Thirst Sensation Research Articles

Prevalence of Dehydration and The Relationship with Fluid Intake and Self-Assessment of Hydration Status in Czech First League Soccer Players.

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the hydration status of Czech First League soccer players, and to compare the reported fluid intake, perceived fluid intake and thirst sensation of euhydrated (EU) and dehydrated (DE) players. The study involved 124 Czech male professional soccer players (age 25.2±5.0 years) participating in annual winter, pre-season laboratory testing. Hydration status was assessed based on urine specific gravity (USG), euhydration was set at USG≤1.020. Fluid intake and thirst perception were evaluated by a questionnaire. The sample mean for USG was 1.021±0.008, 56% of players were dehydrated. Reported daily fluid intake was significantly (p<0.001, d=0.95, large effect) higher in EU compared to DE players. Daily fluid intake negatively correlated with USG (rS=-0.46, p<0.001, medium effect). The fluid intake perception score was significantly (p=0.005, d=0.54, medium effect) better in EU compared to DE players. Reported intake perception scores negatively correlated with USG (rS=-0.32, p<0.001, medium effect). However, there was no correlation (rS=-0.09, p=0.34, trivial effect) between thirst perception scores and USG. Thirst perception scores were not significantly different between EU and DE players (p=0.35, d=0.18, trivial effect). Our results indicated that self-assessment of both daily fluid intake and perceived fluid intake matched with objective hydration status, while self-assessment of thirst perception was not an appropriate indicator of hydration status in elite soccer players.

Human Hydration Indices: Spot Urine Sample Reference Values for Urine Concentration Markers in Athletic Populations

Background: Reference values and confidence intervals for the hydration indices of a large athletic population are currently lacking. Methods: Urine indices were gathered from an athletic population (n = 189) based on spot-urine samples. Results: High urine concentration was associated with a low volume and short void duration. When stratifying the data, differences for urine volume were seen for race and ethnicity and for athletic affiliation (p &lt; 0.05), but no differences were found for urine concentration markers or volume for time of day of collection, thirst sensation, or age (p &gt; 0.05). When classifying urine samples for a low vs. a high urine concentration by scoring urine color (Uc), the athletic population reported a slightly lower accuracy (4–7%) compared to investigators (p &lt; 0.02). Subjects scored samples as lighter than the investigators, with a higher misclassification of the more concentrated urine samples. Conclusions: In this convenience sample of a predominantly young athletic population, urinary indices did not differ for subgroups within a large athletic population aside from some difference for race and ethnicity on urine volume. Although well-trained investigators reported better accuracy for Uc scoring, both athletes and investigators reported the highest accuracy for correctly classifying samples with a very low or a very high urine concentration.

Managing Thirst in the Critically Ill.

Managing Thirst in the Critically Ill.

Towards On-Device Dehydration Monitoring Using Machine Learning from Wearable Device's Data.

With the ongoing advances in sensor technology and miniaturization of electronic chips, more applications are researched and developed for wearable devices. Hydration monitoring is among the problems that have been recently researched. Athletes, battlefield soldiers, workers in extreme weather conditions, people with adipsia who have no sensation of thirst, and elderly people who lost their ability to talk are among the main target users for this application. In this paper, we address the use of machine learning for hydration monitoring using data from wearable sensors: accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope, galvanic skin response sensor, photoplethysmography sensor, temperature, and barometric pressure sensor. These data, together with new features constructed to reflect the activity level, were integrated with personal features to predict the last drinking time of a person and alert the user when it exceeds a certain threshold. The results of applying different models are compared for model selection for on-device deployment optimization. The extra trees model achieved the least error for predicting unseen data; random forest came next with less training time, then the deep neural network with a small model size, which is preferred for wearable devices with limited memory. Embedded on-device testing is still needed to emphasize the results and test for power consumption.

Effect of breathing cooled air during cycling on physiology and performance in the heat.

