Thick Glass Research Articles

In situ detection of product age and argon concentration as measure of the re-use potential of insulating glass units in buildings

High level circular use of post-consumer insulating glass units will contribute to lower the environmental and social impact of insulation glass industry. The application of various circular strategies for insulating glass units (IGU’s) is rising. The product age will give an indication of the remaining life-time of an IGU, but a method which includes screening a technical quality is needed to check if an IGU is indeed suitable for re-use on a high level of circularity. In this study the argon concentration is suggested as discriminative quality. Energy efficient double glazing applied in windows of buildings situated in The Netherlands were studied. Product codes were noted and unraveled. Measurements were performed using the Sparklike Laser Portable, a non-invasive argon measuring device, which generates argon concentration, glass thickness and cavity width values. In addition, measurements were performed with a Glass Check thickness meter. The resulting data were analyzed. Measuring errors were explored and used to setup a testing procedure. Threshold values of the product age and argon concentration were selected for different circular strategies. In conclusion, a screening method using the product age and argon concentration to determine the circular use potential of insulating glass units is proposed.

Modeling dynamic fragmentation of tempered glass

Understanding why a strengthened glass article will fragment, and to what extent, has long been incomplete. This work addresses this gap for glass plates with parabolic residual stress profiles; this can include tempered glass as well as deep chemically strengthened profiles. Various thicknesses of glass are studied to give credibility to a parameter that defines the onset of fragmentation susceptibility (frangibility limit) and an equation that predicts the number of fragments per sheet area. This equation can then be used to fit experimental data, thus allowing for back calculating the frangibility limit and dynamic toughness. This is beneficial since neither of these values is easily measurable. Future work will seek to understand how differently shaped stress profiles fit into this theoretical framework.

Full Temporal Characterization of Ultrabroadband Few-Cycle Laser Pulses Using Atomically Thin WS2

Nowadays, the accurate and full temporal characterization of ultrabroadband few-cycle laser pulses with pulse durations below 7 fs is of great importance in fields of science that investigate ultrafast dynamic processes. There are several indirect methods that use nonlinear optical signals to retrieve the complex electric field of femtosecond lasers. However, the precise characterization of few-cycle femtosecond laser sources with an ultrabroadband spectrum presents additional difficulties, such as reabsorption of nonlinear signals, partial phase matching, and spatiotemporal mismatches. In this work, we combine the dispersion scan (d-scan) method with atomically thin WS2 flakes to overcome these difficulties and fully characterize ultrabroadband laser pulses with a pulse duration of 6.9 fs and a spectrum that ranges from 650 to 1050 nm. Two-dimensional WS2 acts as a remarkably efficient nonlinear medium that offers a broad transparency range and allows for achieving relaxed phase-matching conditions due to its atomic thickness. Using mono- and trilayers of WS2, we acquire d-scan traces by measuring the second-harmonic generation (SHG) signal, originated via laser–WS2 interaction, as a function of optical dispersion (i.e., glass thickness) and wavelength. Our retrieval algorithm extracts a pulse duration at full-width half-maximum of 6.9 fs and the same spectral phase function irrespective of the number of layers. We benchmark and validate our results obtained using WS2 by comparing them with those obtained using a 10-μm-thick BBO crystal. Our findings show that atomically thin media can be an interesting alternative to micrometer-thick bulk crystals to characterize ultrabroadband femtosecond laser pulses using SHG-d-scan with an error below 100 as (attoseconds).

Heating of thick continuous glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic plates via embedded metal mesh networks

A method is proposed to locally heat areas of thick (>25.4 mm) continuous glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic (C-FRTP) composites with embedded wire mesh resistive heating elements. Four test specimens including 10.6 cm wide nichrome mesh heating elements embedded in C-FRTP laminates were fabricated and used for heating trials, showing that the composite can be locally heated to near the thermoplastic forming temperature over its entire thickness in less than 1 hour. The heating trials were simulated using a purpose-built finite difference model to investigate detailed temperature distributions. The simulations show that the internal resistive heating elements are capable of locally increasing the temperature of the composite with negligible effect on the adjacent material. Heating efficiency is between 73% and 77%, with temperature differences in the z-direction at peak temperatures less than 35°C. Temperature uniformity can be improved by longer heating times and more heating elements. The local heating method does not cause deconsolidation of the part. The heating method was also experimentally assessed on a more complex cross-section laminate with varying thickness and a foam core using stainless steel mesh heating elements. Results from the first heating tests were applied to the experimental assessment of the more complex laminate to reduce z-direction temperature differences. Numerical simulation of the heating of the foam core laminate showed a z-direction temperature range of 15.5°C. The results of this study show that embedded resistive heating is a cost-effective and simple method for heating a local portion of a thick fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite.

