Thin Body Research Articles

Preconceito relacionado ao peso em imagens para a comunicação em saúde nas redes sociais

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the depiction of a fat body for health communication on the Instagram social network by the national societies governing obesity management present elements that enhance weight-related prejudice, with the slim body as a reference. Methods We investigated the last publication quintile, totaling 2,155 publications. A total of 72 images were included and 99 bodies were decoded. The bodies were classified according to positive and negative characteristics into four categories (body presentation, clothing, food and moving behavior) in which the negative characteristics have the potential to enhance the prejudice. The chi-square test was applied to test the difference in the proportion of bias elements associated with body weight between the fat body and the thin body. Results The fat body was more represented (p≤0.05 for all) headless (32.3% vs 9.2%), with bare abdomen (17.6% vs 0%), with a focus on the abdomen (11% vs 0% ), with tight clothes (32.3% vs 0%), sad expression (23.5% vs 6.1%), involved with food of low nutritional value (14.7% vs 0%) and in sedentary behavior ( 11% vs 0%) compared to the thin body. Conclusion National societies that govern management of obesity presented the fat body with more negative elements that enhance the prejudice associated with excess weight, which is an important public health problem.

Impact of Social Media on Eating Disorders in Adolescents and Emerging Therapies: A Review

The saying goes ‘You are what you eat’. This is in reference to a healthy and balanced diet which gives a boost to one’s mental and physical health. But in recent times, Eating Disorders (ED) are seen to increase among adolescents. These result from several factors, including prevalence of unhealthy dieting behaviours and unrealistic beauty images. Advertising has popularised a thin body ideal. Social media is influencing the young minds in their food choices. Constant use of pictures, advertisements, videos by celebrities and other social media influencers have caused an increase in body dissatisfaction especially among adolescents. The ideal body portrayed by media for women is a very thin body, perfect in shape, and for men it is a muscular and tall body image. The adolescent brain has increased levels of ‘neuroplasticity’ and hence is malleable that is it is highly responsive to being shaped and re-wired by the environment- which also includes diet and body images. Hence, the need of the hour is to set in place healthy dietary habits and exercise routine along with will power for lifelong healthy living.

“Optimizing” Health in the Time of COVID-19: How Neoliberal Health Orientations Dictate Families’ Responses

Neoliberal health orientations that emphasize specific health behaviors provide frameworks for how class-advantaged Americans understand themselves and their health. The family is a consequential pathway for such privilege to be enacted. Using dyadic interviews with U.S. parents and teenagers, the authors explore how families in two middle- to upper-middle-class, health-conscious cities reoriented their beliefs and practices around health in response to coronavirus disease 2019. Neoliberal health orientations were still the logic many families used to approach health, even as public health messaging focused on protecting vulnerable groups. The authors find that before and during the pandemic, teenagers experienced intense pressure to maintain a classed, thin body via diet, participation in sports, and exercise. Families that adhered closely to neoliberal ideals and encouraged these practices felt that their health behaviors boosted immune defenses against coronavirus disease 2019. However, parents and teenagers worried about the worsening of their fitness and diet. The authors discuss implications for public health and inequalities.

The role of body shape and mass in skimming on water

Over many years, there has been great practical interest in how solid bodies interact with and skim on liquid layers. In the present investigation, the focus is on the important role of body mass and shape in such skimming motions. Considering a thin two-dimensional solid body that impacts obliquely and then rebounds on a shallow inviscid water layer, we develop a mathematical model to predict quantitatively the duration and evolution of the body and fluid motions and indeed the success or failure of the whole skim. In the current setting, the shallow water layer thickness is small relative to the representative body length. The combined roles of increased mass and shape are found to be crucial, governed by a similarity solution. The relationship C ∼ M 2 / 3 between scaled body curvature and mass is identified and highlighted. In particular, increased convex curvature of the underbody is found to alter the interactive pressure in such a way that it inhibits the occurrence of a super-elastic response in the exit vertical velocity and height of the body, and in effect enables a much heavier body to skim successfully provided the above relationship is maintained.

Development of cycloidal planetary reducer

A cycloidal planetary reducer, which fulfils both high reduction ratio and low vibration in a thin and small body, had been proposed to cope with the further downsizing of DC motors. The reduction mechanism is inspired by the intellectual toy ‘Spirograph’ and structurally based on a planetary reducer. Instead of the internal gear of the planetary reducer, output plate with skid epitrochoid groove is introduced. The sun gear is connected to the input shaft and the planetary carrier works as a stator. The planetary gear has a pin that fits in the groove of the output plate. According to the rotation of the planetary gear, the output plate revolves in the counter direction with a speed in inverse proportional to the number of the skid epitrochoid. The prototype can realize higher reduction ratio compared to the planetary reducer without unpleasant vibration that is unavoidable in the cycloidal reducer. It is confirmed that the idling torque is very small with 0.006Nm, and the torque transmission efficiency is acceptable with 73%. But the torque fluctuation caused by the cam motion by the pin and groove is remarkable, which will be forthcoming challenges.

