Thin Carbon Layer Research Articles

SnSex (x = 1, 2) nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanospheres with reversible electrochemical behaviors for lithium-ion half/full cells

• SnSe x ⊂ CNSs (x = 1, 2) obtained by different in-situ selenation temperature. • SnSe x ⊂ CNSs show excellent electrochemical performances in half/full cells. • Reversible conversions of SnSe x ⊂ CNSs confirmed by ex-situ XRD. • More intermediate Li 2 Se in SnSe 2 ⊂ CNSs display excellent ion kinetics. • SnSe 2 ⊂ CNSs present batter electrochemical performance than SnSe ⊂ CNSs. Tin selenide materials, including SnSe and SnSe 2 , have larger interlayer spacing, weaker van der Waals forces still suffer undesirable volume changes as lithium-ion battery anodes. Herein, we successfully synthesized hierarchical SnSe x (x = 1, 2) nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanospheres (SnSe x ⊂ CNSs) by facile in-situ selenation method at different temperature. Partially diffused SnSe x nanoparticles form halo surrounding the SnSe x core with spare inner void space, coupled with thin carbon layer could enhance ionic transport and buffer volume expansion of SnSe x in Li + insertion/desertion processes. The SnSe ⊂ CNSs and SnSe 2 ⊂ CNSs anodes all deliver high initial coulombic efficiency, superior cycle stability and excellent rate capability. SnSe ⊂ CNSs//LiMn 2 O 4 and SnSe 2 ⊂ CNSs//LiMn 2 O 4 full cells also exhibit outstanding electrochemical properties. Furthermore, ex-situ X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrate the detailed reaction mechanisms and confirm the reversible conversions of SnSe ⊂ CNSs and SnSe 2 ⊂ CNSs. The comparison of dynamic behaviors of them by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry at different cycles confirm the existence of more intermediate Li 2 Se in SnSe 2 ⊂ CNSs, which could enhance the ion kinetics and improve rate capability. Thus, lower synthesis temperature, lower Li + migration energy barrier, outstanding electrochemical performance, and higher excellent ion kinetics of SnSe 2 ⊂ CNSs suggest that our synthesized SnSe 2 ⊂ CNSs are more suitable as LIB anodes to increase the energy density.

Hollow Cuprous Oxide@Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanocapsules for Cascade Chemodynamic Therapy.

Cuprous-based nanozymes have demonstrated great potential for cascade chemodynamic therapy (CDT) due to their higher catalytic efficiency and simple reaction conditions. Here, hollow cuprous oxide@nitrogen-doped carbon (HCONC) dual-shell structures are designed as nanozymes for CDT oncotherapy. This HCONC with a size distribution of 130 nm is synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method using cupric nitrate and dimethyl formamide as precursors. The thin-layer carbon (1.88 nm) of HCONC enhances the water-stability and reduces the systemic toxicity of cuprous oxide nanocrystals. The dissolved Cu+ of HCONC in acid solution induces a Fenton-like reaction and exhibits a fast reaction rate for catalyzing H2 O2 into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH). Meanwhile, the formed Cu+ consumes oversaturated glutathione (GSH) to avoid its destruction of ROS at the intracellular level. In general, both cellular and animal experiments show that HCONC demonstrates excellent antitumor ability without causing significant systemic toxicity, which may present tremendous potential for clinical cancer therapy.

Boosting the potassium-ion storage performance enabled by engineering of hierarchical MoSSe nanosheets modified with carbon on porous carbon sphere