The aim of this study was to determine the physiological, perceptual, and exercise performance responses to breathing cooled air during and following exercise in the heat. Twelve trained male cyclists (26±4 y; 180.5±5.6 cm; 56.4±7.5 mL/kg/min V̇O<inf>2max</inf>) cycled at 60% V̇O<inf>2max</inf> for 75 minutes, completed a 5-kilometer (5k) time trial, and recovered for 15 minutes in hot conditions (31 °C; 55% RH). Participants completed three separate trials in random order; breathing room air at a 1:4 (1 min on: 4 min off) ratio without ice (control [CON]), a 1:4 min ratio with ice (low-dose inhalation [LO]), and 1:1 min ratio with ice (high-dose inhalation [HI]). Intestinal temperature (T<inf>GI</inf>), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), thirst, thermal sensation, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and inspired air temperature were recorded every 15 minutes during cycling and five minutes during time trial and recovery. T<inf>GI</inf> (P=0.827), HR (P=0.363), Physiological Strain Index ([PSI], P=0.253), mean arterial pressure ([MAP] P=0.055) and thirst sensation (P=0.140) were not different between trials. Following the time trial, thermal sensation and RPE were significantly decreased in LO vs. CON and HI vs. CON (P≤0.039). Following the cooldown, thermal sensation was significantly decreased in HI vs. CON (P=0.006). Five-k time trial differences were not significant between groups (P≥0.098). Breathing cooled air during cycling in the heat did not provide a significant thermoregulatory or statistically significant performance advantage.

Thirst in patients admitted to intensive care units: an observational study.

BackgroundDespite various studies reporting a high prevalence, reaching 71%, the sensation of thirst in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, its prevention, detection, and management, is not well known nor considered. Limited research has examined the causes of thirst in ICU patients, while it has been examined in other patient populations.AimTo determine the incidence and intensity of thirst in patients admitted to ICU and its association with airway devices (endotracheal tube, tracheostomy, oxygen mask), airway humidification, patients’ characteristics, and therapy (serum sodium concentration, hematocrit, fluid balance, possibility of oral hydration, and dosage of diuretics).MethodsPatients were interviewed daily to report the presence of thirst and rate its intensity on a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) from 0 (no thirst) –10 (intolerable thirst). Other data were obtained through direct evaluation or by consulting medical records. Patients admitted to three ICUs from May to August 2014 in a university hospital in Italy were included.ResultsA total of 220 Patients were enrolled. Thirst was found in 76.1% of patients’ observations, with a mean thirst score of 5.37. Thirst intensity was predicted by high doses of diuretics (> 100 mg/die), increasing serum sodium concentration, absence of oral hydration and the presence of xerostomia. Thirst was associated with the use of humidified Venturi mask.ConclusionsThirst is highly prevalent among patients in this population of intensive care patients. It would be desirable to evaluate this stressor at least daily, to eliminate or relieve this sensation.

Sodium and/or fluid restriction and nutritional parameters of adult patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial.

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome resulting from the structural and/or functional impairment of blood supply to tissues. Congestion and edema associated with water retention are the main symptoms presented by patients. Fluid (FR) and sodium restriction are non-pharmacological measures indicated in clinical practice to mitigate this symptom, despite their low evidence level. Assessing the impact of sodium and/or fluid restriction on nutritional parameters of adult patients with HF, based on systematic review with meta-analysis. The study was conducted in June 2020, on the following databases: EMBASE, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Web of Science. Citations were also collected in the gray literature such as thesis banks and preprints. Randomized clinical trials conducted with patients in the age group 18 years, or older, who were hospitalized or under outpatient/clinical follow-up, and who were subjected to intervention based on fluid and/or sodium restriction in comparison to the control, were herein selected. Although FR-based diets are effective in reducing liquid intake, they increase individuals' thirst sensation and body weight in comparison to non-FR diets. The association between this intervention and sodium restriction is also effective in reducing liquid intake as sodium intake decreases. However, the association of the most severe (<2000mg/day) and moderate (2000-2400mg/day) sodium restrictions with FR has reduced energy intake, although without evidence of weight change - only the most severe sodium restriction was capable of keeping individuals' thirst sensation. In addition, moderate sodium restrictions (2300 to 3000mg/day) in association with FR were capable of decreasing urinary sodium excretion. On the other hand, prescriptions of severe or moderate sodium restriction (<2,400mg/d) alone have reduced individuals' body weight and BMI, although they did not change their caloric intake. However, severe sodium restriction (<2,000mg) has led to higher body weight than the low-sodium diet (2000 to 2,4000mg/day). Sodium restriction may not be an effective strategy because it adversely affects individuals' weight, a fact that suggests increased congestion. Weight-based FR is supported to bethe best way to individualize this non-pharmacological treatment and it does not appear to affect nutritional parameters capable of putting patients with HF at higher malnutrition risk.