LONGITUDINAL TRANSIENT VIBRATIONS OF A FINITE MOMENT ELASTIC ROD

Non-stationary longitudinal vibrations of a moment elastic rod of finite length are investigated. To describe the motion of the rod, the system of equations of the general model of moment elastic thin bodies is used without additional hypotheses. The equations of this model take into account longitudinal movements, changes in the angle of independent microrotation, as well as transverse compression of the rod. The rod material is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. The system of equations of motion is supplemented by physical relations that describe the relationship of displacements, changes in angles and transverse compression with forces. In contrast to classical models, in addition to normal forces, additional force factors arise in a moment rod. They are: additional moments, moment cutting forces, moments of moment stresses. Accordingly, in addition to the elastic constants of the material, additional physical parameters of the medium are taken into account, which are necessary when taking into account moment effects in the material. The conditions of generalized hinged support are used as boundary conditions at the ends of the rod. The initial conditions are assumed to be zero. To construct the solution, expansions of the desired functions and the external load into trigonometric Fourier series are used. Substituting these expansions into the original relations leads to a system of equations for the coefficients of time-dependent series. To solve it, the integral Laplace transform a in time is used. As a result, expressions for the required coefficients of expansion series in the image space are found. Each of these expressions is the sum of three products. The factors in these products are the Laplace images of the coefficients of the Fourier expansions for the load and for the influence functions. Influence functions are fundamental solutions (Green's functions) of the problem under study. The original coefficients of the series for the influence functions are found analytically using residues. The final expressions for the coefficients of the expansion series of solutions have the form of convolutions in time. The cores of these integral representations are the original coefficients of the series for the influence functions. As an example, the response of a moment elastic rod to the action of a non-stationary axial load is considered. The results obtained are illustrated graphically. The practical convergence of expansion series is estimated.

Condition of bob veal calves on arrival at an abattoir in Ohio.

Previous research has shown surplus dairy calves arrive at 'formula-fed' veal operations in North America in sub-optimal condition; however, little is known about the condition of 'bob' veal calves on arrival at abattoirs. The objectives of this study were to assess the condition of bob veal calves on arrival at an abattoir in Ohio and determine risk factors for poor health outcomes. On arrival, 35 calves in each of 12 cohorts (n = 420 calves) were assessed using a standardised health examination. A blood sample was also collected to assess failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and hypoglycaemia. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the prevalence of poor health outcomes. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to identify if calf breed, sex, or source were risk factors for poor health outcomes. The most common physical health concern observed on arrival at the abattoir was dehydration (mean: 68.6%), followed by thin body condition (39.8%), and navel inflammation (25.7%). Approximately one-quarter (23.4%) of calves had FTPI and 73.4% were hypoglycaemic. Male calves were more likely than females to arrive hypoglycaemic. Hydration status was associated with breed; Jersey and crossbreed calves were less likely to be dehydrated than Holstein-Friesian calves. Buying station tended to be associated with FTPI. These results underline the need for more studies investigating morbidity, mortality, and their underlying risk factors to promote calf welfare prior to slaughter in each stage of the production chain: on the dairy farm of birth, during marketing, and in transit.

Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis Infection in Dogs in Maiduguri, Borno State

Dirofilaria immitis infection is a major potential life threatening disease of dogs with worldwide distribution and of zoonotic importance. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of D. immitis. A total of 250 blood samples were randomly collected from dogs in the study area. The examination for D. immitis infection was carried out based on the conventional and immunological procedures using wet mount and Buffy coat methods. The total prevalence of D. immitis was 100 (40.00%). The prevalence of D. immitis in the adult dogs was 62 (24.80%) while, in the young dogs was 38 (15.20%). The prevalence of D. immitis in the male dogs was 54 (21.60%) while, 46 (18.40%) was the prevalence of the female dogs. The prevalence of outdoor dogs was 64 (25.60%) while, that of the indoor dogs was 36 (14.40%). The dogs with thin body condition scores had a prevalence of 80 (32.00%) while, the overweight (obesed) dogs were 20 (8.00%). However, the prevalence of D. immitis is higher in the adult, male and outdoor dogs compared to the young, female and indoor dogs. Therefore, the present study revealed a high prevalence of D. immitis infection in the study area.