Developing suitable electrode materials capable of tolerating severe structural deformation and overcoming sluggish reaction kinetics resulting from the large radius of potassium ion (K+) insertion is critical for practical applications of potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, a superior anode material featuring an intriguing hierarchical structure where assembled MoSSe nanosheets are tightly anchored on a highly porous micron-sized carbon sphere and encapsulated within a thin carbon layer (denoted as Cs@MoSSe@C) is reported, which can significantly boost the performance of PIBs. The assembled MoSSe nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing and rich anion vacancy can facilitate the intercalation/deintercalation of K+ and guarantee abundant active sites together with a low K+ diffusion barrier. Meanwhile, the thin carbon protective layer and the highly porous carbon sphere matrix can alleviate the volume expansion and enhance the charge transport within the composite. Under these merits, the as-prepared Cs@MoSSe@C anode exhibits a high reversible capacity (431.8 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1), good rate capability (161 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1), and superior cyclic performance (70.5% capacity retention after 600 cycles at 1 A g−1), outperforming most existing Mo-based S/Se anodes. The underlying mechanisms and origins of superior performance are elucidated by a set of correlated in-situ/ex-situ characterizations and theoretical calculations. Further, a PIB full cell based on Cs@MoSSe@C anode also exhibits an impressive electrochemical performance. This work provides some insights into developing high-performance PIBs anodes with transition-metal chalcogenides.

Carbon-coated ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles as an efficient, robust and recyclable catalyst for photocatalytic ozonation of organic pollutants

ZnFe2O4 is a promising photocatalyst in the advanced oxidation process for wastewater treatment due to its unique electronic and magnetic properties. Nevertheless, its practical application is greatly restrained by the high recombination rate of photoinduced charge carriers and the leaching of metal ions. Herein, carbon-coating strategy was employed to advance ZnFe2O4 photocatalyst by virtue of the unique functionalities of carbon layer. ZnFe2O4 coated with thin carbon-layer (ZFO@C) exhibited improved separation of photogenerated charge carriers and increased utilization of ozone, resulting in an enhanced photocatalytic ozonation of organic contaminants. Meanwhile, the carbon coating also inhibited the leaching of metals, which endowed ZFO@C with a robust durability for wastewater treatment. Furthermore, ZFO@C was easily separated by applying an external magnetic field. This study demonstrates that carbon-coated metal oxide semiconductors should be a promising catalyst for the remediation of organic pollutants.

Scalable synthesis of novel V2O3/carbon composite as advanced cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are now receiving incremental attention because of their inherent security and reduced cost of metal zinc. As one type of promising cathode candidates for AZIBs, V2O3-based materials have been widely investigated due to the special tunnel structure and high energy density. Nevertheless, the wide application of V2O3-based materials is still limited by the weak reaction kinetics, inferior cycling stability as well as unsatisfying strategies for large-scale synthesis. Herein, we designed and synthesized V2O3/carbon composite with V2O3 coated with a thin carbon layer (denoted as B–V2O3@C) via a facile ball-milling route as cathode material for AZIBs. Benefiting from the desirable structural and process features, the bottlenecks above can be effectively addressed. As a result, the as-synthesized B–V2O3@C delivers a considerable reversible capacity (as high as 430 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1) and enhanced cycling stability (84 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles at 5000 mA g−1), which are much superior than the those of the commercial V2O3 (C–V2O3). Besides, the Zn-storage mechanism and application in full battery based on B–V2O3@C were successively investigated. This work might contribute to the possible large scale application of high-performance V2O3-based cathode materials for AZIBs.

New Phosphate Zn2Fe(PO4)2 Cathode Material for Nonaqueous Zinc Ion Batteries with Long Life Span.

Phosphate-based cathode materials attract much more attention and are widely used as energy storage materials based on their high economic efficiency and eco-friendly property, their stable potential plateau, and their high thermodynamic stability. A new phosphate family member, Zn2Fe(PO4)2 (ZFP), was successfully explored and synthesized by the scalable high-temperature annealing method, followed by coating a thin carbon layer to optimize the electrotonic conductivity. This obtained ZFP featuring with a tunnel structure can be utilized as a cathode material for Zn2+ ion extraction and insertion, in which Zn2+ ion diffusion behaviors primarily contribute the specific capacity. Based on the actual reversible capacity of ZFP@C of 73 mA h g-1, the application for zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) has potential due to its long life span. The electrochemical performance is primarily contributed from the high Zn2+ ion diffusion rate and low apparent activation energy. This new explored ZFP can accelerate the development of realizing ZIBs with long life span.

