Practical Thinking Research Articles

New learning and old learning

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds his/her own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Organizational learning is one of those themes that everyone within a firm can get on board with. It sounds important and logical, and no one is going to argue against organizational learning, are they? Once the HR department declares your firm a “learning organization” and ensures that knowledge management processes are updated, new training is rolled out and mentoring introduced across hierarchies, everyone will be happy in the knowledge that they are now part of a learning organization. Practical implications This paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Building ethical leadership

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds his/her own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings There is a theory that in a world of 24-hour news cycles, saturated social media use and ever-quicker turnover of news stories, it is easier to evade the consequences of leadership failure than it has been in times before. The reason given for this phenomenon is that while the white heat of suspicion, outrage and anger glows brighter now than ever before through the multitude of channels available, it also blows out much more quickly as the world moves on to the next scandal, disaster or news event. Indeed, if a given person or organization finds themselves in the spotlight, they are now much better equipped to shift its gaze themselves by creating a diversion elsewhere. Practical implications This paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

SAFER PRACTICES: reducing the risk of diagnostic errors

Diagnostic errors are relatively common in general practice. Paul Silverston describes a mnemonic-based system to prevent and detect these errors Diagnostic errors in primary care are relatively common and they have the potential to cause serious harm to patients. Up to 80% of these errors are believed to be preventable. This article describes a mnemonic-based system that practice nurses can use to prevent diagnostic errors from arising, as well as to detect these errors when they occur. The mnemonic is designed to be used pre-consultation to reduce the risk of errors arising through better preparation; during the consultation, as a diagnostic error checklist; and after the consultation to encourage reflective practice and critical thinking.

Edgar Allan Poe and His Nineteenth-Century American Counterparts

Edgar Allan Poe and His Nineteenth-Century American Counterparts

Nature and the Good

Nature and the Good

EXISTENCE OF NORMS OF LAW AS A PROBLEM IN DEONTIC LOGIC

Problem setting. The existence of the rule of law as a problem of deontic logic is defined in the plane of logical and ontological problems of law, its origin is connected with the Jorgensen dilemma. The study of legal norms as existing established their inconsistency with the ideal of rational science. The existence of contradictions and gaps in the law does not correspond to the principles of consistency and completeness. The study of existing legal norms requires the further development of deontic concepts, clarification of the criteria for the existence and logical significance of legal norms, the development of formalization, and so on.Recent research and publications analysis. The origin of deontic logic is associated with the name of Aristotle, later it was systematically investigated by G.V. F. Leibniz, I. Bentham, in the twentieth century it was finally formed. In the works of S. Mali, A. Hoffler, E. Menger, an axiomatic system for describing deontic concepts was created. The problem of the existence of legal norms in deontic logic was posed in the work “Deontic Logic” by G. von Wrigt and later investigated in the writings of K. Alchurron and E. V. Bulygin, who analyzed the completeness and consistency of the legal system, conflicts in legislation and “white spots” "in the right. They first created the formal theory of norms as a second-order logical theory. In Ukraine, research on deontic logic was carried out by A. E. Konversky, S. I. Maksimov, E. N. Yurkevych and others.Paper objective. The purpose of the study is to reveal the problem of the existence of rules of law in terms of the tasks of logical analytics, the level of development of logical tools in deontic logic, taking into account and deepening knowledge of the logic of practical thinking of lawyers.Paper main body. Modern deontic logic explores logical forms and the rules for their application in normative contexts. These contexts are sets of prescriptive and descriptive statements. The deontic concept connects the content of the utterance with a certain action under certain conditions. This creates the character of the norm. Systems of deontic logic are based on the traditional logic of utterances and the interdependence of deontic concepts (“forbidden”, “obligatory”, “allowed”). In deontic deduction, the conclusion is made by analogy with the action and is evaluated in terms of "justified" / "permissible", and not "true" / "false". The basic principles for the deontic system are the principles of deontic completeness and consistency. The existence of rules of law determines their strength and is associated with the establishment or termination of the regulatory relationship, which is the relationship between the authority and the subject of the norm. To consider the various aspects of normative relations, the concepts of different degrees of abstraction are taken: communication, utterance and proposition. The principle of consistency of the norm determines the possibility of its implementation, and hence the possibility of its existence. Conflicting rules issued by different authorities may exist ("conflict of will"). And the contradictory norms formulated by one instance mean the presence of irrational will. The introduction of the ontological criterion of rational / irrational will becomes crucial for the logic of practical thinking regarding the existence of legal norms. Conflicting norms in the same norms corpus cannot be simultaneously enforceable. In the formalization of deontic expressions, propositional norms are reduced to propositions about the existence of norms, provided that the norm is promulgated by a certain authority.Conclusions of the research. The development of the problem of the existence of rules of law in deontic logic has developed a logical methodology by deepening knowledge of ontological topics and logic of practical thinking, expanding the concept of the corpus of rules of law, rethinking the principles of consistency and completeness of the legal system, as well as the possibilities and symbolic instrumentalization, which logistical tools, symbolization of legal instance, clarification of logical meanings with respect to existing norms.

