Thin Ring Research Articles

Transverse orthotropic elastic moduli of bundled coated thin elliptical tubes

Light weight structures with tailored mechanical properties have evolved beyond regular hexagonal/circular honeycomb topology. For applications which demand anisotropic mechanical properties, elliptical-celled structures offer interesting features. This paper characterizes the anisotropic in-plane elastic response of coated thin elliptical tubes in different array patterns viz. close-packed, diagonal and rectangular patterns under compression. This paper also extends earlier works on elliptical close-packed structure to a more general case of coated tubes. Theoretical framework using thin ring theory provides formulae in terms of geometric and material parameters. These are compared with a series of FE simulations using contact elements. The FE results are presented as graphs to aid in design.

Depth distribution profile of martensite phase observed by transmission electron microscope in ion implanted metals

In this work, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation results from a depth distribution profile of the nano-martensite occuring in titanium implanted austenitic stainless steel is presented. The thickness of 200 keV high-energy ion implantation induced layer until 150 nm as calculated by the TRIM computer simulation based on the Monte-Carlo program. After the implantation, the specimens were attached to thin foil ring to be milled by focused ion beam (FIB). TEM observation on the ion implantation induced layer reveled that nano-martensite is distributed until80 nm under surface. the nano-martensite mostly nucleated at the region near the surface occurred the higher concentration gradient of implanted ion, namely higher stress concentration takes place so that this stress introduced due to the implanted ions act as a driving force for the transformation.

An extension of the linear stability analysis for the prediction of multiple necking during dynamic extension of round bar

Linear stability analysis has been widely used in order to describe the evolution of the dominant necking pattern in different configurations. Effects of hardening, strain rate and temperature sensitivity, and effects of configuration geometry and loading, have been established by this mean. However, experimental and numerical observations have demonstrated that a whole distribution of spacing between necks is obtained instead of a unique dominant pattern. In this work, an extension of the classical linear stability analysis applied to the dynamic extension of a round bar case has been developed to take into account the contribution of all perturbation modes on the preliminary evolution of pre-necks. This approach, corresponding physically to the case of thin ring expansion, is able to determine a distribution of pre-neck spacing. This distribution, starting from the initial perturbation pattern, evolves with time so that it is finally centered around a dominant distance determined by the linear stability approach.

Analytical Prediction for Free Response of Rotationally Ring-Shaped Periodic Structures

The in-plane wave motion is analytically examined to address the stationary deflection, natural frequency splitting, and mode contamination of the rotationally ring-shaped periodic structures (RRPS). The governing equation is developed by the Hamilton's principle where the structure is modeled as a thin ring with equally-spaced particles, and the centrifugal effect is included. The free responses are captured by the perturbation method and determined as closed-form expressions. The results imply that the response of stationary RRPS is characterized as standing wave, and the natural frequencies can split when the wave number n and particle number N satisfying 2n/N = int. Also the splitting behavior is determined by the relative angle between the particle and wave antinode. The coefficients of the mode contamination are also obtained. For rotating RRPS, the invariant deflections due to the centrifugal force are estimated at different rotating speeds. It is found that, for certain waves satisfying 2n/N = int, the natural frequency exceeds that of the corresponding smooth ring at the critical speed, and furthermore, the critical speed of the backward traveling wave is lower than that of the forward one. The contamination coefficients of the two kinds of waves are also obtained and they have different magnitudes. All results verify that the splitting and contamination can be determined by the relationship among the mode order, wave number, particle number, and relative position between the particle and antinode. Numerical examples and comparisons with the existing results in the literature are presented.