Carbon-Encapsulated Cobalt Phosphide Catalyst for Efficient Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide

Metal phosphides with high electronic conductivity are recognized as promising electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, we report a family of cobalt phosphides (CoP, CoP2, and CoP/CoP2) encapsulated in thin carbon layer as two-electron (2e-) ORR electrocatalysts for H2O2 production. Benefiting from the regulation of cobalt phosphide, CoP/CoP2@NPC exhibited the highest H2O2 yield among the three types of cobalt phosphides studied, with a high H2O2 selectivity (>90%) over a potential ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode. Continuous generation of H2O2 is achieved at an outstanding rate of 1.93 mol with a Faraday efficiency of 83%.

A new phosphate member: ZnMn2(PO4)2 as an advanced cathode material for aqueous and nonaqueous zinc ion batteries

Exploring an appropriate and economical efficient cathode material for zinc ion batteries plays an important role in overcoming current existing challenges and realizing final practical application. A novelty explored phosphate ZnMn2(PO4)2 coated by a thin carbon layer [ZnMn2(PO4)2 @C] was synthesized and employed as cathode material for both aqueous and nonaqueous zinc storage system, featuring with a tunnel structure and working as a host for the Zn2+ extraction and insertion. It shows a reversible specific capacity of 67 mA h g−1 in 1 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 aqueous system. When coupling with FePO4, the full batteries containing ZnMn2(PO4)2 @C presented a capacity of 174 mA h g−1 with a high voltage plateaus of 1.17 V vs. Zn/Zn2+ in Zn(TFSI)2 nonaqueous electrolyte. The Zn2+ diffusion behavior for ZnMn2(PO4)2 contributes the main electrochemical process and the diffusion coefficient is in a scope of 10−11–10–14 cm2 s−1 for aqueous system and 10−12–10–14 cm2 s−1 for nonaqueous system, respectively. Combined with the high thermal stability, the low ion apparent activation energy and high diffusion coefficient can guarantee the superior electrochemical performance. A new phosphate family member for next-generation aqueous and nonaqueous zinc ion batteries was explored.

High‐Energy Aqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitors via Synergistic Design of Electrodes Derived from Hierarchical Vanadium Dioxide Nanocomposites

AbstractThe energy density of aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) is confined by the narrow voltage and the mismatching between cathode and anode. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) can contemporaneously operate in both negative and positive potential windows for efficient aqueous ASCs. Nonetheless, their intrinsically inferior cycling stability and capacity seriously restrain the overall capacitive properties. Herein, a novel manganese dioxide (MnO2) coated VO2 (VO2@MnO2) with hierarchical structure is firstly fabricated as cathode with enlarged potential (0 to 1.2 V) and superb specific capacitance (608.9 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1). Subsequently, VO2 coated by a thin layer of carbon (VO2@C) owning high electric conductivity and superb structure stability is designed to match with VO2@MnO2 cathode. Eventually, the VO2@C//VO2@MnO2 aqueous ASCs exhibit stable voltage (2.2 V), maximal energy density (77.1 Wh kg−1) and favourable cycling stability. This research inspires the design and preparation of matchable electrode materials, providing a feasible method for the development of aqueous ASCs with broad voltage.

Direct Double Coating of Carbon and Nitrogen on Fluoride-Doped Li4Ti5O12 as an Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Graphite as a commercial anode for lithium-ion batteries has significant safety concerns owing to lithium dendrite growth at low operating voltages. Li4Ti5O12 is a potential candidate to replace graphite as the next-generation anode of lithium-ion batteries. In this work, fluoride-doped Li4Ti5O12 was successfully synthesized with a direct double coating of carbon and nitrogen using a solid-state method followed by the pyrolysis process of polyaniline. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the addition of fluoride is successfully doped to the spinel-type structure of Li4Ti5O12 without any impurities being detected. The carbon and nitrogen coating are distributed on the surface of Li4Ti5O12 particles, as shown in the Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) image. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image shows a thin layer of carbon coating on the Li4Ti5O12 surface. The fluoride-doped Li4Ti5O12 has the highest specific discharge capacity of 165.38 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and capacity fading of 93.51% after 150 cycles compared to other samples, indicating improved electrochemical performance. This is attributed to the synergy between the appropriate amount of carbon and nitrogen coating, which induced a high mobility of electrons and larger crystallite size due to the insertion of fluoride to the spinel-type structure of Li4Ti5O12, enhancing lithium-ion transfer during the insertion/extraction process.