Clinical Symptomatology and Laboratory Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Chronic Fatty Liver Disease

Background: One of the leading causes for hepatocellular carcinoma is Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) that also increases incidence of mortality rates. Aim: To understand alterations biochemically and clinically in patients suffering from NAFLD since they are at stake of cirrhosis as well as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in case of Pakistani population. Methods: Patients suffering from NAFLD were selected for these case reaches that were all confirmed via ultrasonography. Candidates were tested negative for autoimmune or viral hepatitis serologic markers, no record was found with respect to liver disease related to metabolism, moreover candidates were also not administer any medication that has its impact on liver like Ursobil. Clinically and biochemically all the patients were tested for history, signs and symptoms and they depicted variables. Results: A enrollment of 80 candidates was carried out that included 38 female and 42 male, owing mean age of 40.4 years. The candidates with no diabetes and obesity were 26.4% and 18.3%, respectively. Late dinner sleep disorders and delayed sleep were the most detectable reasons in patients suffering from NAFLD. Moreover, thirst sensation, anxiety, bloating, and upper abdominal pain, warming sensation and defecation disturbances, were seen common in case of patients suffering from NAFLD. Conclusion: NAFLD is regarded as heterogeneous pathology with variety of clinical findings. It has been experienced that gastrointestinal problems as well as anxiety are most frequently seen in patients suffering from NAFLD. Keywords: NAFLD, hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis

Provision of instructions to drink ad libitum or according to thirst sensation: impact during 120km of cycling in the heat in men.

The terms drinking to thirst and ad libitum drinking are used interchangeably, but should they? We investigated the differences in how athletes consumed fluids during exercise when instructed to drink according to thirst or ad libitum. Using a randomized, crossover, and counterbalanced design, 10 males (27± 4y) cycled 120km (48± 4% of peak power, 33°C, 40% relative humidity) on 2 occasions, while drinking water according to thirst or ad libitum. Participants covered the cycling trials in 222± 11min (p= 0.29). Although the body mass loss at the end of exercise and total volume of water consumed were similar between trials, thirst perception before each sip and the volume consumed per sip were significantly higher with thirst than ad libitum drinking, whereas the total number of sips was significantly lower with thirst than ad libitum drinking. Perceived exertion, rectal temperature, and heart rate were all significantly higher with thirst than ad libitum drinking, but the difference was trivial. In conclusion, thirst and ad libitum drinking are associated with different drinking patterns, but equally maintain fluid balance during prolonged exercise. The terms drinking to thirst and ad libitum drinking can be used interchangeably to guide fluid intake during prolonged exercise. Novelty: Both strategies are associated with different patterns of fluid ingestion during prolonged exercise, but are equally effective in maintaining fluid balance. Perceived exertion, rectal temperature, and heart rate are regulated dissimilarly by thirst and ad libitum drinking, but the difference is trivial.

Surgical masks do not increase the risk of heat stroke during mild exercise in hot and humid environment.