An experimental and computational investigation of embedded wrinkle’s impacts on the compressive responses of thick unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced composites

In thick unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced composites, the out-of-plane embedded wrinkle flaws have a major impact on compressive failure, which should be taken into account and assessed during the design, manufacturing, and inspection phases. The thick unidirectional coupons with embedded wrinkles of various severities were manufactured and tested. The deformation of the wrinkle region was captured by the Digital Image Correlation (DIC). As the wrinkle angle increased, the compressive failure stress decreases and the modulus does not change significantly, while the wrinkle amplitude has a negative effect on both the compressive failure stress and elastic modulus. The linear texture image regression approach is used to account for the path of fibers. The high-fidelity three-dimensional finite element (FE) models considering the real paths of the fibers are established. To reveal the interplay and impact of wrinkle severity parameters on the compressive failure behavior of composites, the progressive damage analyses and cohesive elements are also incorporated. Compared with the experiments, the FE studies accurately identify the dominant failure modes and failure stress values for various wrinkle severity parameters.

39‐1: Designing High‐Sensitivity Optical Sensor for In‐Cell Fingerprint Sensor with Thick Cover Glass in OLED Display

In this paper, we propose an in‐cell optical fingerprint sensor integrated with an OLED display, featuring a high‐sensitivity sensor that was determined through systematic evaluation. Feasibility of the proposed sensor and sensing circuit was verified through optical and electrical simulation. Additionally, three different approaches to increase the contrast and dynamic range of the identification unit were proposed, including embedding a lens element, exploiting color filters, and optimizing sensor location. Finally, the paper concludes with design considerations for promoting sensing accuracy.

Guest Editorial: Polymer electrets and ferroelectrets

Guest Editorial: Polymer electrets and ferroelectrets

Polyethylene Protective Coating with Anti-Reflective Properties for Silicon Photovoltaic Cells.

The aim of the study was to find the effect of polyethylene (PE) coatings on the short-circuit current of silicon photovoltaic cells covered with glass, in order to improve the short-circuit current of the cells. Various combinations of PE films (thicknesses ranging from 9 to 23 µm, number of layers ranging from two to six) with glasses (greenhouse, float, optiwhite and acrylic glass) were investigated. The best current gain of 4.05% was achieved for the coating combining a 1.5 mm thick acrylic glass with 2 × 12 µm thick PE films. This effect can be related to the formation of an array of micro-wrinkles and micrometer-sized air bubbles with a diameter of 50 to 600 µm in the films, which served as micro-lenses and enhanced light trapping.

Banana-Glass Fiber Composite for Acoustic Insulation and Prediction of Its Properties by Fuzzy Logic System

ABSTRACT The objective of the current study is to develop a model employing a fuzzy logic expert system (FLES) for predicting the noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of a banana-glass fiber composite. Banana fiber has a strong ability to muffle sounds while having low tensile strength. Glass fiber, on the other hand, has a limited capacity for sound absorption despite having considerable tensile strength. A composite consisting of banana and glass fiber has been developed in order to increase noise reduction capability while keeping appropriate tensile strength. The sound adsorption test was done by passing sound through composites via an impedance tube. It was found that 25% banana and 75% glass hybrid composite having 5 mm thickness shows 375.96% more NRC than 100% glass fiber composite. Only a 25% increase of banana fiber content increased NRC incredibly. Different compositions of glass fiber, banana fiber, and thicknesses of the composites were taken as the input variables and the output, noise reduction coefficient. To better comprehend the relationship between these variables, a fuzzy logic-based model was created and the model’s coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be 0.9884. The model accurately anticipated the noise reduction coefficient of the composites with varying constituent percentages and thicknesses.

