Thin Layer Chromatography Profile Research Articles

Standardisation of Kuvalayaghrta: A Potential Nootropic Supplement

Nootropics are groups of medicines which are known to act as memory enhancers. There is a growing need for such medicines from alternate systems of medicine to prevent or delay memory loss and related disorders. Classical textbooks in Ayurveda describe a group called as Medhya Rasayana, which act as neuro-nutrients. Chathushkuvalaya Rasayana is one such ghee preparation mentioned in Ashtangahrdaya. In it, Kuvalaya, botanically identified in Kerala as Monochoria vaginalis Presl. is the only herbal ingredient. Though Kuvalaya has been considered widely as a memory enhancer, there is scarce published literature regarding standardisation aspects of Kuvalaya ghrta. In this work, we have phytochemically standardized the ingredients of Kuvalayaghrta including its Atomic Absorption spectroscopy, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profiling followed by the preparation of the ghrta(ghee) according to the standard procedure mentioned in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Kuvalayaghrta was also standardised physicochemically and was found to be safe for internal administration. All the observations obtained in this study can be used for future reference.

Thin Layer Chromatographic Profiling, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder whose frequency is speedily increasing everywhere on the planet. According to the World HealthOrganization (WHO), a United Nations Agency, polygenic diseases are going to be the seventh leading reason for death in 2030. Several healthful plants like Citrullus lanatus, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Murraya koenigii are used for the treatment of diabetes disorders in the Indian medicine system and different ancient systems of the world. These three plant leaves were collected from Vadodara and Anand, Gujarat. Thin layer chromatography profiling of all three plant leaves confirmed the presence of various common classes of phytochemicals such as rutin, gallic acid, tannic acid, and quercetin in both cities. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of a particular leaf revealed various retention factor values in the range of 0.01 to 0.97. Also, C. lanatus, T. foenum-graecum, and M. koenigii plant leaves confirmed the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity but C. lanatus from Anand city was found to be the best plant. The study will help in the future to identify this plant for further research in industries and pharmaceutical companies.

Analytical Profiling of Saffron (Crocus sativus) using 1H-NMR and FTIR based Metabolomics approach and UV-Vis, HPTLC and TLC Chromatography Fingerprinting

Crocus sativus L. commonly known as saffron or Kesar in India, is an important medicinal herb in Ayurveda and has been traditionally used for treatment of neurological disorders, for depression, anxiety and sleep disorders. It is uses as a coloring and flavouring agent in the preparation of various foods. Modern research has high lighted its beneficial effects in treatment of cardiovascular action, diabetic cataract, and as a potent antiinflammatory herb. Due to its high cost its quality control is of utmost importance to ensure its authenticity, purity and its medicinal properties. In the preset study the we have used Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis, High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint, UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) based metabolomic study for quality control and characterization of saffron. The antibacterial and antifungal activity were evaluated using agar well-diffusion method in two pathogenic bacterial strains, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and two pathogenic fungal strains, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. The 1H NMR spectroscopy couples with FTIR analysis leads to identifcation of the secondary metabolites of saffron like crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal on basis of reported diagonostic signals and peaks. The antimicrobial activity showed moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity. The TLC and HPTLC profile reveals the characteristic fingerprint. Overall the present study showed that the 1H-NMR, FTIR based metabolomics approach and TLC and HPTLC metabolite profiling can be powerful strategy for maintaining the holistic quality of the saffron.

Antimalarial Potential of Fraction 5 from Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Artocarpus Altilis

Background: Artocarpus altilis leaf extract (AAL.E) was separated by VLC, and six fractions were obtained. Fraction 5 (AAL.E.5) showed antimalarial activity with an IC50 value of 3.71 µg/mL. Objective: This study aimed to determine the antimalarial activity of AAL.E.5 subfractions against P. falciparum, the mechanism of action against Plasmodium Falciparum Malate quinone oxidoreductase (PfMQO), and the active substances. Methods: The AAL.E.5 was separated by open-column chromatography and eluted with chloroform-methanol gradient elution in order of increasing polarity. The antimalarial activity of all subfractions was assessed using a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay against P. falciparum and the mechanism of action of the PfMQO enzyme. The profiles of the most active subfractions were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results: The separation of fraction 5 (AAL.E.5) yielded 11 subfractions (AAL.E.5.1–AAL.E.5.11). Screening antimalarial activity at 10 μg/mL in this subfraction showed that only five subfractions (AAL.E.5.6-AAL. E.5.10) inhibited P. falciparum and two subfractions (AAL.E.5.6 and AAL.E.5.10) inhibited the PfMQO enzyme. Only subfraction 6 (AAL.E.5.6) inhibited both, with IC50 values of 6.609 µg/mL and 20.34 µg/mL. The thin layer chromatography profile of AAL.E.5.6 revealed reddish-orange spots, indicating the presence of flavonoid compounds, and was also presumed from the UV-visible to HPLC chromatogram for band I in the 300 – 400 nm range and band II in the 240–285 nm range. Conclusion: Subfraction 6 has antimalarial activity against P. falciparum and is thought to have a mechanism of action in PfMQO. Based on the TLC, HPLC, and UV-Vis spectra, subfraction 6 was assumed to be a flavonoid.