Sedimentary and reservoir characteristics of an Oligocene-Miocene mixed siliciclastic-carbonate succession in southeast Iraq

The Cenozoic mixed siliciclastic-carbonate succession in southeastern Iraq is an essential and unique reservoir in the region. However, the current understanding of its sedimentology and reservoir characteristics is insufficient. In this study, its sequence stratigraphy, depositional history, and reservoir characteristics are investigated by combining seismic and well log data, core observations, and porosity and permeability measurements from several oilfields in southeastern Iraq. Two types of shallow marine deposits in two third-order sequences are established. Ten facies associations are identified in the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate deposit: the carbonate-dominated type, including sabkha, lagoon, intertidal-subtidal mudflat sandflat, and shoal; the mixed type, including foreshore and shoreface, and; the siliciclastics-dominated type, including distributary channel, interdistributary bay, and crevasse. The lower third-order sequence formed in a siliciclastic delta-dominated shallow marine system, resulting in two patterns of reciprocal mixed deposition, one forming between different system tracts and the other forming between thin carbonate and sandstone layers in the highstand system tract; the factors controlling the deposition of this reciprocal mixed system include allocyclic processes such as sediment supply, sea-level change, and tectonic activities. In contrast, the upper third-order sequence was deposited in a carbonate tidal-dominated shallow marine system, mainly forming a coeval mixed deposition controlled by various hydrodynamic factors. The reservoir quality of the coeval mixed reservoir is facies dependent and diagenesis influenced. The shoreface and parts of the tidal mudflat and lagoon are the favorable reservoir facies; in this reservoir, the strong hydrodynamic depositional environment and the syn-depositional selective dissolution are the advantageous controlling factors. In the reciprocal mixed reservoir, the petrophysical properties of the sandstone layers are better than that of the carbonate layers, causing the carbonate layers to act as interlayers or baffles to some extent. Thus, horizontal well fracturing and vertical wells are recommended for exploiting the coeval and reciprocal mixed reservoirs, respectively. This study helps to better understand mixed siliciclastic-carbonate reservoirs and provides support for oil development in the Middle East region.

MOF-derived MoP nanorods decorated with a N-doped thin carbon layer as a robust lithiophilic and sulfiphilic nanoreactor for high-performance Li–S batteries

A MoP@NC/PCNFs-modified Celgard separator was designed for use in lithium–sulfur batteries.

3D Fe-MOF embedded into 2D thin layer carbon nitride to construct 3D/2D S-scheme heterojunction for enhanced photoreduction of CO2

Regulating charge transfer to achieve specific transfer path can improve electron utilization and complete efficient photoreduction of CO2. Here, we fabricated a S-scheme heterojunction of CN/Fe-MOF by an in-situ assembly strategy. The S-scheme charge transfer mechanism was confirmed by band structure, electron spin resonance (ESR) and work function (Φ) analysis. On the one hand, the response of Fe-MOF in the visible region improved the utilization of light energy, thus increasing the ability of CN/Fe-MOF to generate charge carriers. On the other hand, CN, as the active site, not only had strong adsorption capacity for CO2, but also retained photogenerated electrons with high reduction capacity because of S-scheme charge transfer mechanism. Hence, in the absence of any sacrificial agent and cocatalyst, the optimized 50CN/Fe-MOF obtained the highest CO yield (19.17 μmol g−1) under UV-Vis irradiation, which was almost 10 times higher than that of CN. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectra not only revealed that the photoreduction of CO2 occurred at the CN, but also demonstrated that the S-scheme charge transfer mechanism enabled 50CN/Fe-MOF to have a stronger ability to generate HCOO− than CN.

Metal–organic-framework-derived vanadium(iii) phosphate nanoaggregates for zinc-ion battery cathodes with long-term cycle stability

The distinctively manipulated thin-carbon layer coated VPO4 nano aggregates via in situ transformation of a vanadium-based MIL-47 precursor were demonstrated as a highly stable and high-rate capable cathode material in aqueous Zn-ion batteries.