Large Eddy Simulation of a Vortex Ring Impacting a Bump

AbstractA vortex ring impacting a three-dimensional bump is studied using large eddy simulation for a Reynolds number Re = 4 × 104 based on the initial diameter and translational speed of the vortex ring. The effects of bump height and vortex core thickness for thin and thick vortex rings on the vortical flow phenomena and the underlying physical mechanisms are investigated. Based on the analysis of the evolution of vortical structures, two typical kinds of vortical structures, i.e., the wrapping vortices and the hair-pin vortices, are identified and play an important role in the flow state evolution. The boundary vorticity flux is analyzed to reveal the mechanism of the vorticity generation on the bump surface. The circulation of the primary vortex ring reasonably elucidates some typical phases of flow evolution. Further, the analysis of turbulent kinetic energy reveals the transition from laminar to turbulent state. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the mechanisms relevant to the flow evolution and the flow transition to turbulent state.

Levitating states of superconducting rings in the field of a fixed ring with constant current

We consider the possibility of designing a plasma trap with a magnetic system formed by super-conducting rings and coils levitating in the field of a fixed coaxial coil carrying constant current. An analytic dependence of the potential energy of such a system with one or two levitating superconducting rings having trapped preset magnetic fluxes on their coordinates in the uniform gravitational field is obtained in the thin ring approximation. Calculations performed in the Mathcad system show that equilibrium states of such a system exist for certain values of parameters. Levitating states of a single superconducting ring and two superconducting rings in the field of the coil with constant current are observed experimentally in positions corresponding to calculated values.

An investigation into the forging of Bi-metal gears

This paper introduces a method for the production of bi-metal gears using the forging technique. To study the process, model materials of copper (tooth ring material) and lead (core material), were used for both experimentation and simulation. Firstly, experimental setup and test procedures are introduced and the bi-metal gears are forged with different thicknesses of the outer ring material. A simplified FE model is established based on the symmetry of a gear forging process, which enables the 3D FE analysis to be carried out in an efficient manner. The material flow and thickness distribution of the experimentally forged bi-metal gears are analysed and compared with FE predictions. The effect of friction on the axial lock caused by the material flow of the forged gears is also studied. Finally, simulations of different combinations of the inner core and outer ring materials, specifically steel (ring material), copper (ring and core material) and lead (core material) are performed. The numerical and experimental data showed that: thin rings can deform excessively, affecting the structure of the gear; and that both tooling friction and flow stress can significantly affect the relative material flow between the core and the ring.

Numerical study of thin layer ring on improving the ice formation of building thermal storage system

Ice thermal storage systems have been widely used in HVAC&R systems for improving energy efficiency and reducing energy costs around the world. In this paper, a numerical model is developed to simulate the ice formation in a typical ice thermal storage system. The first study is to investigate the effect of a cooled cylinder placed in a rectangular space filled with water on the ice formation process. The validated numerical model can predict temperature distribution associated with liquid fraction during the process. Based on the result obtained from the first study, further research is focused on the novel structure of thin layer ring. The computational solutions can demonstrate that the thin layer ring structure can successfully increase an ice generated area and shorten the ice formation period in a typical ice thermal storage system. Finally, a parametric study was carried out to investigate the effect of material, thickness, and arrangement of thin layer ring. It predicted that the heat transfer performance of the thin layer ring is dependent on its material, thickness, and arrangement. Ice formation with novel thin layer ring can be improved by increasing the thermal conductivity of a material. A copper ring has the best performance among aluminum, stainless steel, magnesium alloy. The results show that the ice formation rate can be increased by increasing the thickness of the ring from 0.25 mm to 1 mm, while slowed by increasing from 1 mm to 2 mm and has the best performance with 3 mm ring in this study. Finally, the staggered arrangement of ring shows the best results of the ice formation compared to one parallel and two parallel cases.

Entropy of thin shells in a (2+1)-dimensional asymptotically AdS spacetime and the BTZ black hole limit

The thermodynamic equilibrium states of a static thin ring shell in a ($2+1$)-dimensional spacetime with a negative cosmological constant are analyzed. Inside the ring, the spacetime is pure anti--de Sitter, whereas outside it is a Ba\~nados-Teitelbom-Zanelli spacetime and thus asymptotically anti--de Sitter. The first law of thermodynamics applied to the thin shell, plus one equation of state for the shell's pressure and another for its temperature, leads to a shell's entropy, which is a function of its gravitational radius alone. A simple example for this gravitational entropy, namely, a power law in the gravitational radius, is given. The equations of thermodynamic stability are analyzed, resulting in certain allowed regions for the parameters entering the problem. When the Hawking temperature is set on the shell and the shell is pushed up to its own gravitational radius, there is a finite quantum backreaction that does not destroy the shell. One then finds that the entropy of the shell at the shell's gravitational radius is given by the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.