The tactile thickness of the lip and weight of a glass can modulate sensory perception of tea beverage

Perceptions of beverage receptacles can influence taste/aroma/texture judgments of their contents (sensation transference). Numerous studies have reported sensation transference for the haptic dimension of receptacles. This study is the first to manipulate the thickness of the lip of glass receptacles to investigate sensory transfer in the evaluations of the drinks contained therein. Even with identical green tea contents, thick-lipped, heavy glasses enhanced the perceptions of sweetness compared to thin-lipped, light glass, while thin glass enhanced perceptions of bitterness compared to thick glass. However, these results were obtained only when thick-lipped glass had a natural weight. Our results reflect sensation transference from haptics to taste, where the taste of green tea was enhanced by the thick glass lip via associations between thickness/roundness and taste/aroma/texture. In summary, our results suggest that glass lip thickness and weight modulate the taste of green tea, indicating that only manipulating the tactile qualities of the stimuli provides a preferable drinking experience of individuals, even with the same beverage.

Analysis of the Transmission Spectrum of Flat Glass from Near-infrared to the Ultraviolet

Contemporarily, glass windows have a great impact on human beings’ daily life. It is crucial to design a glass with a reasonable thickness with a high transmission of visible light as well as a high reflection of near infrared light. In general, reflection from the glass surface and absorption of light waves by the glass material are important features for transmission. Therefore, for UV-visible near-infrared light waves, the greater the thickness of the glass, the greater the light absorption loss and the lower the transmission rate. However, it is believed that there are multiple reflections of light waves in flat glass and that the losses caused by reflections should also be related to the refractive index of the glass and the wavelength of the incident light. On this basis, this study has developed theoretical models of transmittance versus incident light wavelength and glass thickness, refractive index and absorption coefficient. According to the theoretical analysis, the thickness of the glass has a significant effect on the transmission spectrum of sunlight. To experimentally verify this theoretically predicted anomaly, this paper designed the experimental and measurement route and built the experimental test rig. A variety of glass samples in the thickness range of 1mm-10mm were designed and prepared for this project, and the UV-Vis-NIR transmission of the glass was scanned and measured, while the final measurement results observed anomalies in the variation of transmission with thickness. The experimental results, therefore, provide valid support for the theoretical model of this paper.

Effect of target thickness and laser irradiance on the back-reflection-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy signal in glass

In the work that is being presented here, the effect of sample thickness and laser irradiance on the reduction of the signal-to-background ratio SBG and the plasma parameters, specifically electron temperature and electron density, is being investigated using back-reflection-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (BRELIBS). Copper and silver discs that had been highly polished were attached to the back surface of the glass target, and the Nd-YAG laser beam that was focused on the front surface of the target was tuned to its fundamental wavelength. The thicknesses of the transparent glass samples that were analysed were 1 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm. One is able to achieve a range of different laser irradiance levels by adjusting the working distance that exists between the target sample and the focusing lens. The end result of this is that the signal-to-background ratio in the BRELIBS spectra of thicker glass samples is significantly lower as compared to the ratio in the spectra of thinner glass samples. In addition, a significant influence of modifying the laser irradiance (by increasing the working distance on the SBG ratio) is seen at various glass thicknesses for both BRELIBS and LIBS, with BRELIBS having a better SBG. Nevertheless, the laser-induced plasma parameter known as the electron temperature has not been significantly impacted by the decrease in the glass thickness.

Fabrication of Panel-Level Glass Substrates with Complete Design Freedom using LIDE

In this work, we present examples of highly reproducible, accurate and extremely cost-effective wafer- and panel-level fabrication of glass interposers, free of any process-dependent design limitations where any distribution and density of Through-Glass Vias (TGV) with any cross-section geometries and aspect-ratios, is possible. Glass has recently garnered significant interest for its many applications in the semiconductor packaging industry, particularly as a core substrate material for interposer applications. Glass has a unique set of material properties with great relevance for this industry, such as very high electrical resistivity, low loss tangent and low dielectric constant. Glass also exhibits low warpage due to its relatively low Young‘s Modulus while still being compatible with Silicon in terms of CTE and, when processed using a technology that doesn’t induce the generation of any defects such as microcracks or thermally-induced stress, it is highly reliable during processing and operation. Laser Induced Deep Etching (LIDE®) technology is a 2.5D glass processing technology with complete design freedom purposedly developed for cost-effective, high-volume fabrication of defect-free glass components. Despite its many advantages as an interposer material in relation to Si, its application has been hindered by the lack of reliable, precise, and cost-effective processing technologies. LIDE® consists of a two-step process: i) a very fast maskless and direct-write laser process induces subtle and very localized modification in the glass substrate, requiring a single laser pulse to modify the whole glass thickness; and ii) a wet-etching process done in batch, where the whole glass substrate is subjected to the action of an etchant and where the removal of glass occurs at an accelerated rate in the laser-modified regions. This process flow allows LIDE to fabricate several thousands of TGV per second, completely free of any defects, with a sub-micron point-to-point accuracy and ± 5 µm accuracy (cumulative) across a 510 mm x 515 mm glass panel (Cp > 1.33), in any glass type, with aspect-ratios from 1:10 to 1:50 (diameter:depth).