Exposure to thin and non-thin bodies elicits ‘feeling fat’: Validation of a novel state measure

‘Feeling fat’ refers to the subjective experience of carrying excess weight and relates to severity of eating pathology. Despite research suggesting that ‘feeling fat’ fluctuates across contexts, this construct is almost exclusively assessed in terms of frequency or as a trait. Examining state ‘feeling fat’ in response to external stimuli can inform us of the nature of this construct. In an experimental study, 290 community women were exposed to five categories of affective (pleasant, aversive, and neutral) and body (thin and non-thin) images in quasi-random order. Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) valence and arousal rating scales as well as a novel SAM ‘feeling fat’ scale were rated for each image. Theoretically-relevant constructs (i.e., trait ‘feeling fat’, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, eating pathology) were also measured. Body images elicited greater state ‘feeling fat’ than affective images, with images of non-thin bodies producing higher state ‘feeling fat’ than thin bodies. Positive correlations were observed between state ‘feeling fat’ in response to thin and all variables of interest, whereas associations between these variables and ‘feeling fat’ in response to non-thin images were small or non-significant. The development of a state measure of ‘feeling fat’ allows for the investigation of triggers of this bodily experience and will facilitate future research.

Electromagnetic scattering analysis of large-area vegetation based on multilevel periodic fast multipole algorithm

The electromagnetic scattering of ground objects always has important application value in remote sensing, detection, anti-stealth and other fields. Among them, vegetation has received extensive attention due to its wide variety and uneven distribution. With the expansion of the scene, the theoretical model of vegetation electromagnetic scattering becomes more and more complex, the calculation amount increases sharply, and the solution accuracy decreases. It is urgent to establish a full-wave simulation method that can accurately and fast analyze the electromagnetic scattering of vegetation. To solve this problem, this paper establishes a hybrid integral equation for solving the objects with thin dielectric sheets (TDS) and dielectric bodies, and calculates the electromagnetic scattering of large-area vegetation by simulating an infinite periodic scene. In addition, the periodic Green's function (PGF) is expanded by the multilevel periodic fast multipole algorithm (MLP-FMA), which further improves the computational efficiency. The method proposed in this paper provides model and theoretical support for the electromagnetic scattering simulation of actual large-scale vegetation scenes.

Investigation of Soft Magnetic Material Fe-6.5Si Fracture Obtained by Additive Manufacturing.

The freeform capability additive manufacturing (AM) technique and the magnetic efficiency of Fe-6.5Si steel have the potential for the development of electromechanical component designs with thin body sections. Moreover, the directional anisotropy of the material, which is formed during growth, improves the magnetic and electrical properties of Fe-6.5 wt%Si. We obtained the range of optimal technological modes of Laser Power Bed Fusion process (volume energy density (VED) of 100-140 J/mm3, scanning speed of 750-500 mm/s) to produce the samples from Fe-6.5 wt%Si powder, but even at the best of them cracks may appear. The optical microscopy and SEM with EDX analysis of the laser-fabricated structures are applied for investigation of this phenomena. We detected a carbon content at the boundaries of the cracks. This suggests that one of the reasons for the crack formation is the presence of Fe3C in the area of the ordered α'FeSi (B2)+Fe3Si(D03) phases. Quantitative analysis based on crack initiation criteria (CIC) showed that the safe level of internal stresses in terms of the CIC criteria in the area of discontinuities is exceeded by almost 190%. Local precipitates of carbides in the area of cracks are explained by the heterogeneity and high dynamics of temperature fields, as well as the transfer of substances due to Marangoni convection, which, as a result, contributes to a significant segregation of elements and the formation of precipitate phases.

Perception of food patterns among adults using restrictive diets: a prospective observational cross-sectional study

Introduction: Obesity is a disease of increasing prevalence among adults in Brazil. It is an undesirable condition both from a health and an aesthetic point of view. The cult of the thin body sometimes motivates the adoption of restrictive diets, which significantly limit the menu. However, the use of this type of diet may be associated with unhealthy repercussions on food, well-being, and weight loss. Objective: To evaluate the perception of the dietary pattern of adult users of restrictive diets in a city in the northwest of São Paulo. Methods: Prospective observational cross-sectional study, carried out through an online questionnaire, with 108 subjects of both genders who perform/have already performed restrictive diets. Results: Predominance of female individuals (84.3%) aged between 18 and 21 years (49.1%). Regarding the Body Mass Index (BMI), 48.1% were classified within the normal range and 31.5% as preobese. In the period before the diet, 72.2% of the participants believed they were overweight. The beginning of the diet was motivated mainly by the desire to lose weight (87%) and its accomplishment happened, in most cases, without professional supervision (58.3%). Excessive eating episodes during the diet period were significant (only 14.8% never experienced it), with feelings of guilt associated in 71.3% of the cases. Conscious control during meals to avoid weight gain occurred with high frequency in 72.3% of cases. Conclusion: A portion of the population presents problematic perceptions about the experience with restrictive diets, which are associated with eating and psychological disorders.