Self-gravitating ring of matter in orbit around a black hole: the innermost stable circular orbit

We study analytically a black-hole-ring system which is composed of a stationary axisymmetric ring of particles in orbit around a perturbed Kerr black hole of mass $M$. In particular, we calculate the shift in the orbital frequency of the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) due to the finite mass $m$ of the orbiting ring. It is shown that for thin rings of half-thickness $r\ll M$, the dominant finite-mass correction to the characteristic ISCO frequency stems from the self-gravitational potential energy of the ring (a term in the energy budget of the system which is quadratic in the mass $m$ of the ring). This dominant correction to the ISCO frequency is of order $O(\mu\ln(M/r))$, where $\mu\equiv m/M$ is the dimensionless mass of the ring. We show that the ISCO frequency increases (as compared to the ISCO frequency of an orbiting test-ring) due to the finite-mass effects of the self-gravitating ring.

Inverted-wedge silica resonators for controlled and stable coupling

Silica microresonators with an inverted-wedge shape were fabricated using conventional semiconductor fabrication methods. The measured quality factors of the resonators were greater than 10(6) in 1550 nm band. Controllable coupling from undercoupling to the overcoupling regime through the critical coupling point was demonstrated by horizontally moving a fiber taper while in touch with the top surface of the resonator. The thin outer ring of the resonator provided a support for the fiber taper leading to robust stable coupling.

Geometry and edge effects on the energy levels of graphene quantum rings: A comparison between tight-binding and simplified Dirac models

We present a systematic study of the energy spectra of graphene quantum rings having different geometries and edge types in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. Results are obtained within the tight-binding (TB) and Dirac models and we discuss which features of the former can be recovered by using the approximations imposed by the latter. Energy levels of graphene quantum rings obtained by diagonalizing the TB Hamiltonian are demonstrated to be strongly dependent on the rings geometry and the microscopical structure of the edges. This makes it difficult to recover those spectra by the existing theories that are based on the continuum (Dirac) model. Nevertheless, our results show that both approaches (i.e., TB and Dirac model) may provide similar results, but only for very specific combinations of ring geometry and edge types. The results obtained by a simplified model describing an infinitely thin circular Dirac ring show good agreement with those obtained for hexagonal and rhombus armchair graphene rings within the TB model. Moreover, we show that the energy levels of a circular quantum ring with an infinite mass boundary condition obtained within the Dirac model agree with those for a ring defined by a ring-shaped staggered potential obtained within the TB model.

Time evolution of a thin black ring via Hawking radiation

Black objects lose their mass and angular momenta through evaporation by Hawking radiation, and the investigation of their time evolution has a long history. In this paper, we study this problem for a five-dimensional doubly spinning black ring. The black ring is assumed to emit only massless scalar particles. We consider a thin black ring with a small thickness parameter, $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, which can be approximated by a boosted Kerr string locally. We show that a thin black ring evaporates with fixing its thickness parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. Further, in the case of an Emparan-Reall black ring, we derive analytic formulas for the time evolution, which has one parameter to be evaluated numerically. We find that the lifetime of a thin black ring is shorter by a factor of $O({\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2})$ compared to a five-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole with the same initial mass. We also study detailed properties of the Hawking radiation from the thin black ring, including the energy and angular spectra of emitted particles.

