Thin Carbon Layer Research Articles

Modification of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets with a Ni-Containing Carbon Layer as Efficient and Stable Hydrogen Production Electrocatalysts.

Few-layered black phosphorus (FP) has recently attracted extensive research in the energy and materials fields. However, because of its chemically unstable nature under ambient conditions, very positive hydrogen adsorption energy and less active sites, FP has not been an efficient catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this research, we have developed a new strategy to overcome FP's drawbacks and to make it an active and stable HER catalyst. Our approach is to deposit a Ni2+-anchored thin carbon layer onto the surface of FP via controlled decarboxylation of Ni ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Ni-EDTA). The carbon layer on the surface of FP prevents it from making direct contact with its external environment, thereby greatly improving its stability. At the same time, transition-metal Ni that is dispersed in its carbon layer changes its hydrogen adsorption energy so as to improve its electrocatalytic activity. The prepared FP@Ni-C shows an outstanding HER performance with an overpotential of only 284 mV to obtain 10 mA cm-2 current density with excellent electrocatalytic stability. The FP@Ni-C catalyst showed almost no activity loss during a 12 h catalyst life test. This study provides a new approach to the synthesis of highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts based on two-dimensional materials, using a facile catalyst preparation method.

Oxygen vacancies enriched Bi based catalysts for enhancing electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to formate

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 is still far away from the practical application because of the stability of CO2 and the diversity of reduction products. It is thus of great importance to further explore catalysts with high efficiency for CO2 reduction to targeting products. Herein, for the first time, a hybrid of BiOx decorated with carbon thin layer is developed as high active electrocatalyst for CO2 conversion, which is synthesized by pyrolysis using Bi MOF as precursor and sacrificial template. It is found that the as-prepared BiOx catalyst is enriched with oxygen vacancies stabilized by the decorated carbon thin layer. The oxygen vacancies enriched BiOx catalyst exhibits superior performance for CO2 reduction to formate, achieving a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 89.3% and a maximum current density of 37.8 mA cm−2. The thin carbon layer and oxygen vacancies improve the charge transfer of the catalyst and hence in favor of the high formate current density. The defects of oxygen vacancies play a vital role in CO2 adsorption and activation and thereby further enhancing the electrocatalytic ability for formate production.

Improving the Electrochemical Performance of Na3V2(PO4)3 Cathode in Na-Ion Batteries by Si-Doping

High-performance cathode materials are highly desirable for the realization of commercial Na-ion batteries. Sodium super ion conductor (NASICON)-type Na3V2(PO4)3 is one of the most promising cathode materials. In the present study, an improvement in the kinetics of the redox reactions and consequently, the electrochemical performance of Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode have been demonstrated by the partial substitution of Si for P. Nano-sized powders of Na3+xV2(PO4)3–x(SiO4)x (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4) are synthesized using the citric acid-assisted sol-gel route. A thin carbon layer of ∼8–16 nm thickness is formed on the calcined particles of the active material. The vanadium present in Na3V2(PO4)3 is shown to retain the trivalent state after the Si substitution. Coin cells are fabricated using an organic electrolyte, carbon nanotubes decorated Na3+xV2(PO4)3–x(SiO4)x as a cathode, and Na as an anode. Cyclic voltammetry profiles acquired on the half-cells confirmed (1) improved reversibility of the redox reactions, (2) lower polarization losses, and (3) superior sodium-ion diffusivity in the Si-substituted compounds. As a result, cells with these electrodes exhibit an enhanced electrochemical performance with a high specific capacity, excellent rate capability, and stable cycling performance. The electroactive material with Na3.1V2(PO4)2.9(SiO4)0.1 composition exhibits ∼21% higher specific capacity than that with Na3V2(PO4)3 at 5C charging/discharging rates, furnishing a Coulombic efficiency of >99%. The expansion of the crystal volume and the presence of excess Na-ion for ionic conduction are primarily responsible for the observed superior performance. The exceptional capacity of 85 mA h/g at 1C charging/discharging rates and superior cycling life achieved in Na3.1V2(PO4)2.9(SiO4)0.1/carbon nanotubes show that the strategy of expanding the crystal lattice through appropriate doping is an effective way to develop Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode for Na-ion batteries.