Multiple factor analysis of genetic and metabolite profiles as an improved strategy for potential Bacillus biocontrol agent selection to control crown gall and fire blight diseases

We aimed to improve the screening method for the selection of Bacillus biocontrol agents against crown gall and fire blight diseases caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Erwinia amylovora, respectively. The relationship between the strain biocontrol ability and the secondary metabolites biosynthetic gene profile, the production of antibacterial compounds, the thin layer chromatography, and Rep-PCR profiles was investigated. The Bacillus strains showed variability in their antibacterial activity as well as their lipopeptide, polyketide, and bacilysin biosynthetic gene profiles. The thin layer chromatography of the methanolic extracts and the Rep-PCR banding patterns showed relatively low heterogeneity. The study of the relationship between variables was performed using the multiple-factor analysis differentiating strains according to their biocontrol ability. Interestingly, the most efficient biocontrol strains against both phytopathogens could be identified by the use of specific profiles. New screening procedures of Bacillus biocontrol agents against both diseases relying on the use of the antibacterial compound gene profile, the thin layer chromatography profile, or the Rep-PCR profile could be proposed. These markers are specific for Bacillus biocontrol agents, which may prove useful for the isolation and identification of new and effective biocontrol strains.

Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Flavonoid in Mulberry Leaf Extract

Abstract: Morus alba L., also known as white mulberry, has long been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of health conditions. The leaves of the plant are rich in polyphenols such as quercetin 3-(- malonylglucoside), rutin, isoquercitin, and cyaniding-3-rutinoside apigenin, luteolin, caffeic acid, gallic acid and umbelliferone, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, and flavonoids. In the present study, qualitative tests of leaf extracts showed significant indication of the presence of Flavonoids were found to be present in the leaf extracts, with a maximum concentration by using methanol and ethanol solvents. Using thin layer chromatography (TLC) profiling of plant extracts gives an impressive result that directing towards the existence of phytoconstituents. In addition, the alcoholic extracts for mulberry leaves contain a higher content of bioactive compounds, which can be used for further researches on this plant.

Phytochemical Screening, Chromatographic and Quantitative Study of Phenols and Flavonoids in Leaves of Oroxylum indicum and Pongamia pinnata

Number of secondary compounds is produced by plants as natural antioxidants. The current study's goal was to identify the phytochemical components, thin-layer chromatographic profile, total phenol, and total flavonoid content in the leaves of Pongamia pinnata and Oroxylum indicum (O. indicum) (P. pinnata). The well-known test protocol described in the literature was used to determine the qualitative analysis of different phytochemical constituents, thin-layer chromatography, and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids. By using the Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and the aluminium chloride method, respectively, phenolic and flavonoid quantities were analysed quantitatively. Both plants contained glycosides, flavonoids, diterpenes, phenol, proteins, saponins, and carbohydrates, according to a phytochemical analysis. Studies using thin-layer chromatography and various solvent systems revealed homogeneous spots with various Rf values. According to the findings of the current study, O. indicum and P. pinnata crude extracts are a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents that have significant antioxidant potential. The pharmaceutical industries, pharmacologists, and phytochemists will all benefit from the study's findings.