Comparison of flexoelectric and piezoelectric dynamic signal responses on flexible rings

Piezoelectric materials have been widely used for structural sensing due to the linear electromechanical coupling effect. Flexoelectricity, generally existing in all dielectrics, describes the linear inhomogeneous electromechanical coupling phenomena. Previous studies have shown that the direct flexoelectric effect is sensitive to the bending deformation. This study focuses on comparison and differences between two sensing mechanisms, that is, the flexoelectric and the piezoelectric effects, and explores their distinctive characteristics and potential applications. Based on the direct flexoelectric/piezoelectric effects, flexoelectric/piezoelectric materials treated as flexoelectric/piezoelectric sensors are applied to two ring models with identical dimensions. The mathematical models of thin elastic rings laminated with flexoelectric/piezoelectric sensors are established. Open-circuit sensing signals are derived for further evaluation and comparison. Sensing capabilities of these two materials and mechanisms are compared with respect to ring thickness, sensor thickness, and ring radius in case studies. Results show that the piezoelectric sensing signal appears to be sensitive for both bending-dominant and membrane-dominant vibrations, while the flexoelectric signal is much more prominent than the piezoelectric one for sensing of bending-dominant vibrations. For a flexible structure performing transverse vibration, the bending behavior is usually dominant. Thus, the flexoelectric effect could provide an effective alternative for structural sensing.

Complex solitary wave dynamics, pattern formation and chaos in the gain–loss nonlinear Schrödinger equation

A numerical exploration of a gain–loss nonlinear Schrödinger equation was carried out utilizing over 180 000 core hours to conduct more than 10 000 unique simulations in an effort to characterize the model's six dimensional parameter space. The study treated the problem in full generality, spanning a minimum of eight orders of magnitude for each of three linear and nonlinear gain terms and five orders of magnitude for higher order nonlinearities. The gain–loss nonlinear Schrödinger equation is of interest as a model for spin wave envelopes in magnetic thin film active feedback rings and analogous driven damped nonlinear physical systems. Bright soliton trains were spontaneously driven out of equilibrium and behaviors stable for tens of thousands of round trip times were numerically identified. Nine distinct complex dynamical behaviors with lifetimes on the order of ms were isolated as part of six identified solution classes. Numerically located dynamical behaviors include: (i) low dimensional chaotic modulations of bright soliton trains; (ii) spatially symmetric/asymmetric interactions of solitary wave peaks; (iii) dynamical pattern formation and recurrence; (iv) steady state solutions; and (v) intermittency. Simulations exhibiting chaotically modulating bright soliton trains were found to qualitatively match previous experimental observations. Ten new dynamical behaviors, eight demonstrating long lifetimes, are predicted to be observable in future experiments.

Distributions of Electron Density and Electron Temperature in Magnetized DC Discharge

The distribution of electron temperature Te and density Ne in a dc glow discharge that is created by a pair of circular parallel electrodes is studied using double probes. The measurement are carried out for the following two modes: in the presence and in the absence of the magnetic field. In the absence of the magnetic field, for the radial distribution, temperatures have same values with small variation, in the same discharge region [cathode fall or negative glow or positive column region], except at the edge. For the axial distribution, the distribution profiles of Te shows that Te is decreased, and Ne continues to increase toward the anode. In the presence of the magnetic field, the radial distribution of the electron density has its highest value at the edge where the magnetic field is maximum. The electron temperature changes very little. The density begins to increases also from the cathode fall region, at the edge, to the negative glow region and then it decreases sharply at the positive column region. The plasma is very intense in the cathode fall region (very thin bright ring) and very brighter and sharp in the negative glow region (extends several mm from the cathode fall region). But in the positive column, the density begins to decrease.