Three-dimensional NiCo2O4 nanowires encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon networks as a high-performance aptamer stabilizer for impedimetric ultrasensitive detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen

Recently, the performance of aptamer-based sensors has been greatly improved by the combination of aptamers with novel nanomaterials. Herein, the hierarchical porous 3D-NiCo2O4 nanowires, shelled with a thin layer of N-doped carbon (l) with sea-urchin-like morphology, were successfully prepared by a facile protocol. The 3D N-C@NiCo2O4 NWs combine the electrochemical advantages of Ni and Co species by exhibiting higher specific capacitance and active sites and also much higher conductivity. More significantly, the carbon layer improves the stability, conductivity and porosity of the nanowires. Benefiting from such a hierarchical structure, 3D N-C@NiCo2O4 NWs fit a large amount of surface area in a very small space. Therefore, the 3D N-C@NiCo2O4 NWs was applied in order to increase the hepatitis C virus core antigen (HCV) aptamer load on the electrode that significantly increased the sensitivity of the sensor. The electrochemical evaluations were proved that there exists a very good linear relationship between the charge transfer resistance (Rct) and HCV contents in the range of 0.5 fg mL−1 to 0.12 pg mL−1 with a low detection limit of 0.16 fg mL−1. Besides, it was in real biological samples that the aptasensor experienced superior detection recoveries which illustrated its high detection performance and feasibility for practicability.

ZIF-8@ZIF-67–derived ZnCo2O4@nitrogen–doped carbon/carbon nanotubes wrapped by a carbon layer: a stable oxygen reduction catalyst with a competitive strength in acid media

Owing to the sluggish reaction kinetics and poor stability of cathodic catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic media, the development of highly active and acid-stable ORR catalysts is of great practical significance. Herein, the prepared ZIF-8@ZIF-67 material, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and expanded graphite (EG) are used as precursors to prepare the ZnCo2O4@nitrogen-doped carbon-carbon nanotubes wrapped by a PVP-derived thin carbon layer anchored on the EG (ZnCo2O4@NC-CNTs@PCL/EG) as ORR catalysts. ZnCo2O4@NC-CNTs@PCL/EG-10 (weight ratio of ZIF-8@ZIF-67 to EG = 10) has an onset potential of 0.689 V (vs. SCE), which is comparable with that of commercial Pt/C (0.706 V) in the acid electrolyte. After acid pickling, the spinel ZnCo2O4 as the core is stably and uniformly encapsulated by the NC-CNT skeleton and can fully use the highly active Co2+ sites to boost the 4e– ORR process with a strong methanol resistance. ZnCo2O4@NC-CNTs@PCL/EG-10 shows strong stability and methanol tolerance (a decline of 3.21%) after 3600 s, which are better than those of commercial Pt/C (29 mV and 4.06%). The ORR durability is attributed to the PCL shell that avoids the corrosion of active ZnCo2O4 and N-species. Therefore, it provides a new idea for designing a spinel-based ZIF derivative as stable ORR catalysts in acid media.

Rational design and synthesis of sandwich-like reduced graphene oxide/Fe2O3/N-doped carbon nanosheets as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

To cope the challenges of poor conductivity and volume change for iron oxide, sandwich-like reduced graphene oxide/Fe2O3/N-doped carbon nanosheets are well designed and constructed via a two-step process through the combination of graphene-oriented hydrothermal method and the sol–gel coating technology. Nanometer Fe2O3 with a size of 10 nm is anchored within the sandwich structure composed of graphene nanosheet and a thin nitrogen doping carbon layer. Such unique structure can not only reduce the length of pathway for lithium ion diffusion and electron transport but also greatly alleviate the volume expansion as well as offer more surface active sites for electrochemical process, leading to a superior cycle stability and a high rate capability. The obtained nanosheet delivers an outstanding lithium storage capacity of 1116.7 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at current density of 500 mA g−1 and an excellent rate capability of 547.4 mA h g−1 at high current density of 4 A g−1. Furthermore, full cell is fabricated using the nanosheet as anode and commercial LiFePO4 as cathode, which exhibits stable cycling performance, indicating good applicability of the anode. This work proposes a novel strategy to synthesize composites which could be further applied to the development of transition metal oxides and carbon composites as anode for lithium ion batteries.