Shelf-Life Evaluation and Comparative High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Profile of Amavatari rasa: A Preliminary Study

ABSTRACT Background: In addition to safety and efficacy data, it is important to establish quality parameters for all drugs, including shelf life. Shelf life is the length of time that a product may be stored without becoming unfit for use, consumption, or sale. Every product in this universe has a definite shelf life. In Ayurveda texts, shelf life is known as Saviryata avadhi that is defined as the time period during which the potency (Virya) of any drug remains unaffected. Amavatari Rasa (AR) is an important formulation being used in Ayurvedic therapeutics; however, its shelf life is not reported till date. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate shelf life of AR through accelerated stability study. Materials and Methods: Accelerated stability study and comparative high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) profile were done to evaluate the shelf life of the AR. The formulation was prepared by using authentic raw material in the departmental laboratory by the following classical guidelines. It was evaluated by analyzing changes in physicochemical profiles of the product after keeping it at specific temperature (40°C ± 2°C) and relative humidity (75% ± 5%). Analysis was carried out at the intervals of 0, 3, and 6 months. Average 10% degradation time was calculated and extrapolated to find the shelf life as per the ICH guidelines. Results and Conclusion: In the present study, shelf life of AR was found to be 48 months; similar Rf values obtained in HPTLC analysis of AR initially and after 6 months showed the minimum deterioration of the product.

Therapeutic Potential of Dillenia indica L. in Attenuating Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Alloxan-Administered Diabetic Mice.

Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress accelerates the process of apoptosis in tissues. Dilleniaindica (DI) is a medicinal plant, and its fruit contains many therapeutic properties. The therapeutic activity of the Methanolic Fruit Extract (MFE) of DI in attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis in the liver and kidney tissues of alloxan-induced diabetic mice was analyzed in the present study. High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profiling of MFE was conducted. GLUT4 protein expression analysis and lipid peroxidation assays were conducted to check for MFE effect by administering in diabetic mice. An ultrastructural study was conducted for both the tissues. In apoptotic studies, the TUNEL assay and apoptotic protein expression analysis was conducted. High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profiling of MFE showed the presence of two crucial antioxidants, ascorbic acid, and naringenin. In GLUT-4 protein expression analysis, MFE suppresses hyperglycemia by upregulating GLUT4 protein expression. Lipid peroxidation assay showed a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) upon MFE administration in diabetic mice. An ultrastructural study was conducted, and MFE was found to restore cellular alterations in diabetic tissues. In apoptotic studies, the TUNEL assay shows that MFE treatment showed fewer apoptotic cells than the diabetic group. The study also observed decreased caspase 3 protein expression and increased Bcl-2 protein expression. Therefore, it is inferred from the study that MFE can exert a protective effect by suppressing hyperglycemia and modulating oxidative stress and apoptosis in alloxan-administered diabetic mice.

PREPARATION AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF A POLYHERBAL FORMULATION: KARKATI BEEJ CHURNA.

Herbal medicines, made up of different plants materials are used world wide to treat various disorders and are widely accepted by large number of population. But due to climatic changes and lack of knowledge w.r.t identification and preparation of the drugs, it is essential that quality evaluation of herbal medicines must be carried out to manifest the drug as potent and safe. Karkatibeej churna is an ayurvedic herbal formulation which is used in the treatment of urinary disorders. The present study focusses on the quality evaluation of Karkati beej churna w.r.t. parameters like organoleptic chracteristics, physicochemical parameters, microscopic evaluation, phytochemical screening and chromatographic profiling. A Thin layer chromatographic profile was obtained for saponins as saponins are considered as one of the plant diuretics. The results thus obtained for all the above mentioned parameters can be used for future references.

Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Fraksi Daun Kalangkala (Litsea angulata) Serta Profil Kromatografi Lapis Tipis

Traditionally the people of Kalimantan use kalangkala (Litsea angulata) to treat various diseases, one of which is diarrhea. It is known that kalangkala contains flavonoids that have antibacterial activity. Kalangkala leaf extract was tested for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli which is one of the bacteria that causes diarrhea by diffusion and dilution. Then flavonoid levels are determined by the Spectophotometry UV-Vis method and see how thin layer chromatography profiles at the fraction level to find out how much flavonoid compounds there are. The results showed that kalangkala leaf extract has antibacterial activity against E.coli by diffusion obtained the diameter of the inhibitory zone already visible at a concentration of 20 mg / ml. Dilutionally obtained the value of KHM at a concentration of 50% and KBM at a concentration of 100%. Flavonoid levels in the extract were 71,367 mg QE(Quercetin Equialen)/g, at the n-Hexane fraction of 8,367 mg QE(Quercetin Equialen)/g, at the ethyl acetate fraction of 6,700 mg QE(Quercetin Equialen)/g and at the aquadest fraction of 5,700 mg QE(Quercetin Equialen)/g. Profile of Thin-Layered Chromatogaphy of the n-Hexane fraction with n-Hexane : Ethyl Acetate (8:12) eluene appeared 7 stains, ethyl acetate fraction with ethyl acetate : N-Hexane (3:7) eluene appears 5 stains and aquadest fraction with butanol: acetic acid : aquadest (4:1:5) eluent appears 2 stains.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, TLC PROFILE AND 1H NMR ANALYSIS OF Passiflora foetida EXTRACTS