Surgical masks are widely used for the prevention of respiratory infections. However, the risk of heat stroke during intense work or exercise in hot and humid environment is a concern. This study aimed to examine whether wearing a surgical mask increases the risk of heat stroke during mild exercise in such environment. Twelve participants conducted treadmill exercise for 30 min at 6 km/h, with 5% slope, 35°C ambient temperature, and 65% relative humidity, while wearing or not a surgical mask (mask and control trials, respectively). Rectal temperature (Trec), ear canal temperature (Tear), and mean skin temperature (mean Tskin) were assessed. Skin temperature and humidity of the perioral area of the face (Tface and RHface) were also estimated. Thermal sensation and discomfort, sensation of humidity, fatigue, and thirst were rated using the visual analogue scale. Trec, Tear, mean Tskin, and Tface increased during the exercise, without any difference between the two trials. RHface during the exercise was greater in the mask trial. Hot sensation was greater in the mask trial, but no influence on fatigue and thirst was found. These results suggest that wearing a surgical mask does not increase the risk of heat stroke during mild exercise in moist heat.

Effect of intestinal dialysis using polyethylene glycol on fluid balance and thirst in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A comparative study.

High inter-dialytic weight gains (IDWG) and Hyperkalemia have been associated with adverse outcomes like poor quality of life and high mortality. Thirst remains an unsolved problem in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) based intestinal dialysis on IDWG, thirst and biochemical parameters. A prospective interventional evidenced based paired comparative single center study was conducted. Thirty-five anuric patients on weekly thrice HD were studied for four consecutive dialysis weeks. Before the mid-week dialysis day of week 3, Patients received 2L PEG solution. The primary end points were change in mean relative IDWG and change in mean subjective thirst feeling as measured on visual analog scale (VAS) with secondary endpoints being change in small molecule clearance. There was significant reduction in IDWG after the therapy from 3 ± 0.81 L to 2.35 ± 0.72 (P=0.002). The therapy also reduced the % IDWG BW from 5.1 ± 1.7% to 4.15 ± 1.6% (P=0.017). No change in thirst was seen, that is, 6.16 ± 0.66, 6.14 ± 0.64, and 6.16 ± 0.65 (P=0.986). A multivariate linear regression did not reveal any effect of age, gender, and co-morbidities on the reduction of IDWG and thirst. The therapy achieved a significant urea, creatinine, and potassium reduction of 8.23%, 8.13%, and 8.33% respectively with an increase in sodium levels by 0.86%. This modality reduced the IDWG, was found to be a potent treatment modality for hyperkalemia but did not affect thirst sensation even after consumption of 2 L solution.

Effects of Face Mask Use on Objective and Subjective Measures of Thermoregulation During Exercise in the Heat.

While increased face mask use has helped reduce COVID-19 transmission, there have been concerns about its influence on thermoregulation during exercise in the heat, but consistent, evidence-based recommendations are lacking. No physiological differences would exist during low-to-moderate exercise intensity in the heat between trials with and without face masks, but perceptual sensations could vary. Crossover study. Level 2. Twelve physically active participants (8 male, 4 female; age = 24 ± 3 years) completed 4 face mask trials and 1 control trial (no mask) in the heat (32.3°C ± 0.04°C; 54.4% ± 0.7% relative humidity [RH]). The protocol was 60 minutes of walking and jogging between 35% and 60% of relative VO2max. Rectal temperature (Trec), heart rate (HR), temperature and humidity inside and outside of the face mask (Tmicro_in, Tmicro_out, RHmicro_in, RHmicro_out) and perceptual variables (rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation, thirst sensation, fatigue level, and overall breathing discomfort) were monitored throughout all trials. Mean Trec and HR increased at 30- and 60-minute time points compared with 0-minute time points, but no difference existed between face mask trials and control trials (P > 0.05). Mean Tmicro_in, RHmicro_in, and humidity difference inside and outside of the face mask (ΔRHmicro) were significantly different between face mask trials (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in perceptual variables between face mask trials and control trials (P > 0.05), except overall breathing discomfort (P < 0.01). Higher RHmicro_in, RPE, and thermal sensation significantly predicted higher overall breathing discomfort (r2 = 0.418; P < 0.01). Face mask use during 60 minutes of low-to-moderate exercise intensity in the heat did not significantly affect Trec or HR. Although face mask use may affect overall breathing discomfort due to the changes in the face mask microenvironment, face mask use itself did not cause an increase in whole body thermal stress. Face mask use is feasible and safe during exercise in the heat, at low-to-moderate exercise intensities, for physically active, healthy individuals.