Sandwich-structured dual carbon modified bismuth nanosphere composites as long-cycle and high-rate anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Bismuth as alloy-based anode material has a high theoretical specific capacity (385 mAh g − 1) and volumetric capacity (3800 mAh cm−3). However, its severe volume expansion during the alloying process will cause structural collapse and capacity degradation. In this work, dual carbon materials containing outmost thin carbon layer and graphene are employed to modify bismuth nanospheres to form a sandwich-like carbon/bismuth/reduced graphene oxide composite (CPVP+C2H2/Bi/rGO), which is fabricated via a facile solvothermal method and subsequent chemical vapor deposition (CVD) strategy. The thin carbon layer coated on the surface of Bi nanoparticles can effectively suppress the huge volume changes of Bi. The graphene oxide as a conductive matrix favors the successful loading of Bi nanospheres, which limits the particle aggregation of Bi upon cycling. The dual carbon also can improve the conductivity of the overall electrode. As anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, the CPVP+C2H2/Bi/rGO shows excellent sodium storage performance, better than CPVP/Bi/rGO. At a high current density of 5 A g − 1, this electrode can retain a capacity of up to 327.6 mAh g − 1 after 1200 cycles. The assembled full battery with CPVP+C2H2/Bi/rGO as anode and Na3V2(PO4)3/rGO as cathode also presents good electrochemical performance. The outstanding electrochemical performance of CPVP+C2H2/Bi/rGO is attributed to the well-designed sandwich-like composite structure and synergistic effect of dual carbon and Bi nanospheres.

An in situ method using a Y-type optical fiber for measuring the thickness of the carbon contamination layer on the surface of an extreme ultraviolet mirror.

A new method for in situ measurement of the thickness of the carbon contamination layer on the surface of an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mirror is proposed. This measurement is important in order to determine the most effective timing with which the mirror should be cleaned. The method we propose uses a Y-type optical fiber to measure the reflectivity profile over the wavelength range from 200 nm to 800 nm from the surface of the mirror; the reflectivity profile is normalized by the reflectivity at 800 nm wavelength. This is because the change in reflectivity is more sensitive to the carbon layer thickness in the short wavelength region rather than in the long wavelength region. The method was demonstrated using carbon/ruthenium bilayer samples deposited on commercial Si wafers. The results show that the proposed method can successfully estimate the thickness of the carbon layer and thus has the potential to measure the thickness of a thin carbon layer on an EUV mirror.

Porous Plate-like MoP Assembly as an Efficient pH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalyst.

Molybdenum phosphide is one of the most potential electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), whereas it is still challenging to achieve an efficient molybdenum phosphide-based catalyst that performs well over a wide pH range. Herein, a porous nanoplate composed of small MoP flakes confined in thin N, P, S-triple-doped carbon (MoP@NPSC) was prepared by the assembly of phosphomolybdic acid (H3PMo12O40·nH2O, {PMo12}) and egg white, followed by phosphorization. Given its small size (ca. 1 nm) in favor of deriving small particles and the oxygen-rich surface with strong coordination ability, the {PMo12} cluster was selected to combine with egg white to obtain a lamellar hybrid precursor via a hydrogen bond. Through controllable phosphating, a nanoplate organized by interconnected MoP particles was generated, accompanied by the in situ formation of the N, P, S-doped carbon thin layer and pores from the pyrolysis of egg white. The plentiful pores, thin carbon coating, and multielement doping bring about promoted electrolyte/bubble diffusion, enhanced conductivity and stability, and lowered adsorption energy of hydrogen/hydroxyl, respectively. All of the above merits endow MoP@NPSC with prominent activity with low overpotentials of 50, 76, and 71 mV at 10 mA cm-2 toward the HER in alkaline, neutral, and acid media, respectively, and nearly no attenuation after 40 h of testing. Especially, compared with commercial Pt/C, MoP@NPSC exhibits similar low onset potential and even better at large current density in 1 M KOH. The electrolyzer equipped with the MoP@NPSC cathode and the NiFe-LDH anode requires only 1.52 V to deliver 10 mA cm-2 and can be powered by a solar cell (1.524 V) charged by sunlight.