Passiflora foetida also known as red fruits passionflower is widely found in Malaysia. Previous studies on this plant reported its therapeutic properties such as anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-hyperpigmentation, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and antimicrobial activities. In this study, different parts of the plant (aerial, stem, leaf and fruit) were used for the phytochemical screening such as alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid and saponin tests. The aerial, leaf and stem parts show positive results in all tests, however, there are slightly different in color intensity of each test. The fruit, except for terpenoid, shows positive results in alkaloid, flavonoid and saponin tests. Then, thin layer chromatography (TLC) profile was carried out in various solvent systems including chloroform/methanol (9:1) solvent system and ethylacetate/hexane (1:9). The TLC profile shows that chloroform/methanol (9:1) solvent system give better separation of compounds as compared to ethylacetate/hexane (1:9) solvent system. There are characteristic spots found on the TLC plate that possibly attributed to the presence of flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids. Moreover, the fresh aerial part extract of P. foetida was analyzed using 1H-NMR and found some signals that indicated the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extract. This study can act as a preliminary study that provides the information on the metabolite profile of different parts of P. foetida and might be useful for the future study.

Preparation and preliminary physicochemical profile of Kaphaketu rasa

Introduction: Kaphaketu Rasa (KKR) is a classical herbomineral formulation mentioned for the treatment of deranged Kapha (~Dosha responsible for regulating body fluids and keeping the body constituents cohesive). It is made-up of Shuddha tankana (processed Borax), Pippali (Piper longum Linn.), Shankha bhasma (incinerated conch shell), Shuddha vatsanabha (Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes). Though, an important formulation, no published data is available till date. Herein, an attempt has been made to develop the preliminary profiles by following standard methods. Materials and Methods: KKR was manufactured by following the methods mentioned at Ayurvedic Formulary of India. The individual ingredients were processed and mixed thoroughly, levigated with the juice of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc). The preliminary analytical profile was developed by following the standard methods mentioned in respective volumes of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Results: About 41.9% increase in the yield was noticed in the manufacturing of KKR. The High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography profile of KKR revealed eight bands at 254 nm. X-ray diffraction showed calcite (CaCO3) as a major compound with an amorphous shape and structure. Inductive coupled plasmaoptical emission spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of mercury (1.05 mg/kg), lead (2.17 mg/kg), arsenic (3.43 mg/kg), calcium (9549.75 mg/kg), and cadmium (0.03 mg/kg). Conclusion: The preliminary profile developed can be considered as baseline data for future studies.

Pharmacognostic specifications and the antioxidant activity of Curcuma comosa Roxb. crude drugs

Curcuma comosa Roxb. is popularly used to treat gynecological problems but has no official monograph in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopeia (THP). This study characterized the selected pharmacognostic and physicochemical specifications and antioxidant potentials of C. comosa crude drugs. The pharmacognostic and physicochemical properties of two kinds of crude drugs were characterized according to the WHO quality control methods for herbal materials. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total phenolic content (TPC) were evaluated as per the standard method. The microscopic observation showed relatively large-sized starch granules, cortical parenchyma, vessel, and sclerenchyma fibre. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) profile demonstrated distinct separation with two major spots. The physicochemical evaluations specified as follow: moisture (8.87±1.37%), total ash (2.35±0.12%), acid-insoluble ash (0.80±0.08%), volatile oil (1.01±0.03%), water-soluble extractable (16.01±0.95%), and ethanol-soluble extractable (17.74±1.56%). The DPPH scavenging activity, FRAP, and TPC of the crude drugs were 765.56±80.50 mM Trolox equivalent (TE)/g dry weight (DW), 505.42±22.44 mM TE/g DW, and 46.09±2.27 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW. This study specified quality parameters of C. comosa crude drugs that might serve as the reference for the quality control purpose.