Analysis of the melting and solidification process of aluminum in a mirror furnace using Fiber-Bragg-Grating and numerical models

In the search of an adequate real time strain measurement method in aluminum casting, the use of Fiber-Bragg-Grating (FBG) is being investigated with great interest. In order to do so, the behaviour of glass fiber sensors in a liquid aluminium alloy at temperatures up to 750°C is experimentally analysed in a laboratory environment. For better process understanding a simulation of the fiber alloy composite is conducted. FBG is an optical measurement method, which uses engraved Bragg reflectors in a 125 µm in diameter thick glass fiber. This reflector transmits most of the wavelengths but only reflects one specific wavelength. This specific wavelength can be measured and changes due to the axial strain on the grating by the fluid alloy reaction and by the changes in temperature. Using a so-called mirror furnace, several experiments with the fiber alloy composite are evaluated. These measurements are also the basis for the further understanding of hot tearing. The data gathered during the measurement campaign - both numerical and experimental - is used to parameterize a simulation. As a result, the understanding of the fiber alloy composite behaviour is expanded and a digital twin is modeled with MATLAB’s partial differential equation toolbox.

Investigate shielding of standard materials and glass for stopping 662 KeV gamma ray penetrations

Calculations on shielding are required for the building of a gamma ray radiography exposure room to ensure worker exposure to radiation. A measurement used to evaluate the radiation diffusive and absorption characteristics of a medium is the linear attenuation coefficient ( ). Despite the fact that, as radiation moves through a medium, its absorption is influenced by the wavelength of the radiation as well as the thickness and composition of the medium, the linear absorption coefficient is crucial in the interaction of radiation with matter. This research uses a variety of materials as a shield for a gamma radiation source of emitted by Cs-137. The results obtained using a gamma source with a scintillation counter showed that the Half Value Thickness (HVT) of glass and aluminum were 3.57 cm, and 3.39 cm while for standard materials (concrete, iron, and lead) were 2.98 cm, 1.195 cm, and 0.58 cm respectively.

Film Thickness Dependent Stability and Glass Transition Temperature of Polymer Films Produced by Physical Vapor Deposition.

We report measurements of the onset temperature of rejuvenation, T_{onset}, and the fictive temperature, T_{f}, for ultrathin stable polystyrene with thicknesses from 10 to 50nm prepared by physical vapor deposition. We also measure the T_{g} of these glasses on the first cooling after rejuvenation as well as the density anomaly of the as-deposited material. Both the T_{g} in rejuvenated films and the T_{onset} in stable films decrease with decreasing film thickness. The T_{f} value increases for decreasing film thickness. The density increase typical of stable glasses also decreases with decreasing film thickness. Collectively, the results are consistent with a decrease in apparent T_{g} due to the existence of a mobile surface layer, as well as a decrease in the film stability as the thickness is decreased. The results provide the first self-consistent set of measurements of stability in ultrathin films of stable glass.