EFEKTIFITAS MENGUNYAH PERMEN KARET TERHADAP XEROSTOMIA PADA PASIEN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE YANG MENJALANI HEMODIALISA DI RUMAH SAKIT AWAL BROS BATAM TAHUN 2019

Chronic kidney failure or chronic kidney disease is a progressive deviation, kidney function that can not recover, where the body's ability to maintain metabolic balance, fluid and electrolytes, resulting in uremia. This condition is caused by chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, uncontrolled hypertension, hereditary lesions, vascular abnormalities, urinary tract obstruction, diabetes, and infections. Today, chronic kidney disease is a disease whose prevalence continues to increase. World Health Organization (WHO) released data on growth in the number of patients with chronic kidney failure in 2013 increased by 50% from the previous year and in America the incidence of chronic kidney failure increased by 50% in 2014 and every year 200,000 Americans undergo hemodialysis Hemodialysis is one way to remove metabolic waste products in the form of a solution and water that is in the blood through a semipermeable membrane or called a dialyzer. The working principle of fluid transfer in hemodialysis is diffusion, osmosis, ultrafiltration and convection. Changes in fluid and electrolyte balance in Chronic Kidney Failure patients result in changes in salivary composition and flow (Fan, Zhang, Luo, Niu &amp; Gu, 2013). In addition to changes in salivary composition and flow, patients with chronic renal failure also experience changes in dry mouth (xerostomia) due to increased ureum concentrations in the blood (Fan et al., 2013). Chewing Gum Xylitol is a candy that no artificial sweeteners activity of chewing gum, low-sugar two eggs approximately 10 minutes to 3x / day for 2 weeks would lead to mechanical stimulation and chemical that can move reflex saliva to stimulate the receptor that is monitored by the trigeminal nerve (V) and facial nerve (VII) as a taste. Sympathetic nerve stimulation will accelerate the secretion of all salivary glands in large quantities which can reduce the sensation of thirst that appears . From the results of research using the method of comparison in get , look the frequency of xerostomia before the intervention mostly dominated by xerostomia weight of 67% and the visible frequency of xerostomia after intervention largely dominated by xerostomia mild 67% , Based on the output "Test Statistics" in table 4.4 above, known p-value is 0,000. Because the value of 0.003 is smaller than &lt;0.05, it can be concluded that "H0 is rejected", or in other words there is "Effectiveness of Chewing Gum Against Xerostomia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Who Underwent Hemodialysis at Batam Bros Initial Hospital in 2020

Effect of yoga breathing maneuvers (shitali and sitkari pranayama) On heat stress management

Background: Heat stress is a common problem, particularly in a tropical country like India. Ancient Hatha Yogic texts suggest that practice of Shitali and Sitkari pranayama (SSP) to give relief from thirst sensation and the feeling of coolness in the body. This motivates us to ask the following research question: Can a common person get benefit through these pranayamas in a hot and humid climate? Objectives: To study the role of yoga breathing maneuvers i.e. Shitali and Sitkari pranayama practice (SSP) in the heat stress management. Methods: During one hour heat exposure (HEx) at 40±2°C, humidity 78±2%, and WBGT 37.5±0.3°C, 20 healthy, young, yoga practitioners did SSP and again without SSP after 3 Weeks. Their bodyweight (Bw), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), oral temperature (Tor) and thirst sensation were periodically monitored. Results: The sweat loss, without SSP (320±105.63 gm) was found to be significantly higher (p