Target synthesis of dense C-coated ZnO for advanced lithium storage via a facile and cost-effective approach

Herein, ZnO@C composite is synthesized through a facile, time saving, and ecofriendly chemical vapor deposition approach. Very thin and dense carbon layer is well coated on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. As anode, the ZnO@C composite delivers a high reversible lithiation capacity of 685 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and good rate performance (still high as 225 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1) together with high initial Coulombic efficiency of ~ 72%, which are much better than that of bare ZnO.

Photothermal excitation efficiency enhancement of cantilevers by electron beam deposition of amorphous carbon thin films

In recent years, the atomic force microscope has proven to be a powerful tool for studying biological systems, mainly for its capability to measure in liquids with nanoscale resolution. Measuring tissues, cells or proteins in their physiological conditions gives us access to valuable information about their real ‘in vivo’ structure, dynamics and functionality which could then fuel disruptive medical and biological applications. The main problem faced by the atomic force microscope when working in liquid environments is the difficulty to generate clear cantilever resonance spectra, essential for stable operation and for high resolution imaging. Photothermal actuation overcomes this problem, as it generates clear resonance spectra free from spurious peaks. However, relatively high laser powers are required to achieve the desired cantilever oscillation amplitude, which could potentially damage biological samples. In this study, we demonstrate that the photothermal excitation efficiency can be enhanced by coating the cantilever with a thin amorphous carbon layer to increase the heat absorption from the laser, reducing the required excitation laser power and minimizing the damage to biological samples.

Construction of three-dimensional hierarchical Pt/TiO2@C nanowires with enhanced methanol oxidation properties

Three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical Pt/TiO2@C core-shell nanowire networks with high surface area have been constructed via wet chemical approaches. The 3D TiO2 nanowire framework was in situ synthesized within a porous titanium foam by hydrothermal method followed by carbon coating and self-assembled growth of ultrathin Pt nanowires. Structural characterization indicates that single crystalline ultrathin Pt nanowires of 3–5 nm in diameter were vertically distributed on the anatase TiO2 nanowires covered with a 2–4 nm thin carbon layer. The 3D hierarchical Pt/TiO2@C nanostructure demonstrates evidently higher catalytic activities towards methanol oxidation than the commercial Pt/C catalyst. The catalytic current density of the hierarchical catalyst is 1.6 times as high as that of the commercial Pt/C, and the oxidation onset potential (0.35 V vs. Ag/AgCl) is more negative than the commercial one (0.46 V vs. Ag/AgCl). Synergistic effect between the ultrathin Pt nanowires and the TiO2@C core-shell nanostructure accounts for the enhanced catalytic properties, which can be determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation. The obtained hierarchical Pt/TiO2@C nanowire networks promise great potential in producing anode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells applications.

In-situ synthesis of SiC/Fe nanowires coated with thin amorphous carbon layers for excellent electromagnetic wave absorption in GHz range

Electromagnetic absorbents with peculiarities of light-weight, beneficial structure, broadband, adequate corrosion resistance, and facile synthesis route are always highly practical in the telecom and stealth fields. In this regard, a new type hybird material (SiC/Fe)@C nanowires (NWs) has been effectively synthesized through an in-situ vapor-liquid-solid growth confined at arc-plasma region. A (SiC/Fe)@C NW is composed of a dielectric SiC NW with a magnetic Fe nanoparticle at it tip, both tightly encapsulated by conductive graphene-like carbon nanolayers at the surfaces. Such carbon-coated NWs form a randomly interconnected network, endowing a proper impedance matching to microwave and an anti-corrosion ability. It is found that the composite of (SiC/Fe)@C NWs and paraffin with a 25 wt% loading has shown the lowest reflection loss (RL) of −63.44 dB at 12.4 GHz, with a wide effective absorption band (RL ≤ −10 dB) of 7 GHz in thickness of 1.95 mm. This superb RL is attributed to the synergic outcomes from the balanced dielectric/magnetic losses with an appropriate impedance matching, resulted from the intrinsic physical properties and special structures of the (SiC/Fe)@C NWs. Pseudo percolation threshold, near 30 wt% loading of (SiC/Fe)@C NWs in the electromagnetically transparent matrix, implies the significant efficacy of concentration/distribution of absorbent on RL performances.