Ordered Porous TiO2@C Layer as an Electrocatalyst Support for Improved Stability in PEMFCs

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the most promising clean energy source in the 21st century. In order to achieve a high power density, electrocatalytic performance, and electrochemical stability, an ordered array structure membrane electrode is highly desired. In this paper, a new porous Pt-TiO2@C ordered integrated electrode was prepared and applied to the cathode of a PEMFC. The utilization of the TiO2@C support can significantly decrease the loss of catalyst caused by the oxidation of the carbon from the conventional carbon layer due to the strong interaction of TiO2 and C. Furthermore, the thin carbon layer coated on TiO2 provides the rich active sites for the Pt growth, and the ordered support and catalyst structure reduces the mass transport resistance and improves the stability of the electrode. Due to its unique structural characteristics, the ordered porous Pt-TiO2@C array structure shows an excellent catalytic activity and improved Pt utilization. In addition, the as-developed porous ordered structure exhibits superior stability after 3000 cycles of accelerated durability test, which reveals an electrochemical surface area decay of less than 30%, considerably lower than that (i.e., 80%) observed for the commercial Pt/C.

Integrated Full‐Spectrum Solar Energy Catalysis for Zero‐Emission Ethylene Production from Bioethanol

AbstractEthylene, a hydrocarbon (C2H4), is one of the widely used products in the chemical industry. A traditional dehydration method of ethanol to ethylene relies strongly on high‐temperature and high‐pressure process with significant energy consumption. In this regard, producing ethylene from bioethanol through dehydration is a promising and sustainable approach, but, this process under mild conditions results in low yields and poor selectivity. Herein, an integrated solar energy catalytic system driven by only sun energy under ambient conditions is established for the first time for bioethanol dehydration using oxygen‐vacancy‐abundant (Ov) WO3 coupled with a thin layer of carbon coating (CL) (WO3−x@C). A record‐high ethylene selectivity of 98.1% is achieved driven by full solar spectrum without any external power, featuring zero pollution emission nature. In this process, Ov acts as a solid acid center, which is the key to initiate the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene via a solar thermal process, while the CL promotes solar thermal synergy, ensuring the high reaction temperature and hot carriers transmission simultaneously. In‐situ infrared spectroscopy and thermodynamic calculations demonstrate a novel proton hydrogen‐mediated catalytic process over WO3−x@C. This work provides a new opportunity of using full‐spectrum solar energy for catalytic generation of value‐added chemicals.

Enzymeless copper microspheres@carbon sensor design for sensitive and selective acetylcholine screening in human serum

Follow up of neuronal disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases using simple, sensitive, and selective assays is urgently needed in clinical and research investigation. Here, we designed a sensitive and selective enzymeless electrochemical acetylcholine sensor that can be used in human fluid samples. The designed electrode consisted of a micro spherical construction of Cu-metal decorated by a thin layer of carbon (CuMS@C). A simple and one-pot synthesis approach was used for Cu-metal controller formation with a spherical like structures. The spherical like structure was formed with rough outer surface texture, circular build up, homogeneous formation, micrometric spheres size (0.5 −1 µm), and internal hollow structure. The formation of a thin layer of carbon materials on the surface of CuMS sustained the catalytic activity of Cu atoms and enriched negatively charge of the surface. CuMS@C acted as a highly active mediator surface that consisted of Cu metal as a highly active catalyst and carbons as protecting, charge transport, and attractive surface. Therefore, the CuMS@C surface morphology and composition played a key role in various aspects such as facilitated ACh diffusion/loading, increased the interface surface area, and enhanced the catalytic activity. The CuMS@C acted as an electroactive catalyst for ACh electrooxidation and current production, due to the losing of two electrons. The fabricated CuMS@C could be a highly sensitive and selective enzymeless sensor for detecting ACh with a detection limit of 0.1 µM and a wide linear range of 0.01 – 0.8 mM. The designed ACh sensor assay based on CuMS@C exhibited fast sensing property as well as sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reusability for detecting ACh in human serum samples. This work presents the design of a highly active electrode surface for direct detection of ACh and further clinical investigation of ACh levels.