Sociocultural pressures towards the thin and mesomorphic body ideals and their impact on the eating and exercise-related body change strategies of early adolescents: a longitudinal study

Sociocultural pressures towards the thin and mesomorphic body ideals and their impact on the eating and exercise-related body change strategies of early adolescents: a longitudinal study

Ice Aprons in the Mont Blanc Massif (Western European Alps): Topographic Characteristics and Relations with Glaciers and Other Types of Perennial Surface Ice Features

Ice aprons are poorly studied and not well-defined thin ice bodies adhering to high altitude steep rock faces, but are present in most Alpine-type high mountain environments worldwide. This study aims to precisely define ice aprons based on a detailed analysis of their topographical characteristics in the Mont Blanc massif (western European Alps). For this, we accurately identified and precisely mapped 423 ice aprons using a combination of high-resolution optical satellite images from 2019. To better understand their relationship with other types of glaciers, especially the steep slope glaciers and other surface ice bodies, we built a detailed inventory at the scale of the massif that incorporates nine different types of perennial surface ice bodies. In addition, an analysis using different topographic factors helped us to better understand the preferred locations of the ice aprons. We show that they predominantly occur on west-oriented steep and topographically rugged rock slopes above the local Equilibrium Line Altitude (~3200 m a.s.l.), with concave profile curvatures around them that facilitate snow accumulation. They are also found in areas underlain by permafrost. The extensive inventory also helped us to identify different types of ice aprons based on their relationships with glaciers/ice bodies. The analysis shows that ice aprons existing at the headwall of large glaciers above a bergschrund are the most dominant ice apron type in the study area, with ~82% of the total.

Multi-domain physics-informed neural network for solving forward and inverse problems of steady-state heat conduction in multilayer media

In this paper, a novel deep learning technique, called multi-domain physics-informed neural network (M-PINN), is presented to solve forward and inverse problems of steady-state heat conduction in multilayer media. By adopting the domain decomposition technique, the multilayer media is first divided into several sub-domains. Then, the fully connected neural network is employed to approximate the temperature field on each sub-domain. Finally, a large total network framework is formed by combining subnetworks of all the mediums and using continuity conditions on interfaces. By training the total network, we can obtain the temperature distribution over the whole computational domain, including the interface between every two mediums. In the proposed method, the boundary conditions are introduced into the loss function, and the governing equation is used as a constrain item, which ensures the accuracy and stability of numerical approximation. As a meshless collocation technology, the M-PINN does not require tedious procedures such as meshing and numerical integration, and can freely address forward and inverse problems of thin body and coating structure. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate the efficiency and performance of the new method. Results indicate that the Swish and the Sigmoid functions are two better activation functions for such problems. As the number of nodes increases, the number of hidden layers does not need to be increased. Even for the thin film at nanoscale, the M-PINN still obtains accurate results. Moreover, the proposed scheme shows better performance than the traditional boundary element method in solving nonlinear heat conduction problems.

Acculturation and Disordered Eating among Asian American College Students: The Role of Objectification through a Sociocultural Lens.

Disordered eating is a public health problem because it's highly prevalent, dangerous, and costly. More research about its risk factors and mechanisms is needed to address this problem and prevent disordered eating among high-risk populations, particularly understudied ethnic minorities. The present study contributes to the limited existing research on acculturation and disordered eating among Asian American college students who represent an understudied and high-risk group. The sample consisted of 245 Asian American (primarily East and Southeast Asian American) college students who provided data on their acculturation status, internalization of thin and muscular body ideals, body surveillance, body shame, and disordered eating. Results show that after controlling for gender, both cultures are positively associated with internalization of the muscular body ideal, but only the Asian culture of origin is associated with disordered eating. Additionally, path analysis results show that Asian culture of origin has a significant total effect on disordered eating as well as a significant indirect effect on disordered eating, mediated by thin body ideal internalization. While American culture does not have a significant contribution to body ideal internalization or disordered eating, it interacts with Asian culture of origin and put participants with high levels of both cultures at a greater risk for muscular body ideal internalization. Findings highlight the importance of cultural context in the understanding of body experiences and disordered eating among Asian American college students and have implications for the prevention and intervention of these problems in this high-risk population.