In situ preparation of LiFePO4/C with unique copolymer carbon resource for superior performance lithium-ion batteries

Olivine-type LiFePO4, taking advantage of structure stability and environmental friendliness, points out a new direction towards development of Li-ion batteries applying in the plug-in hybrid vehicles. However, the inferior electronic conductivity (∼10−9 S cm−1 at 298 K) and lower lithium ion diffusion coefficient (∼1015 cm2 S−1 at 298 K) still hinder the farther application in power battery. To overcome the defects, LiFePO4/C composite with special copolymer carbon resource (polyacrylonitrile block polymethyl methacrylate) is synthesized successfully by in situ carbothermal reduction method. From BET, SEM and TEM, the sample obtained is coated by thin and homogeneous porous carbon layers, which may be induced by the copolymer carbon resource. The porous layers give opportunity to faster diffusion of Li-ion and closely contact between active substance and electrolyte, providing the high active sites. Unquestionably, the modified LiFePO4/C demonstrates such outstanding properties as high initial discharge capacity (165.3 mA h g−1 at 0.2C), superior rate capability (78.9 mA h g−1 at 30C), and excellent cycling performance with 98% cycle retention after 100 cycles at 0.2C. The well-designed LiFePO4/C cathode material becomes an increasingly eye-catching candidate applicable to the fields of rechargeable lithium ion batteries.

Submicron interlayer for stabilizing thin Li metal powder electrode

The surface area of the lithium metal electrode must be considered when attempting to suppress dendritic growth of lithium metal, as surface area can lower the effective current density. For this reason, lithium metal powder (LiMP) has attracted much attention for use in electrodes because of its higher surface area. However, repeated cycling, even in aging time, leads to delamination of lithium particles from flat metal current collectors and results excess dead lithium particles, even in LiMP electrodes. Herein, this problem is addressed by coating submicron-thickness carbon interlayers on copper current collectors for LiMP electrodes. This thin carbon layer plays important roles in both maintaining the interfacial contact between Cu foil and LiMP particles and lowering overpotential in Li/Li symmetric cells, which leads to improve electrochemical performance in thin LiMP (40 μm) based cell. These enhancements are related to the enlarged surface area, as confirmed by higher adhesion of the electrode after precycling. Furthermore, the carbon materials are also believed to contribute to seeding for efficient lithium nucleation. Thus, thin carbon layers on current collectors can provide simple but powerful enhancements to the electrochemical performance of high-energy-density LMSBs.

Combination of pumpkin-derived biochar with nickel ferrite/FeNi3 toward low frequency electromagnetic absorption

The rapid development of electromagnetic communication and electronic technique has brought serious problems of EMI and electromagnetic radiation. Herein, a combined method of ball milling, hydrothermal and multiple calcination processes was utilized to synthesize pumpkin-derived biochar/nickel ferrite/FeNi3 composite. The nickel ferrite and FeNi3 nanoparticles are distributed uniformly on the surface of biochar, and the thin carbon layer formed on the surface of NPs endows a better impedance matching to the particles. The excellent low frequency absorption performance can be achieved via the cooperative effect of dielectric and magnetic wastage mechanisms i.e., low frequency natural resonance, abundant interface polarization, dipolar polarization, conductive loss, multi-reflection and scatter etc. The maximum RL value achieves − 59.29 dB at 1.30 GHz with the effective absorption bandwidth of 1.34 GHz (0.76–2.1 GHz), declaring this biochar/nickel ferrite/FeNi3 ternary hybrid could be used as one kind of efficient low frequency electromagnetic absorbent.