Nanodiamonds enable femtosecond-processed ultrathin glass as a hybrid quantum sensor

The quantum properties of fluorescent nanodiamonds offer great promise for fabricating quantum-enabled devices for physical applications. However, the nanodiamonds need to be suitably combined with a substrate to exploit their properties. Here, we show that ultrathin and flexible glass (thickness 30 microns) can be functionalized by nanodiamonds and nano-shaped using intense femtosecond pulses to design cantilever-based nanomechanical hybrid quantum sensors. Thus fabricated ultrathin glass cantilevers show stable optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of nitrogen-vacancy centers, including well-defined fluorescence with zero-phonon lines and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) near 2.87 GHz. We demonstrate several sensing applications of the fluorescent ultrathin glass cantilever by measuring acoustic pulses, external magnetic field using Zeeman splitting of the NV centers, or CW laser-induced heating by measuring thermal shifting of ODMR lines. This work demonstrates the suitability of the femtosecond-processed fluorescent ultrathin glass as a new versatile substrate for multifunctional quantum devices.

Effect of Tm2O3 addition on the physical, structural, elastic, and radiation-resisting attributes of tellurite-based glasses

The influence of adding Tm2O3 in the tellurite-based glasses is analyzed through their physical, optical, structural, elastic, and gamma rays resisting features. The proposed glasses are prepared via the classic melt-quenching technique. As the Tm2O3 concentration is raised (TeO2 reduced), glass properties like density (ρ), and refractive index (nd) are elevated indicating an enhancement in the glass structure. Elastic constants were analyzed to rise with Tm3+ addition due to the production of bridging oxygens in the system. The elastic constants E, K, and G were perceived to rise with the Tm3+ concentration from 90.4 to 157 GPa, 131−156 GPa, 38.7−42.1 GPa. The μ values reduced from 244.14 t0 0.19 cm−1 (for the TmZT1 sample) and from 298.82 to 0.23 cm−1 (for TmZT5) when the γ-ray energy enriched between 0.015 and 15 MeV. And there is a good agreement between the MC simulated μm values and the theoretically calculated XCOM μm values. The difference (%) between both of the mentioned results is found in the range of ±2%. At γ ray energy of 0.662 MeV, as glass thickness increases, the radiation protection efficiency of each sample increases from 17.5 to 68.6% (for TmZT1), from 33.2 to 70.2% (for TmZT2), from 34.2 to 71.5% (for TmZT3), from 35.3 to 72.9% (for TmZT4), and from 36.4 to 74.3% (for TmZT5).

Functionalized Separator Strategies toward Advanced Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) enjoy a good reputation for being safe, affordable to produce, and ecologically friendly due to the use of water‐based electrolytes. The main factors restricting the development of ZIBs, however, are the negative effects of dendrite deposition on the zinc anode and the dissolution of common cathodes such as Mn and V‐based cathodes. Various techniques have been used to address these issues, including regulating the electrolyte concentration or solvation structure, developing a coating or current collector to lessen anode dendrite growth, and improving the structural stability of the cathode. Recently, functionalized separator strategies have gained popularity as effective ways to improve ZIB performance. The use of a functionalized separator is also a practical technique to save costs and increase the volumetric energy density of the battery by substituting a functionalized separator for the usual thick and expensive glass fiber separator. The development of functionalized separators in ZIBs is the subject of ongoing research, and this work presents the most recent findings in a systematic manner, focusing on both the effects and the methods to prepare or modify them. Finally, a brief explanation of the constraints and future potential of current functionalized separator development is provided.

Multifunctionalized Safe Separator Toward Practical Sodium‐Metal Batteries with High‐Performance under High Mass Loading

AbstractIntroducing sodium as anode to develop sodium metal batteries (SMBs) is a promising approach for improving the energy density of sodium‐ion batteries. However, fatal problems, such as uncontrollable sodium dendrite growth, unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in low‐cost carbonate‐based electrolytes, and serious safety issues, greatly impede the practical applications. Here, a multifunctionalized separator is rationally designed, by coating PP separator (<25 µm) with a solid‐state NASICON‐type fast ionic conductor layer (NZSP@PP) to replace the widely used thick glass fiber separator (>200 µm) and successfully solves all of the above problems, and for the first time creats high performance SMBs by using Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathodes in pouch cell. The Na||NVP full cells can stably cycle over 1200 times with capacity retention of 80% at a high rate of 10 C and deliver a specific capacity of 80 mAh g−1 even at high rate of 30 C, indicating extraordinary fast‐charging characters. The full SMBs can also stably cycle 200 times with a retention of 96.4% under high NVP loading of 10.7 mg cm−2. Most importantly, the SMB pouch cell can also deliver a long‐life cycles as well as high‐temperature battery performance, which guarantees the safety of SMBs in practical application.