FLUID BALANCE DURING TAEKWONDO TRAINING

ABSTRACT Introduction Dehydration has been described as one of the main factors of reduced performance in combat sports activities, leading to death in extreme cases. Objective To investigate the pre-training hydration status and changes in fluid homeostasis during two taekwondo training sessions. Methods Eighteen male college athletes (age 22.6 ± 3.37 years) were assessed. The study design aimed to reproduce the conditions of a 90-minute taekwondo training session, divided into three stages: a) warm-up exercises (20 min); b) poomsae (30 min) and c) technical training (40 min). The athletes had ad libitum water intake during training. To assess the hydration status we considered body mass (BM), the amount of liquid consumed and urine output, which enabled us to establish absolute and relative fluid loss in kg and percentage as well as the sweating rate. We also considered urine specific gravity (USG), urine color (U-COL), and subjective sensation of thirst (Sthirst) before and after the training session. Pre- and post-training results were compared separately in each session and between sessions. Results There was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in pre-training BM between the two days of training. There was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in the final BM on both days of the experiment. Most subjects had relative dehydration below 2%. A significant difference (P&lt;0.05) was recorded pre and post training for U-COL and Sthirst, with the highest rates obtained at the end of each session. Participants always started training at a low dehydration status (USG &gt;1,020g.ml-1). Conclusions The athletes tended to start the training sessions in dehydration status, which increases over the course of the training. Ad libitum water intake was not sufficient to balance fluid loss. Changes in fluid levels between sessions were similar. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results Level of Treatment.

The Environmental Role of Hydration in Kidney Health and Disease.

Clinical Background: Hydration status, which is influenced by environment and self-behavior is associated with kidney health and disease. Epidemiology: Lack of safe water, sanitation, and high temperatures are environmental issues that affect a significant part of the worldwide population. Occupational factors that discourage proper hydration, as well as low water intake in favorable environment conditions, are also highly prevalent. As a consequence, inadequate water intake can lead to several kidney problems ranging from uncomplicated urinary tract infections to kidney stones, acute kidney injury, and chronic disorders with high mortality rates. Challenges: Increasing water intake is an individual effort when self-behavior is the main reason for inadequate hydration status. When the environment is an obstacle, it might require complex changes in a concerted multidisciplinary effort from employers, health authorities, researchers, and governments. Prevention and Treatment: Strategies can be implemented at global, local, and individual levels. Global efforts include actions to decrease poverty and climate change consequences, while increasing access to safe water and sanitation. Local actions can improve working conditions and access to water and toilets to workers. At an individual level, self-monitoring through regular observation of thirst sensation, acute weight loss, urine frequency, and urine color are recommended tools to monitor hydration status.

Introducing the Amphibious Mudskipper Goby as a Unique Model to Evaluate Neuro/Endocrine Regulation of Behaviors Mediated by Buccal Sensation and Corticosteroids.

Some fish have acquired the ability to breathe air, but these fish can no longer flush their gills effectively when out of water. Hence, they have developed characteristic means for defense against external stressors, including thirst (osmolarity/ions) and toxicity. Amphibious fish, extant air-breathing fish emerged from water, may serve as models to examine physiological responses to these stressors. Some of these fish, including mudskipper gobies such as Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Boleophthalmus boddarti and our Periophthalmus modestus, display distinct adaptational behaviors to these factors compared with fully aquatic fish. In this review, we introduce the mudskipper goby as a unique model to study the behaviors and the neuro/endocrine mechanisms of behavioral responses to the stressors. Our studies have shown that a local sensation of thirst in the buccal cavity—this being induced by dipsogenic hormones—motivates these fish to move to water through a forebrain response. The corticosteroid system, which is responsive to various stressors, also stimulates migration, possibly via the receptors in the brain. We suggest that such fish are an important model to deepen insights into the stress-related neuro/endocrine-behavioral effects.