Surface passivation of applying a thin carbon coating toward significantly thermal stable SrSi2O2N2: Eu2+ green phosphors

A lot of efforts have been devoted to improving the stability of phosphors. Due to the high stability and high transmittance of graphene material, we deposited a thin carbon layer on the surface of SrSi2O2N2: Eu2+ phosphor particles by chemical vapor deposition method as to improve its thermal and chemical stability. Chemical composition and microstructure of the coated particles were characterized and analyzed in detail. After coating, the carbon was attached on the phosphor in an amorphous form. The carbon coating alleviated the oxidation of Eu2+, which enhanced the luminous stability and extended the service time of the phosphors. The results showed that the carbon-coated phosphors better retained luminescence intensity at high temperatures. In addition, its oxidation resistance and thermal stability of fabricated LED had also been improved. Therefore, applying carbon coating on the phosphor is an effective way to improve the luminous stability of the phosphor.

Hierarchical hollow sea-urchin-like Ni–Co diselenide encapsulated in N-doped carbon networks as an advanced core-shell bifunctional electrocatalyst for fabrication of nonenzymatic glucose and hydrogen peroxide sensors

The design of bimetallic selenide configurations has been regarded as a feasible strategy to modulate the electronic structure of the electrocatalysts for sensors application. In this sense, unique hierarchical porous three-dimensional Ni–Co diselenide nanowires (3D Co0.6Ni0.4Se2 NWs) coated with N-doped carbon thin layer (3D N-C@Co0.6Ni0.4Se2 NWs) with hollow sea-urchin-like overall morphology were fabricated and used as an effectual bifunctional electrocatalyst for glucose oxidation and hydrogen peroxide reduction. Regarding the advantages of this porous and 3D structure, the N-C@Co0.6Ni0.4Se2 NWs offer abundant electrochemical-active sites, high availability to the electrolyte/analyte, and high conductivity due to the synergistic effect of bi-metals, coated N-doped carbon and selenide. As an amperometric glucose sensor, it shows a high sensitivity of 1439 and 239 μA mM−1 cm−2 and wide linear range from 0.5 μM to 2.2 mM and 2.2 mM–12.2 mM with a low detection limit of 0.16 μM. Moreover, amperometric H2O2 sensing will be recognized with a sensitivity of 89 and 31.8 μA mM−1 cm−2, a linear range from 0.5 μM to 6 mM and 6 mM–15 mM, and a detection limit of 0.16 μM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the developed sensor shows a great potential in determining glucose and H2O2 in biological real samples.

Exploring a particle-size-reduction strategy of YAG:Ce phosphor via a chemical breakdown method

Particle size reduction of Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG:Ce) phosphor is highly needed for micro-LED display applications. In this work, size control of YAG:Ce phosphor particles is achieved via carbon coating and further heat treatment. A thin layer of carbon is deposited on the surface of YAG:Ce by chemical vapor deposition. During the heat treatment, carbon reacts with oxygen element in the phosphor and escapes from phosphor particles. The reaction results in the phosphor breaking into smaller particles. The phosphors were characterized by laser light scattering for particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy for morphologies, X-ray diffraction refinements for crystal structure and electron energy-loss spectroscopy for elemental analysis. It is demonstrated that the median diameter (D50) of the phosphor particle size is significantly reduced from 19.1 to 0.96 μm yet the photoluminescent properties have little changes. The carbon coating and further heat treatment method show potential application in size control of phosphors.

Carbon Nanotube-Based Sulfur Cathode with a Mesoporous Carbon-Silica Composite for Long Cycle Life Li-S Batteries.

The use of carbon nanotube (CNT) films as a sulfur host is a promising approach to improve the sulfur loading and energy density of Li-S batteries. However, the inability to durably incorporate polysulfides within the cathode structure results in a limited cycle life. Herein, we propose a CNTbased sulfur cathode with carbon-coated ordered mesoporous silica (c-OMS) to overcome the cycle performance issue. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies on the c-OMS prepared in this work revealed that the wall surface of OMS was evenly coated with an extremely thin carbon layer. The sulfur-CNT cathode with c-OMS retained a remarkably improved capacity (942 mAh g-1) with excellent cycling stability (91%) after 100 cycles as well as significantly high sulfur utilization in the first cycle compared with the sulfur-CNT cathode with OMS. This result may stem from the surface property of c-OMS with high chemical affinity towards electrolyte solvents.