Phytopharmaceutical properties and quality assessment of two Himalayan medicinal plants, Meconopsis horridula and Meconopsis simplicifolia

IntroductionBhutanese traditional medicine (BTM) is an integral part of the mainstream health care system in Bhutan. It uses more than 230 species of medicinal plants, including the Meconopsis species. Although traditional BTM methods are used to check the quality of medicinal plants, these methods have limitations in differentiating the closely related species. There is a need for integrating traditional methods with modern analytical techniques to efficiently monitor the quality and safety of medicinal plants. Here, we studied two closely related Meconopsis species using both traditional and modern analytical approaches. Materials and methodsMeconopsis horridula Hook. F & Thompson and Meconopsis simplicifolia (D. Don) Walpers were collected from Lingzhi, Bhutan. The samples were tested and compared for physicochemical properties and extractive values. Their microscopy and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profiles were also compared. A literature review was performed to document isolated phytochemicals and their biological activities. ResultsTwo Meconopsis species revealed distinct macro-and microscopic characteristics. The physicochemical analysis and the HPTLC fingerprinting generated adequate data to authenticate these two species while preparing 16 essential traditional medicine drugs (ETMDs) in BTM. A literature review revealed that the two Meconopsis species contain alkaloids and flavonoids, which can be used as biomarker compounds for quality screening. ConclusionsM. horridula and M. simplicifolia could be differentiated based on their taxonomical features, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, HPTLC fingerprint profiles, and physicochemical values. The accomplished pharmacognostic properties of the two species can be used as important parameters in ensuring the quality and safety of BTM.

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies of Crotalaria retusa L. (Shanapuspi) dried roots

Abstract BACKGROUND: Crotalaria retusa L. belongs to the Fabaceae family and is found in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. In Ayurveda, its roots are used against hemoptysis. The roots of C. retusa are used in folklore medicine in many countries for the treatment of numerous diseases. Roots are used against fever, cough, dyspepsia, cardiac disorders, stomatitis, diarrhea, scabies, impetigo, and several other disorders. But so far, the pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of root has not been reported for proper identification. Hence, the present study was carried out for the establishment of quality parameters of the root of this plant. METHODS: Macroscopy, anatomical studies, powder analysis, physiochemical properties like ash values, extractive values, and high-performance thin layer chromatography profile of roots were done as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India guidelines. RESULTS: In powder microscopy, acicular crystals, elongated tracheids were observed. Water-soluble and alcohol-soluble extractive values were found to be 4.78% and 7.63%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The qualitative and quantitative standards established in this study can serve as a valuable authentication source of C. retusa L. roots.

Profiling Secondary Metabolite of Fresh and Fermented Marigold Flowers and Butterfly Pea Flowers

Communities in Bali use "Usada" as an essential plant for traditional medicine. Utilization of a plant as herbal medicine is based on the metabolites contained therein, such as in the marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) and butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.). Identification of secondary metabolite profiles was carried out by aerobic fermentation. This study aims to identify the secondary metabolite profiles of untreated extracts compared to fermented extracts. Aerobic fermentation is carried out by stacking fresh samples. Extraction by percolation using n-hexane for marigold flowers and methanol for butterfly pea flowers. The extract profile was analyzed by densitometric thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Separation pattern, retention time, and m/z fragmentation with LC-MS/MS. Determined antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, calculating the levels of total phenol (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and total carotenoids in each sample. The TLC profiles of control extracts and marigold flower fermentation were similar, However, in the fermented pea flower extract, the intensity of the spots was thicker, and a new compound was formed from the TLC pattern. The TPC of the control and fermented extracts ranged from 0,816 - 1,154 g GAE/100 g extract, the TFC ranged from 0,067 - 0,610 g QE/100 g extract, and the highest total carotenoid was in the fermented marigold flower extract with levels of 215 mg/g simplicia. All control and fermented extracts had antioxidant activity ranging from 46,71 ppm-75,30 ppm. LC-MS/MS analysis showed five compounds from the fermented butterfly pea flower extract, while the control only identified one compound. The fermentation process for each extract experienced changes in the profile of secondary metabolites, starting from UV absorption, spot intensity, compound levels, types of compounds contained, and their antioxidant activity.