Historical inspiration and practical thinking of enhanced recovery after surgery

In recent years, enhance recovery after (ERAS) has attracted many attentions in the surgical field. ERAS is a new model of perioperative management, in which more attention is paid to patients′ perception to the medical treatment. This new medical model is different from the past one which is completely led by medical practitioners, thus full of humanistic concerns and rationality. With the premise of medical safety guaranteed, a series of measures, especially evidence-based medical interventions, are implemented to optimize the perioperative management and promote the recovery of patients in ERAS. A certain level of economic and social benefit will be gained with this process. The development history of ERAS was systemically reviewed in current editorial to help the readers to get a better understanding of the origin and evolving process of ERAS. It tracked back to the 1960s when reductions and one guarantee and removal of two tubes and one prohibition were proposed as a revolutional perioperative management mode by the surgical community in our country. The goals pursued and measures implemented by our surgical predecessors back in those days were astonishingly similar to those in today′s ERAS practice. They actually enlightened the initiation of ERAS in China. While ERAS is widely implemented nowadays, this new medical model should be objectively evaluated. A patient-centered medical system should be built, and ERAS should be promoted from an academic perspective, through which the ultimate goal of surgery without danger and pain could be finally achieved. Key words: Treatment outcome; Enhanced recovery after surgery; Fast track surgery; Perioperative management

Four kinds of design thinking: From ideating to making, engaging, and criticizing

Design thinking is spreading extremely rapidly among organizations in terms of interest and practices. Far from being linked to the “form” of products, design thinking is accepted as a formal creative problem‐solving method with the intent to foster innovation. However, the spread of design thinking in practice has not been coupled with a similarly rapid and robust diffusion of its theoretical underpinnings. This paper aims to clarify the theoretical contribution of design thinking by identifying the practices that connote different interpretations of the paradigm. Moreover, we investigate the innovation challenges that the adoption of the design thinking paradigm aims to address. From an empirical perspective, through 47 case studies of consulting organizations that provide advisory services based on the design thinking paradigm in Italy, we identify four different interpretations of the paradigm characterized by different practices: creative problem solving, sprint execution, creative confidence, and innovation of meaning.

Thoughtful surgical practice for therapeutic self: A randomized control trial.

Objectives:To determine the role of structured reflection in teaching basic surgical skills in undergraduate students.Methods:A randomized control trial was done in two medical colleges of Punjab, from January to December 2017 in which participants were divided into two groups through stratified random sampling. Structured reflection was done by interventional group after training. Post-test was taken to assess their surgical skills. Independent t-test compared the mean of two groups. One-way ANOVA was calculated to measure the difference within the different sub-categories of experimental group.Results:Out of 140 students that participated in the study, 138 students stayed till the end (retention rate 98.5%, attrition rate 1.5%). Independent t-test (p-value = 0.01) showed statistically significant difference in both control and interventional groups. One-way ANOVA with robust test of equality of Means showed a positive relationship of reflective capacity and acquisition of surgical skills.Conclusion:The novices who demonstrates better reflective capacity exhibit better acquisition of surgical skills.

Information and communication technology (ICT) in preschool education

The ability of a computer to reproduce information simultaneously in the form of text, graphic images, sound, speech, video, to memorize and process data with great speed allows specialists to create new means of activity for children that are fundamentally different from all existing games and toys. "Information technology is a complex of methods, methods and tools that provide storage, processing, transmission and display of information and aimed at improving the efficiency and productivity of labor." At the present stage, methods, methods and tools are directly interconnected with a computer (computer technology). A computer can enter a child's life through a game. The game is one of the forms of practical thinking. In the game, the child operates with his knowledge, experience, impression, reflected in the social form of game modes of action, game signs that acquire significance in the semantic field of games.