Actin restructuring duringSalmonella typhimuriuminfection investigated by confocal and super-resolution microscopy

We have used super-resolution optical microscopy and confocal microscopy to visualize the cytoskeletal restructuring of HeLa cells that accompanies and enables Salmonella typhimurium internalization. Herein, we report the use of confocal microscopy to verify and explore infection conditions that would be compatible with super-resolution optical microscopy, using Alexa-488 labeled phalloidin to stain the actin cytoskeletal network. While it is well known that actin restructuring and cytoskeletal rearrangements often accompany and assist in bacterial infection, most studies have employed conventional diffraction-limited fluorescence microscopy to explore these changes. Here we show that the superior spatial resolution provided by single-molecule localization methods (such as direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) enables more precise visualization of the nanoscale changes in the actin cytoskeleton that accompany bacterial infection. In particular, we found that a thin (100-nm) ring of actin often surrounds an invading bacteria 10 to 20 min postinfection, with this ring being transitory in nature. We estimate that a few hundred monofilaments of actin surround the S. typhimurium in this heretofore unreported bacterial internalization intermediate.

Embryonic development in the ostrich (Struthio camelus) during the first 7 days of artificial incubation

1. Early development of ostrich embryos was investigated in relation to time of egg collection and genotype.2. A total of 321 ostrich eggs were collected during the 2008 and 2009 breeding seasons and the development of the embryo for up to the first 168 h of incubation was described and analysed. A sample of the incubated eggs was weighed and opened daily to investigate developmental changes.3. In fresh eggs, the blastoderm contained a round, translucent dark area pellucida (AP) in the centre, with a surrounding thin white ring, likely to be the beginning of the area opaca (AO). Fresh eggs were considered infertile if the blastoderm was absent and instead numerous white droplets were present surrounded by vacuoles.4. The average blastoderm area of a fresh fertile egg was 15.8 mm2, increasing to 143.3 mm2 after 2 d of incubation. By 72 h of incubation the area vasculosa (AV) was discernible in the posterior half of the blastoderm.5. At 48 h of incubation the blastoderm area in eggs from the South African Black genotype (SAB) × Zimbabwean Blue genotype (ZB) crosses (104.5 ± 18.6 mm2) was lower than the pure SAB (141.0 ± 10.5 mm2), ZB (161.7 ± 13.5 mm2) and ZB × SAB crosses (166.1 ± 14.2 mm2).6. Embryo length was 5.01 mm after 72 h of incubation and 14.5 mm after 168 h of incubation. At 168 h of incubation AV lengths for both ZB × SAB (53.2 mm) and SAB × ZB crosses (54.1 mm) were longer than in embryos from the pure breeds.7. Results from this study can be put to practical use when determining whether eggs are infertile or fertile and also in investigating the age of early embryonic mortalities.

Fracture of Metal Ring Samples Caused by Magnetic Pulse Loading in a Wide Time Range of Durations

On the basis of previously developed magnetic pulse method for short durations developed and implemented in [1] tests of thin metal ring samples of aluminum and copper in the range 10-5 −10-8s were conducted. The developed method allows us to measure the time to the fracture that is principally important for dynamic strength testing. A mathematical model describing the process of expansion of samples is suggested. A comparison of experimental and calculated data is performed.Structural-time approach based on the notion of incubation time [2] can be used to describe temporal dependence of critical tensile stress observed in experiments.

Stem Cell Niches in Glioblastoma: A Neuropathological View

Glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells (GSCs), responsible for tumor growth, recurrence, and resistance to therapies, are considered the real therapeutic target, if they had no molecular mechanisms of resistance, in comparison with the mass of more differentiated cells which are insensitive to therapies just because of being differentiated and nonproliferating. GSCs occur in tumor niches where both stemness status and angiogenesis are conditioned by the microenvironment. In both perivascular and perinecrotic niches, hypoxia plays a fundamental role. Fifteen glioblastomas have been studied by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence for stemness and differentiation antigens. It has been found that circumscribed necroses develop inside hyperproliferating areas that are characterized by high expression of stemness antigens. Necrosis developed inside them because of the imbalance between the proliferation of tumor cells and endothelial cells; it reduces the number of GSCs to a thin ring around the former hyperproliferating area. The perinecrotic GSCs are nothing else that the survivors remnants of those populating hyperproliferating areas. In the tumor, GSCs coincide with malignant areas so that the need to detect where they are located is not so urgent.