Assessment of risk factors in dogs with presumptive advanced canine cognitive dysfunction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential risk factors involved in the development of presumptive advanced canine cognitive dysfunction (pACCD). A questionnaire was developed to identify dogs with presumptive canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) based on an adapted Canine Dementia Scale and to evaluate for potential risk factors among the presumptive advanced cognitive dysfunction group. The questionnaire was distributed to 7,574 owners of dogs (≥8 years of age) who presented to the CSU VTH between 2017 and 2020. Dogs were classified into four groups based on the Canine Dementia Scale score (normal, mild, moderate, and severe cognitive impairment) and two subgroups for the cognitively impaired groups based on the presence or absence of underlying medical conditions. Comparisons between normal and presumptive advanced cognitively impaired groups, with and without underlying medical conditions, were made against various risk factors. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to determine associations between categorical variables and a p-value of <0.05 was considered indicative of evidence of association. The completed response rate for the questionnaire was 14.2% (1,079/7,574). Among those, 231 dogs were classified as having presumptive advanced cognitive dysfunction. The prevalence of presumptive advanced cognitive dysfunction in the included age groups was 8.1% in ages 8 to <11 years, 18.8% in ages 11 to <13 years, 45.3% in ages 13 to <15 years, 67.3% in ages 15 to <17 years, and 80% in ages >17 years. Dogs with a thin body condition score had the largest contribution to the chi-square statistic. Based on the logistic regression model, both age (p < 0.001) and BCS (p = 0.0057) are associated with presumptive ACCD. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis both suggested an association between a thin body condition and an increased chance of cognitive decline. However, it is difficult to determine if the thin BCS in this group could be secondary to another confounding factor. The prevalence of cognitive dysfunction rapidly increased with age in this study. These findings warrant continued studies including veterinary evaluations to explore risk factors of canine dementia.

Thinner bodies are preferred in China compared to Britain but are not seen as healthier

Thinner bodies are preferred in China compared to Britain but are not seen as healthier

The Social Impact of Advertising: How Commercial Weight Loss Program Advertising Promotes Thinness Ideology

Raised body mass index (BMI) is one of the significant risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Regardless of their BMI, more than half of Americans strongly desire to lose weight. As a result, commercial weight loss programs (WLP) have emerged and proliferated in the United States. This study examines WLP advertising as a vehicle for promoting the thinness ideology and how these advertisements impact women’s beliefs and attitudes about self-perceived ideal body image. This study defines thinness ideology as emphasizing being thin and self-perceived ideal body image as individuals’ desired body shapes formed by internalization through advertising messages. By employing four significant theories, this study focuses on how women form their self-perceived ideal body image and, as a result, change their beliefs and attitudes as measured by their changing levels of self-esteem and body (dis)satisfaction. The model is theoretically based on the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and has been incorporated with social learning theory, social comparison theory, and satisfaction theory. The model also explains the linear transmission of weight loss program advertisements and changes in individuals’ perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes about ideal body image. According to the model, beliefs and attitudes change depending on individuals’ self-esteem and body dissatisfaction levels, often influenced by WLP advertisements promoting the thinness ideology. Keywords: Weight loss program advertising, Theoretical Mapping, Thinness Ideology, Elaboration likelihood model, Social learning theory, Social comparison theory, Satisfaction theory DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/102-03 Publication date: October 31 st 2022

The painful pursuit of weight-loss pleasure in The Biggest Winner 4

The current article provides the first attempt to use Lévi-Strauss’s theory of binary opposition in the study of a reality TV programme, which is the Arab version of the American reality format The Biggest Loser. The major aim of this article is to reveal the stigmatization of obesity and the promotion of the thin body type in MBC’s The Biggest Winner 4. To reach this aim, a qualitative content analysis is applied to the journeys and fourteen episodes of the programme, whereby the utterances and behaviours of the different participants are coded in search of themes related to fatness and thinness using NVivo 12. The analysis comes to unveil the existence of two levels of dual reconstruction. The first superficial opposition exists between fatness and thinness, and the second binary opposition is established between pain and pleasure, which involve the opposing feelings associated with the first binary opposites of fatness and thinness. The two levels of binary opposition evidence that the narrative of the programme is predicated on building a contradiction between the pain of fatness and the pleasure of thinness to add drama to the reality show and distance Arab viewers from overweight bodies. The major finding of the study is that The Biggest Winner, despite being localized and given an Arab flavour, still echoes the same anti-fat rhetoric of the original American format and serves to promote the American cultural ideal of thinness in the Arab world.