中小学综合实践课的实践思索：P-STEAM课程设计

中小学综合实践课的实践思索：P-STEAM课程设计

Dicas de resoluções práticas das razões trigonométricas com os ângulos notáveis

O presente artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar e analisar uma proposta para o ensino das razões trigonométricas no triângulo retângulo dando ênfase aos ângulos notáveis, por meio de orientações menos pragmáticas e complexas do professor, com o intuito de gerar maior rapidez e praticidade no desenvolvimento do raciocínio do aluno ao buscar a solução da situação problema. Neste viés, foi realizado uma pesquisa bibliográfica da abordagem trigonométrica do triângulo retângulo de livros didáticos com autores renomados no Brasil, como Matemática Ciência e Aplicação de Iezzi et al., (2007), Matemática Contextos & Aplicações de Dante (2013), Matemática Completa de Giovanni e Bonjorno (2005) e Conexões com a matemática de Barroso (2010), objetivando encontrar suporte metodológico que corroborasse com a nossa pesquisa. Portanto, os procedimentos metodológicos foram divididos em duas vertentes: no primeiro momento foram realizadas as explanações do assunto proposto sobre o direcionamento da metodologia de ensino Resolução de Problemas de Polya em duas turmas distintas, num segundo momento foram aplicadas duas avaliações, uma com o método clássico presentes em alguns livros didáticos analisados e outra segundo a proposta de nosso trabalho, numa vertente mais voltada para o estilo utilizados nos cursinhos, no qual se utilizam de dicas práticas e de fácil memorização, conhecida de modo prosaico por “Bizu”. As análises das avaliações dos alunos apresentaram os seguintes resultados: 63% de acertos na abordagem clássica e 88% de acertos na metodologia de nossa proposta, o que nos levou a fazer várias reflexões inerentes ao ensino e aprendizagem e as formas de repassar os conteúdos matemáticos, mais especificamente de razões trigonométricas.

Weaving senses and learning in the initial formation with the Lesson Study. A case study

La formación inicial requiere una transformación profunda de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje para estimular la reconstrucción del conocimiento práctico de los futuros docentes. La Lesson Study (LS), como numerosas investigaciones evidencian, puede convertirse en un privilegiado escenario de reflexión y acción cooperativa para estimular el desarrollo del pensamiento práctico de los docentes en activo. En el ámbito de la formación inicial del profesorado, aunque con menos estudios y evidencias, este modelo de investigación alumbra también interesantes hallazgos. En el presente artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio de caso sobre una experiencia que incorpora la LS a través del Prácticum y el Trabajo Fin de Grado en la formación inicial. Los principales hallazgos de esta investigación señalan que la LS, a través de sus diferentes fases, es el factor clave para la reconstrucción del conocimiento práctico del caso investigado. En concreto, el énfasis en centrar la mirada en los niños y niñas, el diseño y desarrollo cooperativo, reflexivo y tutorizado de la propuesta didáctica, aparecen como las influencias más significativas.

Weaving a philosophical thread linking everyday practice and theory when ‘it depends … ’

There is a phrase that social pedagogues employ time and again to characterise contextual thinking in everyday practice: ‘it depends … ’. This is often used when seeking answers akin to a formula that can be applied across situations; but can leave the listener with the thought that socio-pedagogical explanations are woolly or even incoherent. Yet when aware of context, pedagogues are clear about specific actions they take and can articulate the reasons behind such actions. What are the underlying principles, assumptions about the nature of reality, of humanity and of relationships that shape such an attitude? Dialectical epistemology and ontology assume that reality is in constant motion, that contradictions are the driver of that process of change. Further, understanding comes from highlighting relationships between different entities rather than separating them from their context. In this article, I use concepts taken from activity theory – a Marxist theory of learning using dialectical thinking – to articulate the relationship between particulars of everyday situations that are the bread and butter of socio-pedagogical practice. By showing that both activity theory and Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed have the same philosophical basis, I argue that these commonalities have explanatory potential for social pedagogues when ‘it depends … ’. I hope that this will encourage practitioners interested in social pedagogy to expand their understanding of the importance of the philosophical assumptions behind their work, and join the work needed to further explore the development of social pedagogy within an activity theoretical framework.

Using neuroscience techniques to understand and improve design cognition.