Nitrogen-Doped and Carbon-Coated Activated Carbon as a Conductivity Additive-Free Electrode for Supercapacitors

The development of supercapacitors with high volumetric capacitance and high-rate performance has been an important research topic. Activated carbon (AC), which is a widely used material for supercapacitor electrodes, has different surface structures, porosities, and electrochemical properties. However, the low conductivity of the electrode material is a major problem for the efficient use of AC in supercapacitors. To tackle this challenge, we prepared conductive, additive-free electrodes for supercapacitors by a simple one-pot treatment of AC with melamine (nitrogen source), pitch, and sucrose (both carbon source). Nitrogen-doped and carbon-coated AC was successfully generated after high-temperature heat treatment. The AC was doped with approximately 0.5 at.% nitrogen, and coated with carbon leading to a decreased oxygen content. Thin carbon layers (~10 nm) were coated onto the outer surface of the AC, as shown in TEM images. The modification of the AC surface with a sucrose source is favorable, as it increases the electrical conductivity of AC up to 3.0 S cm−1, which is 4.3 times higher than in unmodified AC. The electrochemical performance of the modified AC was evaluated by conducting agent-free electrode. Although the obtained samples had slightly reduced surface areas after the surface modification, they maintained a high specific surface area of 1700 m2 g−1. The supercapacitor delivered a specific capacitance of 70.4 F cc−1 at 1 mA cm−1 and achieved 89.8% capacitance retention even at a high current density of 50 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the supercapacitor delivered a high energy density of 24.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 4650 W kg−1. This approach can be extended for a new strategy for conductivity additive-free electrodes in, e.g., supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells.

Silicotungstic acid-supported C@SiO2 nanospheres as an efficient oxidative desulfurization catalyst

Keggin-type silicotungstic acid (SiW12)-supported on the silica gel microspheres modified with a thin carbon layer (SiW12@C@SiO2) was successfully synthesized through one-step in-situ pyrolysis of the precursor, which was consisted of a SiO2 core and a shell made up of cross-linked polyvinylimidazole (CPVI) and SiW12. The as-prepared SiW12@C@SiO2 catalyst showed an enhanced oxidative desulfurization (ODS) performance of dibenzothiophene (DBT) with H2O2 as oxidant. The defective SiW12 formed under the proper calcination temperature exposed the more active sites, so as to enhance its catalytic activity. In addition, the ODS performance was still promoted by the dispersed loading of the defective SiW12 on the carrier. Therefore, SiW12@C@SiO2 exhibited a higher kinetic constant (0.1621 min−1) and lower apparent activation energy (40.94 kJ/mol), and made 500 ppm of DBT removed completely at 60 °C within 20 min. More importantly, SiW12@C@SiO2 presented an excellent reusability.

NMC811 Carbon Core Shell Materials for High-Performance 18650 Ni-Rich Li-Ion Batteries

Rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIB) have been extensively studied and become one of the essential energy storage devices for many applications, especially for electric vehicles (EVs). To date, Ni-rich materials such as lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2; x ≥ 0.6) are believed to be the next-generation cathodes due to their low-cost, high capacity, and high operating voltage.2-4 However, the practical application of these materials has not yet been fully developed because of many intrinsic drawbacks. Herein, a surface coating approach using a green scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process is introduced to prepare an infusing thin layer carbon nanosphere shell to improve the intrinsic drawbacks of NMC811 including poor electrical conductivity, Li+/Ni2+ cation mixing, parasitic reactions with electrolytes, and micro-crack formation. The in operando XRD measurement confirms the fast and uniform phase transition with low Li diffusion/kinetics hindrance. The structural integrity of NMC811cs is not affected by the abrupt shrinkage in c-axis as it shows better cycling stability compared to the pristine NMC811 with less variation in c-direction. The formation of CO2 and H2 at high SOC over 4.0 V can also be minimized as observed by online DEMS. Finally, the practical application of the NMC811cs is demonstrated by the 18650 battery prototype which shows higher specific capacity and energy as well as excellent cycling stability compared to the pristine NMC811. This work provides both fundamental understanding and economical strategy towards highly stable and practical high-energy Li-ion batteries.