent review of legislation, following conclusion should be made: • The main idea of the general prevention – the threat of punishment – is diminished. • Current Georgian legislation is less than focused on general prevention of disciplinary misconduct of judges; • Current regulations make it even more difficult to prevent misconducts; • A deep comprehension of the matter through the prism of concept of general prevention is needed in order to create new, more acceptable regulations. The discussion offered in this paper has once again stressed on an ever existing problem: It is not necessary at all that a concept developed within certain field of law is used in a restricted way − only within the frame of that same field of law. It should be applied in process of comprehension of a problem that occurred within adjacent field of law if it is applicable considering its subject, problematics or/and methodological base.

Book Review: Coerced: Work Under Threat of Punishment by Erin Hatton

Book Review: <i>Coerced: Work Under Threat of Punishment</i> by Erin Hatton