Physico Chemical Analysis and HPTLC Evaluation of Kokilakshadi Kwatha Churna

Kokilakshadi Kashaya mentioned in Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Vataraktadhikara, it is a therapeutic formulation to treat Vatarakta. It is also used by Ayurvedic practitioners for treating hyperuricemia. The symptoms of hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis are similar to Vatarakta, a disease explained in classical Ayurvedic textbooks. Kokilakshadikwatha contains Kokilaksha and Guduchi and Pippalichurna given as Anupana of this formulation Physico chemical analysis of individual drug and formulation with modern parameters increase their scope and acceptance. The study was based on standard analytical parameters proposed by API. Method: Kokilakshadi Kwatha powder was evaluated for physico chemical analysis and phyto chemical screening. The analysis was done by using the parameters like Organoleptic features, loss on drying, acid soluble extractive, water soluble extractive. Results: Analytical parameters of individual drugs were done. All analytical parameter were within limit. Analytical parameter of Kokilakshadi Kwatha Churna like loss on drying 10.4%w/w, acid insoluble ash 0.79%, alcohol soluble extractive 11.2%w/w, water soluble extractive 7.8%w/w, pH 5.78 were obtained. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profile of Kokilakshadikwatha powder showed 13 peaks at 254nm and 14 peaks at 366nm. Preliminary phytochemical screening test revealed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids. Conclusion: The obtained data can be used for future comparative references

Thin Layer Chromatography of Secondary Metabolite Profiles and Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels of the Sawi Langit (Vernonia Cinerea L.) Extract that Growing on Peatlands

Peatland is a type of soil with a high organic content, typically more than 65 percent organic matter, high acidity, and low nutrient content. Vernonia cinerea, also known as Sawi Langit in Indonesia, is one of the nutritious plants. The community uses this herb to treat fevers, wounds, discomfort, and ulcers. The secondary metabolite concentration of plants in peatlands is affected by nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and pH. Find out the secondary metabolite content of Sawi Langit (Vernonia cinerea L.) leaf extract and the total flavonoid levels that grown on peatlands. The Rf value was estimated after the descriptive observational approach was obtained from the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) profile of secondary metabolites with spray reagents, and the quantitative data was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Sawi Langit plants were found growing on peatlands with a pH of 3.77, N-total of 1.51%, and C-Organic of 4.16%. The best eluent for separating compounds is chloroform: methanol: water (2:5:3) for flavonoid compounds, ethyl acetate: methanol: water (16:1:2) for alkaloid compounds, chloroform: methanol (9:1) for steroid compounds, n-hexane: ethyl acetate (12:8) for terpenoid compounds, ethyl acetic: chloroform: acetic acid (15:5:2) for tannin compounds, and chloroform: ethanol: water (10:6:1) for saponin compounds. Sawi langit (Vernonia cinerea L.) leaf extract has a total flavonoid concentration of 5.527 mgQE (Quersetin Equivalent)/g. Flavonoid, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins compounds were found in the TLC profile of Sawi Langit (Vernonia cinerea L.) leaf extract, and the total flavonoid content of the leaf extract of Sawi Langit (Vernonia cinerea L.) was 5.527 mgQE (Quersetin Equivalent)/g.

Beyond conventional biomass valorisation: pyrolysis-derived products for biomedical applications

Biomass valorisation is conventionally associated with the production of green biofuels. However, this could extend beyond the conventional perception of biomass application into other domains such as medical sciences. Acid condensate (AC) obtained from pyrolysis promises a good potential for biomedical applications, notably for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, concentrated AC extract (CACE) obtained from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of palm kernel shells was fractionated, and the resulting fractions were pooled according to similar thin layer chromatography profiles into combined fractions (CFACs). CFACs were evaluated for total phenolic content, antioxidant level, cytotoxicity, and wound healing activities toward human skin fibroblast cells (HSF 1184). CFAC-3 showed the highest total phenolic content (624.98 ± 8.70 µg GAE/mg of sample) and antioxidant activities (DPPH IC50 of 29.47 ± 0.74 µg/mL, ABTS of 1247.13 ± 27.89 μg TE/mg sample, FRAP of 24.26 ± 0.71 mmol Fe(II)/mg sample, HFRS of 257.74 ± 1.74 µg/mL) compared to CACE (DPPH IC50 of 81.76 ± 2.81 µg/mL, ABTS of 816.95 ± 30.49 μg TE/mg sample, FRAP of 9.22 ± 0.66 mmol Fe(II)/mg sample, HFRS of 689.30 ± 36.00 µg/mL), no cytotoxic properties at ≤50 µg/mL, and significantly faster wound closure (at 1.25 µg/mL) compared to the control 12 h after treatment. The phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) were upregulated, thus indicating that wound healing of CFAC-3 followed through this signalling pathway. To conclude, phenolic-rich CFAC-3 obtained from the pyrolysis of palm kernel shells demonstrated potential biomedical application as an alternative wound healing agent with high antioxidant and wound-healing activity. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to report on the wound healing activity of AC and its wound healing mechanism.