Sleeping on the fly

Objective To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of commonly used signs of dehydration in marathon runners. Design The diagnostic accuracy of 5 clinical signs/symptoms thought to indicate dehydration (altered skin turgor, dry oral mucous membranes, sunken eyes, an inability to spit and the sensation of thirst) was assessed by comparing the presence of these markers with the criterion standard of body weight change over a marathon footrace. Setting 2006 Auckland Marathon Participants 606 competitors in the full marathon Assessment: Body weight was measured before and immediately after the marathon. The 5 clinical signs/symptoms were assessed immediately after the marathon. Main outcome measures Diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs/symptoms to detect dehydration greater than 3% of body weight. Results 606 complete data sets were obtained. 3 clinical signs were associated with greater percentage weight loss: sunken eyes (mean percentage weight loss with symptom 2.6% (standard deviation 1.5), without 2.3% (1.5)); decreased skin turgor (with 3.0% (1.4), without 2.3% (1.5)) and the sensation of thirst (with 2.5% (1.5), without 2.3% (1.5)). The ability to spit and dry oral mucous membranes were unrelated to percentage weight loss. No signs/symptoms showed acceptably high validity for detecting a weight loss equal to or greater than 3% of body weight. Conclusions The 5 parameters (decreased skin turgor, sensation of thirst, sunken eyes, inability to spit and dry mucous membranes) tested in this study did not precisely identify runners with total weight loss.3% at the end of a marathon.

The Curious Sensations of Pain, Hunger and Thirst. Reliabilism in the Second Part of Descartes’ Sixth Meditation

Osobliwość takich doznań, jak ból, głód i pragnienie. Reliabilizm w drugiej części szóstej Medytacji Kartezjusza&#x0D; Artykuł omawia epistemiczny status cielesnych doznań takich, jak ból, głód i pragnienia, o których mowa w drugiej części szóstej Medytacji Kartezjusza. Argumentuję, że ów fragment stanowi integralny komponent epistemologicznego programu, który można znaleźć w Medytacjach. Na ogół widzi się Kartezjusza jako zwolennika infallibilizmu, internalizmu oraz fundacjonalizmu. Tymczasem w odniesieniu do wiedzy i przekonań opartych na doznaniach cielesnych przyjmuje on fallibilizm, eksternalizm i reliabilizm. Na rzecz tego wniosku przemawia z jednej strony, analiza tego, czego naucza nas – według Kartezjusza – natura przez wrażenia bólu, głodu i pragnienia, z drugiej strony jego analiza błędów, którym podlega nasza natura, przeprowadzona przeze mnie z wykorzystaniem zaproponowanego przez Wilfrida Sellarsa podziału na logiczną przestrzeń rozumu oraz empiryczną przestrzeń przyczyn.

Development and Evaluation of White Button Mushroom Based Snacks

Snacks are different from meals in terms of size, nutritional content, hunger, and thirst sensation before and after the event. Considering the nutritive value, available snacks in the market are rich in carbohydrates and fats; being less in dietary fibre and functional components such as antioxidants, polyphenolic components which leads to extreme health risks in children and adolescents. Protein, one of the important components required during the growing years is lacking in snack foods, therefore in the present study an attempt was made to develop protein and fibre rich snacks using mushroom as the major component. Two mushroom snack products such as mushroom tikki and stuffed mushroom were developed using white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), spice mixture, and other ingredients. For the processing of the snack products, technologies such as blanching and in-pack pasteurization were used. The developed products were subjected to proximate analysis; mineral and vitamin profile; functional components; chemical components; organoleptic evaluation and microbial analysis for safety. Mushroom tikki had moisture 40.24%, carbohydrate 17.5%, protein 10.7%, fat 20.12%, fibre 7.91% and ash 3.54%. Stuffed mushroom had moisture 66.11%, carbohydrate 14.5%, protein 4.05%, fat 6.82%, fibre 6.65%, and ash 1.87%. Both the products were good in all the sensory properties and were found microbially safe. The developed snack products, as were rich in protein, dietary fibre, antioxidants and phenolic components helps in the consumption of balanced nutrients in children and adolescents.