Cognitive neuroscience research has traditionally focused on understanding the brain mechanisms that enable cognition by means of experimental laboratory tasks. With a budding literature, there is growing interest in the application of the related methods and findings to real-world settings. In this opinion paper we explore the potential and promise of employing current cognitive neuroscience methodologies in the field of design. We review recent evidence from preliminary studies that have employed such methods toward identifying the neural bases of design thinking and discuss their impact and limitations. Further, we highlight the importance of pairing neuroscience methods with well-established behavioral paradigms during ecologically-valid, real-world design tasks. Experimental investigations that meet these requirements can generate powerful datasets of neurocognitive measures that can offer new insights into the complex cognitive and brain systems enabling design thinking. We argue that this new knowledge can lead to the development and implementation of new techniques toward cultivating and improving design thinking in design education and professional practice.

ECOLOGICAL OR NATURALISTIC:A BRIEF REVIEW AND SEVERAL THOUGHTS ON CONTEMPORARY PLANTING DESIGN

<i>Nature</i> is a cultural construct, and a symbolic form to our cultural landscape. It plays a critical role in the profession of Landscape Architecture, shaping both the practice in the constructed environment as well as the conception of landscape in Pedagogy. This article evaluates contemporary landscape architecture practice in the U.S. through the lens of planting design and ecological design approaches. This retrospect situates selected individuals and their practices in the field of landscape architecture in the past two decades, in parallel with the evolving ecological understanding. These individuals and their works demonstrate the changes in planting design and ecological thinking in the professional practice, and most importantly how these changes contribute to current ecological design methodologies, landscape aesthetics, and public perception of landscape. In addition, the article aims to illustrate a shifting conception of <i>Nature</i> over time and in different cultural context, in which different conceptions of Nature facilitate various approaches to addressing environmental issues. By situating in such context, the article hopes to provide a critical view of contemporary American landscape architecture practice and the current ecological agenda, in order to enable discussions regarding the professional practice in the future.

Critical thinking skills among the oral medicine postgraduate students of Tamilnadu and Puducherry - A pilot study

Background: Critical thinking is the mental process of active and skillful perception, analysis, synthesis and evaluation of collected information through observation, experience, and communication that leads to a decision for action. Critical thinking applies to dentists in the process of solving the clinical conditions of patients and making crucial decisions for diagnosis and intervention. Aim: To assess the critical thinking skills (CTS) among oral medicine postgraduate students of dental colleges in Tamilnadu and Puducherry. Methodology: A convenience sampling method was used. The clinical scenario-based validated self-designed structured questionnaire was administered. The questionnaire was prepared using Google forms and the link was sent through WhatsApp among Oral Medicine postgraduate students. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: A total of 49 responses were obtained. The participants who obtained the score >5 were considered to be high-level critical thinkers and those who obtained a score ≤5 were considered to be low-level critical thinkers. High-level critical thinkers among first, second, and third year postgraduates are 2 (12.5), 7 (43.8), and 7 (43.8). Similarly, low-level critical thinkers are 12 (36.4), 10 (30.3), and 11 (33.3) respectively. The association between the years of course and critical thinking skills were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The subjects with higher critical thinking score were less among oral medicine postgraduate students. Therefore, it is essential to pay more attention to improving critical thinking in clinical practice.

明代东林党人的实学思想探析

明代东林党人的实学思想探析

Book Review: Jane Fenton Social Work for Lazy Radicals: Relationship Building, Critical Thinking and Courage in Practice

Book Review: Jane Fenton <i>Social Work for Lazy Radicals: Relationship Building, Critical Thinking and Courage in Practice</i>

An Afrofuturistic Vehicle for Literacy Instruction

Afrofuturism is a storytelling genre that appears in multiple media types, including books, films, television, comics, music, and art. Drawing from genres such as science-fiction, fantasy, horror, magical realism, and other speculative genres, Afrofuturism re-envisions the past, present, and future in order to show what the Black community does and can look like in imaginative and yet intensely real ways. Afrofuturism challenges its audiences’ ideas about race, gender, science, and technology, as well as those audiences’ assumptions about the past and expectations about the future. The fluid nature of Afrofuturism makes it difficult to define, but this fluidity allows for compositional flexibility and playfulness. Afrofuturism explore issues that also defy borders and definition, such as disability, sexuality, and gender. After surveying Afrofuturist works across media types, I found that Afrofuturism provides a rich resource for college literacy instruction, especially the teaching of composition and rhetoric. I argue that professors can incorporate Afrofuturism in their classrooms to create learning spaces in which all their students can practice thinking and writing more critically and fluidly, but also highlight how Black people have been and are creators of knowledge and stewards of literacy. Additionally, I provide pedagogical examples of how to incorporate Afrofuturism into the classroom beyond inclusion in the reading list.